Bulgar: …known to the Byzantines as Great Bulgaria, with the Kuban River as its southern frontier. After Kurt’s death his five sons split the people into five hordes. One of these five, remaining on the coast of the Sea of Azov, was absorbed into the new empire of the Khazars, another…

Tumulus period, early period (c. ad 250–552) of tomb culture in Japan, characterized by large earthen keyhole-shaped burial mounds (kofun) surrounded by moats. The largest of the 71 known tumuli, 1,500 feet (457 m) long and 120 feet (36 m) high, lie in the Nara (Yamato) Basin of Nara prefecture.

burnet: …burnet (Sanguisorba minor) and the great burnet (S. officinalis)—are eaten in salads or used as an ingredient in fines herbes, a mixture of herbs commonly used in French cuisine. The dried leaves are also used to make tea.

bustard: The best-known bustard is the great bustard (Otis tarda), largest European land bird, the male weighing as much as 14 kg (31 pounds) and having a 120-cm (4-foot) length and a 240-cm (8-foot) wingspread. It is found in grainfields and open steppes from central and southern Europe to Central Asia…

Peter Bogdanovich: The 1980s and beyond: The Great Buster (2018) is a documentary about Buster Keaton.

Symphony No. 9 in C Major, symphony and last major orchestral work by Austrian composer Franz Schubert. It premiered on March 21, 1839, more than a decade after its composer’s death. Schubert began his Symphony No. 9 in the summer of 1825 and continued to work on it over the next two years. In 1828

gibbon: …characteristic vocalization is the “great call,” usually a duet in which the female leads and the male joins in with less complex notes, used as a territorial marker by both sexes. The various species of gibbons can be divided into four genera: Hoolock, Hylobates, Nomascus, and Symphalangus. Molecular data…

Lazare Carnot was a French statesman, general, military engineer, and administrator in successive governments of the French Revolution. As a leading member of the Committee for General Defense and of the Committee of Public Safety (1793–94) and of the Directory (1793–97), he helped mobilize the

William Penn: Quaker leadership and political activism: In 1670 he wrote The Great Case of Liberty of Conscience Once More Debated & Defended, which was the most systematic and thorough exposition of the theory of toleration produced in Restoration England. Though Penn based his arguments on theological and scriptural grounds, he did not overlook rational and…

patristic literature: The Cappadocian Fathers: …successful of which is the Great Catechetical Oration, a systematic theology in miniature. The output of Gregory of Nazianzus was much smaller, but his 45 Orations, as well as being masterpieces of eloquence, contain his classic statement of Trinitarian orthodoxy. Basil’s vast correspondence testifies to his practical efforts to reconcile…

patristic literature: The Cappadocian Fathers: …successful of which is the Great Catechetical Oration, a systematic theology in miniature. The output of Gregory of Nazianzus was much smaller, but his 45 Orations, as well as being masterpieces of eloquence, contain his classic statement of Trinitarian orthodoxy. Basil’s vast correspondence testifies to his practical efforts to reconcile…

Greater Caucasus, major range of the Caucasus Mountains, extending west-east for about 750 miles (1,200 km) from the Taman Peninsula on the Black Sea to the Abşeron Peninsula on the Caspian

Central Valley, valley, California, U.S. Extending from Shasta county in the north to Kern county in the south, it covers about 18,000 square miles (47,000 square km) and parallels the Pacific coast for about 450 miles (725 km). Averaging about 40 miles (65 km) in width, it is almost totally

Great Chain of Being, conception of the nature of the universe that had a pervasive influence on Western thought, particularly through the ancient Greek Neoplatonists and derivative philosophies during the European Renaissance and the 17th and early 18th centuries. The term denotes three general

Christianity: Emergence of official doctrine: philosopher Arthur Lovejoy, in The Great Chain of Being (1936), called the principle of plenitude. This is the idea that the best possible universe does not consist only of the highest kind of creature, the archangels, but contains a maximum richness of variety of modes of being, thus realizing…

Nyborg: The Great Charter, Denmark’s first constitution, was issued there in the former year. A large Swedish army surrendered outside the city in 1659. The castle, birthplace (1481) of King Christian II, was restored in 1923 as a museum. Nyborg was the terminus for the ferry to…

Magna Carta, charter of English liberties granted by King John on June 15, 1215, under threat of civil war and reissued, with alterations, in 1216, 1217, and 1225. By declaring the sovereign to be subject to the rule of law and documenting the liberties held by “free men,” the Magna Carta provided

Great Chicago Fire, conflagration that began on October 8, 1871, and burned until early October 10, devastating an expansive swath of the city of Chicago. Chicago’s growth in the mid-19th century was unprecedented. The population reached nearly 30,000 in 1850 and was triple that a decade later.

Jonathan Edwards: Pastorate at Stockbridge: …1757 Edwards had finished his Great Christian Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758), which was mainly a reply to the English divine John Taylor of Norwich, whose works attacking Calvinism (based on the thought of the 16th-century Protestant reformer John Calvin) had “made a mighty noise in America.” Edwards defended…

Haarlem: …or Vleeshal (1603); and the Great Church (St. Bavokerk, or St. Bavo’s Cathedral; 1397–1496). The Great Church has a 262-foot- (80-metre-) high tower and contains notable choir screens and stalls, the tomb of Frans Hals, and a famous pipe organ made by Christian Müller in 1738. Among the city’s other…

Hagia Sophia, an important Byzantine structure in Istanbul and one of the world’s great monuments. It was built as a Christian church in the 6th century ce (532–537) under the direction of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. In subsequent centuries it became a mosque, a museum, and a mosque again.

non-Euclidean geometry: Spherical geometry: Great circles are the “straight lines” of spherical geometry. This is a consequence of the properties of a sphere, in which the shortest distances on the surface are great circle routes. Such curves are said to be “intrinsically” straight. (Note, however, that intrinsically straight and…

great circle route, the shortest course between two points on the surface of a sphere. It lies in a plane that intersects the sphere’s centre and was known by mathematicians before the time of Columbus. Until the 19th century ships generally sailed along rhumb lines, which made use of prevailing

Madagascar: Relief: …cliff, which is called the Great Cliff or the Cliff of Angavo, is often impassable and is itself bordered by the Betsimisaraka Escarpment, a second and lower cliff to the east, which overhangs the coastal plain. Behind the scarp face are the remains of ancient lakes, including one called Alaotra.…

Gary Snyder: …subsequent works of nonfiction included The Great Clod: Notes and Memoirs on Nature and History in East Asia (2016). In addition, The Selected Letters of Allen Ginsberg and Gary Snyder and Distant Neighbors: The Selected Letters of Wendell Berry and Gary Snyder were published in 2009 and 2014, respectively.

Canada: The union of Canada: …was the formation of the Great Coalition, a government that united George Brown of Canada West—leader of the so-called Clear Grits reform movement—with the Liberal-Conservatives’ John A. Macdonald of Canada West and George

German People’s Party: …was part of the “Great Coalition,” composed of representatives of the Social Democrats, the Centre, and the German Democrats. It dwindled c. 1927, and large sections of it went over to the extreme right.

Gran Colombia, short-lived republic (1819–30), formerly the Viceroyalty of New Granada, including roughly the modern nations of Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador. In the context of their war for independence from Spain, revolutionary forces in northern South America led by Simón Bolívar laid

baptism: …risen Christ issuing the “Great Commission” to his followers: “Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you” (Matthew 28:19–20). Elsewhere in the…

William Pitt, the Elder was a British statesman, twice virtual prime minister (1756–61, 1766–68), who secured the transformation of his country into an imperial power. Pitt was born in London of a distinguished family. His mother, Lady Harriet Villiers, daughter of Viscount Grandison, belonged to

Kang Youwei: …completed at this time was The Great Commonwealth (Datongshu), in which he envisaged a utopian world attainable through successive stages of human development, a world where the barriers of race, religion, state, class, sex, and family would be removed and where there would be an egalitarian, communal society under a…

Italy: Famine, war, and plague (1340–80): In the 1350s “The Great Company,” founded by Werner of Urslingen, comprised some 10,000 troops and 20,000 camp followers and had its own government, consultative council, bureaucracy, and foreign policy. Throughout the 1360s and ’70s these “mobile states”—for example, the companies of the Englishman Sir John Hawkwood and…

Almagest, astronomical manual written about 150 ce by Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus of Alexandria). It served as the basic guide for Islamic and European astronomers until about the beginning of the 17th century. Its original name was Mathematike Syntaxis (“The Mathematical Arrangement”); Almagest

Connecticut Compromise, in United States history, the compromise offered by Connecticut delegates Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth during the drafting of the Constitution of the United States at the 1787 convention to solve the dispute between small and large states over representation in the new

Henry Clay was an American statesman, U.S. congressman (1811–14, 1815–21, 1823–25), and U.S. senator (1806–07, 1810–11, 1831–42, 1849–52) who was noted for his American System (which integrated a national bank, the tariff, and internal improvements to promote economic stability and prosperity) and

Louis II de Bourbon, 4e prince de Condé was the leader of the last of the series of aristocratic uprisings in France known as the Fronde (1648–53). He later became one of King Louis XIV’s greatest generals. The princes de Condé were the heads of an important French branch of the House of Bourbon.

François-Louis de Bourbon, prince de Conti was the younger brother of Louis-Armand I de Bourbon. Naturally possessed of great ability, he received an excellent education and was distinguished for both the independence of his mind and the popularity of his manners. On this account he was not

United Kingdom: Finance and politics: …1610 negotiations began for the Great Contract between the king and his taxpaying subjects that aimed to raise £200,000 a year. But at the last moment both royal officials and leaders of the House of Commons backed away from the deal, the government believing that the sum was too low…

cormorant: …the common, or great, cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo; white-cheeked, and up to 100 cm (40 inches) long, it breeds from eastern Canada to Iceland, across Eurasia to Australia and New Zealand, and in parts of Africa. It and the slightly smaller Japanese cormorant, P. capillatus, are the species

coucal: sinensis), called crow pheasant in India, is 48 to 56 cm (19 to 22 inches) long. It is black with brown mantle and wings. Its range is from India to southern China and Malaysia.

Italy: Venice in the 14th century: …in February 1297, when the Great Council, in which sovereignty resided, was expanded to take in more than 1,000 members. From that time forward, and in particular from the 1320s, admission to that body became more difficult, and from the 1390s it ceased altogether. What has been traditionally described as…

Parliament: Historical development: …of two governmental institutions: the Magnum Concilium, or Great Council, comprising lay and ecclesiastical magnates, and the Curia Regis, or King’s Court, a much smaller body of semiprofessional advisers. At those meetings of the Curia Regis that came to be called concilium regis in parliamento (“the king’s council in parliament”),…

Fiji: Constitutional framework: …turn was appointed by the Bose Levu Vakaturaga (Great Council of Chiefs), a body composed of the hereditary leaders of the 70 major Fijian clans. It also called for a House of Representatives and a Senate. After yet another military coup in 2006, the 1997 constitution was declared to be…

stock market crash of 1929, a sharp decline in U.S. stock market values in 1929 that contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Great Depression lasted approximately 10 years and affected both industrialized and nonindustrialized countries in many parts of the world. During the mid- to

World War II: Central Europe and the Balkans, 1940–41: …1941, was expanded to form Great Croatia, which included Srem (Syrmia, the zone between the Sava and the Danube south of the Drava confluence) and Bosnia and Hercegovina; most of Dalmatia was annexed to Italy; Montenegro was restored to independence; Yugoslav Macedonia was partitioned between Bulgaria and Albania; Slovenia was…

the Cumbraes: Great Cumbrae, which measures 4.5 square miles (11.5 square km), is composed of ancient sandstone and reaches an elevation of 415 feet (126 metres). It is well farmed, and the holiday resort of Millport is popular with tourists for its beaches, sailing and cycling opportunities,…

Mayan calendar: …Count” and the first “Great Cycle,” a period of 5,125 years that ends on December 21, 2012 ce.

Tarjei Vesaas: …farm, Det store spelet (1934; The Great Cycle) and Kvinner ropar heim (1935; “Women Call Home”). His growing political and social awareness mark his Kimen (1940; The Seed), which shows how hatred is stirred up by mass psychology, and Huset i mørkret (1945; “House in Darkness”), a symbolic vision of…

dam: The Middle East: …with these was the earthen Maʾrib Dam in the southern Arabian Peninsula, which was more than 15 metres (50 feet) high and nearly 600 metres (1,970 feet) long. Flanked by spillways, this dam delivered water to a system of irrigation canals for more than 1,000 years. Remains of the Maʾrib…

Great Dane, breed of working dog developed at least 400 years ago in Germany, where it was used for boar hunting. The Great Dane is typically a swift, alert dog noted for courage, friendliness, and dependability. It has a massive square-jawed head and body lines that give it an elegant appearance.

Neptune: The atmosphere: The largest, called the Great Dark Spot because of its similarity in latitude and shape to Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, is comparable to Earth in size. It was near this storm system that the highest wind speeds were measured. Jupiter’s Great Red Spot has been seen in Earth-based telescopes…

diplomatics: The papal chancery: There followed another clause, the great dating formula, datum per manus (“given by the hand of…”), naming a high chancery official and giving the date by reference to the regnal years of both emperor and pope. Both were used in documents containing decrees of permanent legal force, which came to…

Denzel Washington: …with a troubled past, and The Great Debaters (2007), which centres on an inspirational debate coach at an African American college in the 1930s. He also helmed A Journal for Jordan (2021), a drama based on a true story about a journalist’s romantic relationship with a soldier.

Elizabeth George: …years in California before publishing A Great Deliverance (1988), in which she introduced her characters Detective Inspector Thomas Lynley of Scotland Yard, an aristocrat, and his working-class assistant, Detective Sergeant Barbara Havers. The novel won the 1989 Agatha and Anthony awards for best first mystery novel and the 1990 French…

Great Depression, worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialized Western world, sparking fundamental changes in economic institutions, macroeconomic policy, and economic theory.

Amitav Ghosh: …Turmoil of Our Times (2005), The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable (2016), and The Nutmeg’s Curse: Parables for a Planet in Crisis (2021).

The Great Dictator, American comedy film, released in 1940, that Charlie Chaplin both acted in and directed. Satirizing Adolf Hitler and Nazism and condemning anti-Semitism, it was Chaplin’s most successful film at the box office. Chaplin portrayed a Jewish barber who is mistaken for a tyrannical

John Amos Comenius: Educational reform: …made this the theme of The Great Didactic and also of The School of Infancy—a book for mothers on the early years of childhood. Second, to make European culture accessible to all children, it was necessary that they learn Latin. But Comenius was certain that there was a better way…

Great Dionysia, ancient dramatic festival in which tragedy, comedy, and satyric drama originated; it was held in Athens in March in honour of Dionysus, the god of wine. Tragedy of some form, probably chiefly the chanting of choral lyrics, was introduced by the tyrant Peisistratus when he refounded

Kazakhstan: Kazakhstan to c. 1700 ce: …this national catastrophe, the “Great Disaster,” has never faded among the Kazakhs. The next and last Dzungar invasion hit the Middle Horde, but—thanks to the skills of that horde’s khan, Abū al-Khayr (1718–49), who managed to forge a temporary all-Kazakh alliance—it was less devastating. The elimination of the Dzungar…

William Wellington Gqoba: …and the Pagan” and “The Great Discussion on Education,” both influenced in style by his fellow South African Tiyo Soga’s translation of Pilgrim’s Progress into Xhosa. In the first poem the traditional conflict is set up between the pleasures and riches of life supported by the pagan and the ascetic…

Great Dismal Swamp, marshy region on the Coastal Plain of southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina, U.S., between Norfolk, Virginia, and Elizabeth City, North Carolina. It is densely forested and contains scattered natural elevations of 10 to 20 feet (3 to 6 metres) above sea level.

Chesapeake: Nearby is Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge (1974), covering an area of about 167 square miles (433 square km) of forested wetlands. Pop. (2010) 222,209; (2020) 249,422.

Great Dismal Swamp: Along the western margin the Pamlico Formation (known as the Great Dismal Swamp Terrace) rises to 25 feet (7.5 metres) and more, forming a natural boundary.

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court, U.S. legal historian and philosopher who advocated judicial restraint. He stated the concept of “clear and present danger” as the only basis for limiting the right of freedom of speech. Holmes was the first

Thurgood Marshall was a lawyer, civil rights activist, and associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1967–91), the Court’s first African American member. As an attorney, he successfully argued before the Court the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), which declared

Great Dividing Range, main watershed of eastern Australia; it comprises a series of plateaus and low mountain ranges roughly paralleling the coasts of Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria for 2,300 miles (3,700 km). Geologically and topographically complex, the range begins in the north on

Continental Divide, fairly continuous ridge of north-south–trending mountain summits in western North America which divides the continent’s principal drainage into that flowing eastward (either to Hudson Bay in Canada or, chiefly, to the Mississippi and Rio Grande rivers in the United States) and

William Vaughn Moody: …with his most popular work, The Great Divide (1906), a prose play about conflict between eastern U.S. puritanism and the individualism of the western frontier. Although Moody tended to overembellish, this new phase of his career marked him as one of the most promising writers of his day. He died…

Great Dividing Range, main watershed of eastern Australia; it comprises a series of plateaus and low mountain ranges roughly paralleling the coasts of Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria for 2,300 miles (3,700 km). Geologically and topographically complex, the range begins in the north on

Domesday Book: Volume I (Great Domesday) contains the final summarized record of all the counties surveyed except Essex, Norfolk, and Suffolk. For these three counties the full, unabbreviated return sent in to Winchester by the commissioners is preserved in volume II (Little Domesday), which, for some reason, was never…

Great Drought, climatic interval of the Holocene Epoch that affected much of what is now the western United States and had a profound influence upon the plants, animals, and prehistoric Native American cultures of the region. The Holocene began about 11,700 years ago and continues to the present.

Great Dyke, narrow series of long, low ridges and hills in Zimbabwe, trending for about 320 miles (515 km). Consisting of four igneous complexes, they increase in height northward to about 1,500 feet (460 m) above the plateau surface in the Umvukwe Range, west of Harare (formerly Salisbury), the

James Stanley, 7th earl of Derby was a prominent Royalist commander in the English Civil War, who was executed by the Parliamentarians. Eldest son of William, the 6th earl, he was returned to Parliament for Liverpool in 1625 and on March 7, 1628, entered the House of Lords as Baron Strange. When

Hugh O’Neill, 2nd earl of Tyrone was an Irish rebel who, from 1595 to 1603, led an unsuccessful Roman Catholic uprising against English rule in Ireland. The defeat of O’Neill and the conquest of his province of Ulster was the final step in the subjugation of Ireland by the English. Although born

Great Eastern, steamship considered to be the prototype of the modern ocean liner. Designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and John Scott Russell for the Eastern Navigation Company to carry cargo and passengers between England and India, it was the largest ship in the world at the time of its launching

Frederick William was the elector of Brandenburg (1640–88), who restored the Hohenzollern dominions after the devastations of the Thirty Years’ War—centralizing the political administration, reorganizing the state finances, rebuilding towns and cities, developing a strong army, and acquiring clear

Andreas Schlüter: …and the equestrian statue of the great elector Frederick William (completed in 1703), now in the forecourt of Schloss Charlottenburg, Berlin, are among the most important of his surviving sculptures. Both testify to Schlüter’s familiarity with the work of the sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini in Rome and that of the…

Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States (1861–65), who preserved the Union during the American Civil War and brought about the emancipation of enslaved people in the United States. Among American heroes, Lincoln continues to have a unique appeal for his fellow compatriots and

Emu War, military operation to address the issue of emus, large flightless birds, damaging large amounts of crops in Western Australia. The campaign lasted from November to December 1932. Three members of the Royal Australian Artillery were assigned to cull roughly 20,000 emus using machine guns.

Great Zimbabwe: …areas: the Hill Complex, the Great Enclosure, and the Valley Ruins. The first two are characterized by mortarless stone construction, but they also include ruined daga (earthen and mud-brick) structures that may once have rivaled the stone buildings in grandeur. The Valley Ruins, located between the Hill Complex and the…

ancient Egyptian religion: Groupings of deities: The principal ennead was the Great Ennead of Heliopolis. This was headed by the sun god and creator Re or Re-Atum, followed by Shu and Tefnut, deities of air and moisture; Geb and Nut, who represented earth and sky; and Osiris, Isis, Seth, and Nephthys. This ordering incorporated a myth…

The Great Escape, American war film, released in 1963, that was loosely based on the true story of an ambitious escape by Allied prisoners of war during World War II. Widely considered a classic, the movie was especially known for the direction by John Sturges and for a cast that included Steve

Great Escarpment, plateau edge of southern Africa that separates the region’s highland interior plateau from the fairly narrow coastal strip. It lies predominantly within the Republic of South Africa and Lesotho but extends northeastward into eastern Zimbabwe (where it separates much of that

Sir Henry Cole: …1848 Cole proposed an unprecedented Great Exhibition of the industry of all nations. It opened in 1851 and was a resounding triumph, featuring “art applied to industry.”

Sir Henry Cole: …1848 Cole proposed an unprecedented Great Exhibition of the industry of all nations. It opened in 1851 and was a resounding triumph, featuring “art applied to industry.”

Alfonso Cuarón: This was followed by Great Expectations (1998), a loose adaptation of the Charles Dickens novel with a Hollywood cast that included Gwyneth Paltrow, Ethan Hawke, and Robert De Niro.

Great Expectations, British dramatic film, released in 1946, that was based on the Charles Dickens novel of the same name. The film follows Pip (played by Anthony Wager), an impoverished orphan in rural England. Pip occasionally spends time at the house of the spinster Miss Havisham (Martita Hunt),

Great Expectations, novel by Charles Dickens, first published serially in All the Year Round in 1860–61 and issued in book form in 1861. The classic novel was one of its author’s greatest critical and popular successes. It chronicles the coming of age of the orphan Pip while also addressing such

Exuma Cays: Great Exuma, with an area of 61 square miles (158 square km), was a place of settlement for American loyalists during the American Revolution. Several thousand acres of Great Exuma were granted to the Englishman John Rolle in the late 18th century. The cotton plantations…

Peter Handke: …included Der grosse Fall (2011; The Great Fall), which follows an aging actor for a day, and Die Obstdiebin; oder, einfache Fahrt ins Landesinnere (2017; The Fruit Thief; or, One-Way Journey into the Interior).

Paterson: …Alexander Hamilton) who saw the Great Falls of the Passaic, which drop 70 feet (21 metres), as the best potential industrial site on the Atlantic Seaboard. Paterson was one of the first planned industrial cities in the United States. The enterprise was chartered by the New Jersey legislature in 1791…

Great Falls, city, seat (1887) of Cascade county, west-central Montana, U.S. It lies along the Missouri River, near the falls (96 feet [29 metres] high) for which it was named. In 1805 the explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark observed the falls and nearby Giant Springs, one of the world’s

Potomac River: …of rapids and falls, including Great Falls, a cataract about 35 feet (11 metres) high.

Great Famine, famine that occurred in Ireland in 1845–49 when the potato crop failed in successive years. The crop failures were caused by late blight, a disease that destroys both the leaves and the edible roots, or tubers, of the potato plant. The causative agent of late blight is the water mold

Holodomor, man-made famine that convulsed the Soviet republic of Ukraine from 1932 to 1933, peaking in the late spring of 1933. It was part of a broader Soviet famine (1931–34) that also caused mass starvation in the grain-growing regions of Soviet Russia and Kazakhstan. The Ukrainian famine,

farthingale: …with variations such as the French farthingale, also known as the wheel, or great, farthingale, which was tilted upward in the back, often with the help of a padded pillow called a “bum roll,” to create the illusion of an elongated torso, and the Italian farthingale, which was a smaller…

Great Fear, (1789) in the French Revolution, a period of panic and riot by peasants and others amid rumours of an “aristocratic conspiracy” by the king and the privileged to overthrow the Third Estate. The gathering of troops around Paris provoked insurrection, and on July 14 the Parisian rabble

Fens, natural region of about 15,500 square miles (40,100 square km) of reclaimed marshland in eastern England, extending north to south between Lincoln and Cambridge. Across its surface the Rivers Witham, Welland, Nen, and Ouse flow into the North Sea indentation between Lincolnshire and Norfolk

Tajikistan: Agriculture: …two joint Tajik-Uzbek projects, the Great Fergana and North Fergana canals, using conscripted unskilled labour in a program that drew wide criticism from outside observers for its high toll of fatalities. After World War II the Dalverzin and Parkhar-Chubek irrigation systems were built, along with the Mŭminobod, Kattasoy, and Selbur…