Leo Frank was an American factory superintendent whose conviction in 1913 for the murder of Mary Phagan resulted in his lynching. His trial and death shaped the nascent Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and spurred the first resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Frank was pardoned in 1986. Frank was

Leonhard Frank was a German Expressionist novelist and playwright who used sensationalism and a compact and austere prose to dramatize a favourite theme—the destruction of the individual spirit by bourgeois society. After studying painting in Munich in 1904 and working as a commercial artist, Frank

Otto Frank was a German-born merchant best known as the father of Anne Frank, whose diary, published after her death in 1945, became world famous. Frank, decorated for bravery as a German officer in World War I, escaped with his family from the Nazi anti-Jewish persecutions in Germany before the

Robert Frank was a Swiss American photographer and director who was one of the most influential photographers of the mid-20th century, noted for his ironic renderings of American life. Frank became a professional industrial photographer at the age of 22 and in the 1940s became a successful fashion

Sir Charles Frank was an English physicist known for his work in the study of crystals. Though born in South Africa, Frank was raised in his parents’ native England, to which they returned only a few months after his birth. Frank received a scholarship to Lincoln College, Oxford, from which he

Sir Charles Frank was an English physicist known for his work in the study of crystals. Though born in South Africa, Frank was raised in his parents’ native England, to which they returned only a few months after his birth. Frank received a scholarship to Lincoln College, Oxford, from which he

Frankfort: …from an incident in which Stephen Frank, a frontiersman, was killed (1780) in an Indian skirmish at a local fording place on the river. Twice during Frankfort’s early history the capitol building was burned, and at both times the larger cities of Louisville and Lexington attempted to usurp the seat…

Sir Charles Frank: …to be known as the Frank-Read mechanism for generating dislocations in a crystal.

cardiovascular disease: Ventricular dysfunction in heart failure: …acute compensatory mechanism, called the Frank-Starling mechanism (named for German physiologist Otto Frank and British physiologist Ernest Henry Starling), may be sufficient in patients with mild heart failure who only require ventricular compensation during exercise, when demand for cardiac output is high. Increased ventricular volume, however, results in an increase…

Aline Frankau Bernstein was a theatrical designer and writer, the first major woman designer for the American stage. Aline Frankau attended Hunter College and the New York School for Applied Design before her marriage to Theodore Bernstein in 1902. She developed her artistic talent studying under

Zacharias Frankel was a rabbi and theologian, a founder of what became Conservative Judaism. After graduation from the University of Budapest in 1831, Frankel served as rabbi in several German communities, becoming chief rabbi of Dresden in 1836. During this period he developed a theology that he

Franconia, one of the five great stem, or Stamm (tribal), duchies—the other four being Saxony, Lotharingia (Lorraine), Swabia, and Bavaria—of early medieval Germany. Today it is divided between Rhenish Franconia, now located in the Länder (states) of Rhineland-Palatinate, Baden-Württemberg, and

Al Franken is an American Democratic politician, comedian, and political commentator who represented Minnesota in the U.S. Senate from 2009 to 2018. When Franken was four years old, his family moved from New York City to Minnesota, where his father ran a factory. The younger Franken earned a

Al Franken is an American Democratic politician, comedian, and political commentator who represented Minnesota in the U.S. Senate from 2009 to 2018. When Franken was four years old, his family moved from New York City to Minnesota, where his father ran a factory. The younger Franken earned a

Protestantism: Radical reformers related to Luther’s reform: …and led them at the Battle of Frankenhausen, where they were butchered, and he was captured and beheaded. Luther execrated Müntzer’s memory because he seized the sword in defense of the gospel and challenged the social order. Some Marxists, on the other hand, later exalted Müntzer as the prophet of…

John Frankenheimer was an American television and film director who was considered one of the most important and creatively gifted directors of the 1950s and ’60s. He was especially noted for such classic movies as The Manchurian Candidate (1962) and Birdman of Alcatraz (1962). He enjoyed a second

John Frankenheimer was an American television and film director who was considered one of the most important and creatively gifted directors of the 1950s and ’60s. He was especially noted for such classic movies as The Manchurian Candidate (1962) and Birdman of Alcatraz (1962). He enjoyed a second

desert: Flora: …and generally less well-known family Frankeniaceae, which is typical of salty habitats and reaches its greatest diversity in deserts from North Africa to Central Asia and in western South America.

Frankenstein, the title character in Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, the prototypical “mad scientist” who creates a monster by which he is eventually killed. The name Frankenstein has become popularly attached to the creature itself, who has become one of the best-known monsters

Benedict Cumberbatch: Breakthrough as Sherlock Holmes: …Theatre adaptation of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, in which he alternated with actor Jonny Lee Miller in the roles of Victor Frankenstein and his creature. He earned rave reviews for his work and won several major theatrical awards, including the 2012 Olivier Award in Britain. He rounded out 2011 with roles…

Frankenstein, American horror film, released in 1931, that was based on a stage adaptation of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley’s 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. The film’s hulking monster, portrayed by Boris Karloff with a flat head and protruding neck bolts, is one of the most

Bela Lugosi: …had turned down in 1931—in Frankenstein Meets the Wolfman (1943). He teamed with Karloff again in the eerie The Body Snatcher (1945), and he returned to the role of Dracula in Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948).

Roger Corman: Other projects and legacy: …a comeback with the well-received Frankenstein Unbound (1990).

Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, Gothic horror novel by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley that was first published in 1818. The epistolary story follows a scientific genius who brings to life a terrifying monster that torments its creator. It is considered one of the first science-fiction novels.

Frankenthal, city, Rhineland-Palatinate Land (state), southwestern Germany. It lies just northwest of Mannheim. First mentioned as Franconodal, a fishing settlement, in 772, it was the site of a powerful Augustinian monastery from 1119 until it passed to the Palatinate in 1562 and was settled by

Helen Frankenthaler was an American Abstract Expressionist painter whose brilliantly colored canvases were much admired for their lyric qualities. Frankenthaler’s father, Alfred Frankenthaler, was a New York Supreme Court justice. She studied under the Mexican painter Rufino Tamayo in high school,

Franconian Forest, forested highland in extreme northeastern Bavaria Land (state), east-central Germany. It forms a physical and geological link between the highlands of the Fichtel Mountains and the Thuringian Forest. About 30 miles (50 km) long, the forest descends gently north and east toward

Tim Burton: >Frankenweenie, directed by Burton, was released in 2012. Big Eyes (2014) told the true story of painter Margaret Keane, whose husband took credit for her work during the early part of her career. Burton next directed the adventure fantasy Miss Peregrine’s Home for Peculiar Children…

Frankfort, capital (since 1792) of Kentucky, U.S., and seat of Franklin county, located 50 miles (80 km) east of Louisville and 26 miles (42 km) northwest of Lexington. Frankfort was founded in 1786 on the Kentucky River by Gen. James Wilkinson. The name is a corruption of the name Frank’s Ford,

Henri Frankfort was an American archaeologist who completed a well-documented reconstruction of ancient Mesopotamian culture, established the relation between Egypt and Mesopotamia, and discovered much new information on both civilizations. Frankfort’s university studies in history, hieroglyphics,

Frankfurt am Main, city, Hessen Land (state), western Germany. The city lies along the Main River about 19 miles (30 km) upstream from its confluence with the Rhine River at Mainz. Pop. (2021 est.) city, 759,224; urban agglom., 3,210,500. There is evidence of Celtic and Germanic settlements in the

Frankfurt am Main City Zoological Garden, municipal zoological garden in Frankfurt am Main, Ger. It was founded in 1858 by the Frankfurt Zoological Society. Because the original site of the zoo was not large enough to allow for the expansion of the collection, in 1874 the zoo was relocated to its

Frankfurt am Main: The contemporary city: Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt (1914) is among the largest institutions of higher education in Germany. The Frankfurt am Main City Zoological Garden is one of the country’s finest zoos. Among the city’s other attractions are the Städel Art Institute and Municipal Gallery, the…

Frankfurt an der Oder, city, Brandenburg Land (state), eastern Germany. It lies on the west bank of the Oder River opposite the Polish town of Słubice, which before 1945 was the Frankfurt suburb of Dammvorstadt. An early medieval settlement of Franconian colonists and traders, Frankfurt was

William Forsythe: …Ballet, Netherlands Dance Theatre, the Frankfurt Ballet, and the Paris Opéra Ballet.

airport: Pier and satellite designs: Frankfurt International Airport in Germany and Schiphol Airport near Amsterdam still use such terminals. In the late 1970s, pier designs at Chicago’s O’Hare and Atlanta’s Hartsfield successfully handled in excess of 45 million mainly domestic passengers per year. However, as the number of aircraft gates…

Francis Daniel Pastorius: …of German Quakers, called the Frankfurt Land Company, who wished to purchase land within the Pennsylvania proprietorship. Pastorius arrived in Philadelphia that summer, purchased 15,000 acres of land from William Penn, and in the autumn established the settlement of Germantown.

Frankfurt National Assembly, German national parliament (May 1848–June 1849) that tried and failed to create a united German state during the liberal Revolutions of 1848. A preliminary parliament (Vorparlament) met in Frankfurt am Main in March 1848 at the instigation of liberal leaders from all

Frankfurt am Main, city, Hessen Land (state), western Germany. The city lies along the Main River about 19 miles (30 km) upstream from its confluence with the Rhine River at Mainz. Pop. (2021 est.) city, 759,224; urban agglom., 3,210,500. There is evidence of Celtic and Germanic settlements in the

Frankfurt School, group of researchers associated with the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, who applied Marxism to a radical interdisciplinary social theory. The Institute for Social Research (Institut für Sozialforschung) was founded by Carl Grünberg in 1923 as an

Frankfurt am Main City Zoological Garden, municipal zoological garden in Frankfurt am Main, Ger. It was founded in 1858 by the Frankfurt Zoological Society. Because the original site of the zoo was not large enough to allow for the expansion of the collection, in 1874 the zoo was relocated to its

Germany: Henry VII of Luxembourg: Under his direction the Diet of Frankfurt (1310) closed the long-disputed question of the Bohemian succession by awarding the kingdom, with the consent of the Bohemian estates, to Henry’s son John. Thus, in common with the Habsburgs, the main weight of Luxembourg interests gravitated eastward. But Henry, unlike his…

Frankfurt am Main: The contemporary city: Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt (1914) is among the largest institutions of higher education in Germany. The Frankfurt am Main City Zoological Garden is one of the country’s finest zoos. Among the city’s other attractions are the Städel Art Institute and Municipal Gallery, the…

autonomy: Millian and hierarchical accounts of autonomy: …introduced by the American philosopher Harry Frankfurt in his seminal paper “Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person” (1971).

France: The Third Republic: …Bismarck; on March 1 the Treaty of Frankfurt was ratified by a large majority of the assembly. The terms were severe: France was charged a war indemnity of five billion francs plus the cost of maintaining a German occupation army in eastern France until the indemnity was paid. Alsace and…

hot dog, sausage, of disputed but probable German origin, that has become internationally popular, especially in the United States. Two European cities claim to be the birthplace of the sausage: Frankfurt, Germany, whence the byname frankfurter, and Vienna, Austria, whence the byname wiener.

Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, daily newspaper published in Frankfurt am Main, one of the most prestigious and influential in Germany. F.A.Z. was created after World War II by a group of journalists who had worked on the highly respected Frankfurter Zeitung before the war. The earlier paper was

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Sturm und Drang (1770–76) of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: …new intellectual Frankfurt journal, the Frankfurter Gelehrte Anzeigen (“Frankfurt Review of Books”), which was hostile to the enlightened despotism of the German princely states, notably Prussia and Austria. He thereby effectively became part of the literary movement subsequently known as the Sturm und Drang (“Storm and Stress”). Both the political…

Frankfurt National Assembly, German national parliament (May 1848–June 1849) that tried and failed to create a united German state during the liberal Revolutions of 1848. A preliminary parliament (Vorparlament) met in Frankfurt am Main in March 1848 at the instigation of liberal leaders from all

Felix Frankfurter was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1939–62), a noted scholar and teacher of law, who was in his time the high court’s leading exponent of the doctrine of judicial self-restraint. He held that judges should adhere closely to precedent, disregarding their

Cucurbitales: Other families: …association with the actinomycete fungus Frankia, which forms nodules on the roots. The plant is poisonous and contains bitter sesquiterpenoid compounds.

Isabelle Huppert: Academy Award nomination and later films: …to Portugal in the drama Frankie (2019). In the crime comedy La daronne (2020; Mama Weed), she played a police translator who becomes a drug dealer.

Maurizio Cattelan: Early career: … on the World Trade Center, Frankie and Jamie (2002), showed two wax figures of New York police officers standing upside down.

ballad: Crime: …“Jim Fisk,” Johnny of “Frankie and Johnny,” and many other ballad victims are prompted by sexual jealousy. One particular variety of crime ballad, the “last goodnight”, represents itself falsely to be the contrite speech of a criminal as he mounts the scaffold to be executed. A version of “Mary…

Garry Marshall: Films: Pretty Woman and The Princess Diaries: …this time Marshall also directed Frankie and Johnny (1991), about a relationship that develops between a cook just released from prison (Al Pacino) and a waitress (Michelle Pfeiffer).

Terrence McNally: …Tubs, 1973; film 1976), and Frankie and Johnny in the Claire de Lune (produced 1987; film 1991). In 1995 McNally won a Tony Award for best play, for Love! Valour! Compassion! (film 1997), and he won another the following year for Master Class, one of several works he wrote about…

Frankie Crocker was the flamboyant kingpin of disco radio, though he had never singled out dance music as a specialty. He played rhythm and blues and jazz on the radio in his hometown of Buffalo, New York; in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and in Los Angeles before joining WMCA in New York as one of the

frankincense, aromatic gum resin containing a volatile oil that is used in incense and perfumes. Frankincense was valued in ancient times in worship and as a medicine and is still an important incense resin, particularly in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. The resin is also used in

Burseraceae, family of flowering plants in the order Sapindales, composed of about 19 genera and 775–860 species of resinous trees and shrubs. They are native primarily to tropical America, but a few species occur in Africa and Asia. Many species dominate the forests or woodlands in which they

franking, term used for the right of sending letters or postal packages free of charge. The word is derived from the French affranchir (“free”). The privilege was claimed by the British House of Commons in 1660 in “a Bill for erecting and establishing a Post Office,” their demand being that all

West Germanic languages: Dialects: …have traditionally been called “Frankish”; the dialects of the northeastern part of the Netherlands (Overijssel, Drenthe, Groningen) have been called “Saxon” and show certain affinities with Low German dialects to the east. On the basis of other linguistic features, it is also possible to group together the dialects to…

Jacob Frank: …the founder of the antirabbinical Frankist, or Zoharist, sect.

Viktor Frankl was an Austrian psychiatrist and psychotherapist who developed the psychological approach known as logotherapy, widely recognized as the “third school” of Viennese psychotherapy, after the “first school” of Sigmund Freud and the “second school” of Alfred Adler. The basis of Frankl’s

Viktor Frankl was an Austrian psychiatrist and psychotherapist who developed the psychological approach known as logotherapy, widely recognized as the “third school” of Viennese psychotherapy, after the “first school” of Sigmund Freud and the “second school” of Alfred Adler. The basis of Frankl’s

Agnes Surriage, Lady Frankland was an American colonial figure whose romantic ascent from humble beginnings to British nobility made her the subject of many fictional accounts. Agnes Surriage went to work as a maid in a local tavern at an early age. A pretty and charming girl, barefoot and in

Sir Edward Frankland was an English chemist who was one of the first investigators in the field of structural chemistry. While apprenticed to a druggist, Frankland learned to perform chemical experiments. Subsequent studies took him to laboratories at the University of Marburg, where he took his

Franklin, county, northwestern Massachusetts, U.S., bordered by New Hampshire and Vermont to the north. It consists of a mountainous, forested region bisected north-south by the Connecticut River. Other waterways include the Deerfield, Millers, and Falls rivers and part of Quabbin Reservoir, one of

Franklin, city, seat of Williamson county, central Tennessee, U.S., on the Harpeth River, about 20 miles (32 km) south of Nashville. Settled in 1799 and named for Benjamin Franklin, it was a highly successful agricultural centre prior to the American Civil War. It is known for the bloody battle

Franklin, city, seat of Venango county, northwest Pennsylvania, U.S., at the junction of French Creek and the Allegheny River, 70 miles (113 km) north of Pittsburgh. The site was early occupied by the Indian village of Venango and after 1750 by forts of the French (Fort-Machault), the British (Fort

Franklin, county, northwestern Vermont, U.S. It is bordered by Quebec, Canada, to the north, Lake Champlain to the west, and the Green Mountains to the east. The lowlands of the west rise up into the foothills and mountains of the east. The principal waterway is the Missisquoi River, which flows

Franklin, county, west-central Maine, U.S. It consists of a mountainous region bordered to the northwest by Quebec, Canada. Some of the county’s highest peaks—Mount Abraham and Sugarloaf, Crocker, and Saddleback mountains—are located along the Appalachian National Scenic Trail. The chief waterways

Puyallup, city, Pierce county, western Washington, U.S., on the Puyallup River. Settled in 1854 and known as Franklin, it was destroyed in a raid (1855) by Puyallup and Nisqually Indians from whom the land had been claimed. The area was resettled by Ezra Meeker in 1859. Laid out in 1877, it was

Franklin, county, southern Pennsylvania, U.S., bordered to the south by Maryland and to the west by Tuscarora Mountain. The county, lying almost wholly within the Appalachian Ridge and Valley physiographic province, consists of a broad central valley that rises to mountains in the west and east.

Franklin, county, northeastern New York state, U.S., bordered by Quebec, Canada, to the north and mostly occupied by Adirondack Park (1892), one of the largest parks in the United States and the nation’s first forest preserve. The low hills in the north, forested in hardwoods, give way to the

Franklin, unofficial state (1785–90) of the United States of America, comprising the eastern portion of what is now Tennessee and extending to “unclaimed” lands to the west. The short-lived state was established mainly as a result of North Carolina’s cession of its western lands to the United

Franklin, city, Merrimack county, central New Hampshire, U.S., at the confluence of the Pemigewasset and Winnipesaukee rivers (there forming the Merrimack). The locality was settled in 1748 as Salisbury and was renamed for Benjamin Franklin when the present town was formed in 1828 from parts of

Franklin and Marshall College, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, U.S. It is a liberal arts college offering bachelor’s degree programs only, including preprofessional curriculums. Students can study in England, Denmark, Greece, Italy, Japan, Scotland,

Fred Luter, Jr.: …1986 he became pastor of Franklin Avenue Baptist Church (FABC), a formerly large white church in the Ninth Ward that had become a mainly Black congregation of fewer than 100 worshipers. Pursuing an evangelization strategy that he called “FRANgelism” (FRAN was an acronym for “friends, relatives, associates, neighbours”), Luter built…

University of Georgia, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Athens, Georgia, U.S. It is part of the University System of Georgia and is a land-grant and sea-grant institution. The university includes the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences; colleges of agricultural and

Franklin and Marshall College, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, U.S. It is a liberal arts college offering bachelor’s degree programs only, including preprofessional curriculums. Students can study in England, Denmark, Greece, Italy, Japan, Scotland,

Grand Coulee Dam: The dam creates a reservoir, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, that has a storage capacity of about 9,562,000 acre-feet (11,795,000,000 cubic metres).

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial, monument in Washington, D.C., honouring U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was president (1933–45) during most of the Great Depression and World War II. The monument, designed by Lawrence Halprin, is located just south of the Mall along the western bank of the

Franklin expedition, British expedition (1845–48), led by Sir John Franklin, to find the Northwest Passage through Canada and to record magnetic information as a possible aid to navigation. The expedition ended in one of the worst disasters in the history of polar exploration. All 129 crew members

Franklin Institute, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S., one of the foremost American science and technology centres. Founded in 1824, the institute embraces the Franklin Institute Science Museum and Planetarium, the Mandell Center, the Tuttleman Omniverse Theater, and the Benjamin Franklin

Franklin Institute, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S., one of the foremost American science and technology centres. Founded in 1824, the institute embraces the Franklin Institute Science Museum and Planetarium, the Mandell Center, the Tuttleman Omniverse Theater, and the Benjamin Franklin

Ross Sea: …and rocky volcanic pile of Franklin Island. Most of the floor is less than 3,000 feet (900 metres) deep. The coastal region is dotted with modern volcanos and older dissected volcanic piles of an extensive alkaline-basalt area (McMurdo Volcanics) consisting of Cape Adare, Cape Hallett, Mount Melbourne, Franklin and Ross…

Kent, city, Portage county, northeastern Ohio, U.S., on the Cuyahoga River, immediately northeast of Akron. The site was first settled in about 1805 by John and Jacob Haymaker and was called Riedsburg. It was later named Franklin Mills, and when incorporated as a village in 1867 it was renamed for

Franklin Mountains, mountain range in west-central Mackenzie district, Northwest Territories, Canada. The mountains extend about 300 miles (483 km) northwest-southeast along the east bank of the Mackenzie River and reach their highest point at Mount Clark (4,733 feet [1,443

Michele Sindona: …York Corporation, parent company of Franklin National Bank. Two years later the bank collapsed amid revelations of diversions of funds and the bribery of officials in the world of high finance. (A Vatican banker, Archbishop Paul Marcinkus, was accused of sharing in the illegal dealings but fought extradition from Vatican…

the Greens: …below its confluence with the Franklin River. When the UTG dissolved in 1979, TWS leader Bob Brown launched a nationwide “No Dams” campaign against the initiative, turning public opinion against further hydroelectric development in southwest Tasmania. The Franklin was permanently protected with the creation of a national park in 1981,…

Franklin stove, type of wood-burning stove, invented by Benjamin Franklin (c. 1740), that was used to warm frontier dwellings, farmhouses, and urban homes for more than 200 years. See

franklinia, (Franklinia, or Gordonia, alatamaha), small tree of the tea family (Theaceae), native to the southeastern United States. It was first identified in 1765 by the botanist John Bartram along the Altamaha River near Fort Barrington, Georgia, and named in honour of Benjamin Franklin. The

Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on February 26, 1992, ruled (9–0) that students who are subjected to sexual harassment in public schools may sue for monetary damages under Title IX of the Federal Education Amendments of 1972. Franklin was the first

ground squirrel: Nontropical ground squirrels: Franklin’s ground squirrel (Spermophilus franklinii) of the north-central United States and southern Canada eats a representative omnivore diet: a wide variety of green plant parts, fruit, insects (caterpillars, grasshoppers, crickets, beetles and their larvae, and ants), vertebrates (toads, frogs, the eggs and chicks of ducks…

gull: Franklin’s gull (L. pipixcan) breeds in large colonies on inland marshes of North America and winters on the Pacific coast of South America.

The Franklin’s Tale, one of the 24 stories in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. The tale told by the Franklin centres upon the narrative motif of the “rash promise.” While her husband, Arveragus, is away, Dorigen is assiduously courted by a squire, Aurelius. She spurns him but promises to

Aretha Franklin was an American singer who defined the golden age of soul music of the 1960s. Franklin’s mother, Barbara, was a gospel singer and pianist. Her father, C.L. Franklin, presided over the New Bethel Baptist Church of Detroit, Michigan, and was a minister of national influence. A singer

Aretha Franklin was an American singer who defined the golden age of soul music of the 1960s. Franklin’s mother, Barbara, was a gospel singer and pianist. Her father, C.L. Franklin, presided over the New Bethel Baptist Church of Detroit, Michigan, and was a minister of national influence. A singer

Franklin: …in 1799 and named for Benjamin Franklin, it was a highly successful agricultural centre prior to the American Civil War. It is known for the bloody battle fought there on November 30, 1864.

Benjamin Franklin was an American printer and publisher, author, inventor and scientist, and diplomat. One of the foremost of the Founding Fathers, Franklin helped draft the Declaration of Independence and was one of its signers, represented the United States in France during the American