William Pitt, the Elder: Early political career: …Jacobite rising of 1745 (the Forty-five Rebellion), Pitt gained new stature as the one effective statesman.

twenty-five: …derives the Canadian game of forty-fives.

forty-nine dance, social dance and song repertoire that developed among Native American peoples in the southern Great Plains region of the United States during the early 1900s. The musical style and the name of the forty-nine dance have been attributed to various sources. Early studies identify the

Chūshingura, classic play cycle of the Japanese kabuki theatre. The kabuki drama was adapted from an original written about 1748 for the puppet theatre (bunraku) by Takeda Izumo with Namiki Sōsuke (Senryū) and Miyoshi Shōraku. In 11 acts it dramatizes the incidents that took place from 1701 to

Thirty-nine Articles: …Thirty-nine Articles developed from the Forty-two Articles, written by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer in 1553 “for the avoiding of controversy in opinions.” These had been partly derived from the Thirteen Articles of 1538, designed as the basis of an agreement between Henry VIII and the German Lutheran princes, which had been…

typography: Mechanical composition: Among his types were Forum and Trajan, which were based upon the roman capital letters inscribed on Trajan’s Column; Goudy Modern, his most successful text face; and a number of black-letter and display faces. Goudy edited two journals, Typographica and Ars Typographica, in which he expounded his theories of…

forum, in Roman cities in antiquity, multipurpose, centrally located open area that was surrounded by public buildings and colonnades and that served as a public gathering place. It was an orderly spatial adaptation of the Greek agora, or marketplace, and acropolis. In the laws of the Twelve Tables

Dutch literature: The 20th century: The literary periodical Forum was founded in 1932 by Menno ter Braak and Edgar du Perron, leaders of a movement that aimed to replace superficial elegance with greater sincerity and warned against the German threat before the war. The most important mid-20th-century Dutch writer, Simon Vestdijk, was originally…

Paris: The Halles of Paris: Several streets northwest of the Hôtel de Ville is the quarter of the Halles, which was from 1183 to 1969 the central market (ultimately a wholesale market for fresh products) of Paris. When the market moved out to a new location at…

Kenya: Moi’s rule: One opposition party, Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD), had been founded in 1991 but by 1992 had split into two factions: FORD-Kenya, led by Odinga until his death in 1994, and FORD-Asili, headed by Kenneth Matiba.

Fréjus, town, Var département, Provence–Alpes–Côte d’Azur région, southeastern France. It lies south of the Estérel Massif, southwest of Cannes. The town is on the site of an ancient naval base founded by Julius Caesar about 50 bce and known originally as Forum Julii. Its Roman ruins include a late

Forlì, city, Emilia-Romagna regione, northern Italy, situated on the Montone River and the Via Aemilia, southeast of Bologna. Known to the Romans as Forum Livii, it is said to have been founded by the consul Livius Salinator in the 2nd century bc. As a 12th-century commune, it was in league with

conflict of laws: Jurisdiction: …exercise it, for reasons of forum non conveniens (Latin: “inconvenient forum”), as may happen in some common-law countries.

Roman Forum, most important forum in ancient Rome, situated on low ground between the Palatine and Capitoline hills. The Roman Forum was the scene of public meetings, law courts, and gladiatorial combats in republican times and was lined with shops and open-air markets. Under the empire, when it

Forez: …is derived from that of Feurs (Forum Segusiavorum in Roman times), a town midway between Roanne and Saint-Étienne, in an agriculturally rich area watered by the Loire River. The Forez counts of the Artaud family vied with the archbishops of Lyon for control of the Lyonnais from the latter part…

Theodosius I: Early years as emperor: The plan for the Forum Tauri, the largest public square known in antiquity, designed after the model of Trajan’s Forum in Rome, is outstanding. It is unclear, however, to what extent the emperor encouraged the flowering of art and literature in his time.

Augusto Boal: In Forum Theatre, actors perform a short scene based on an event involving oppression. Spectators are encouraged to suggest and enact solutions to the problem in the scene. Image Theatre and Forum Theatre require skilled facilitators, called Jokers, to mediate between the actors and the spectators.

Western sculpture: Flavian period: …in the frieze of the Forum Transitorium, which the emperor Nerva completed. This conflict of relief styles within the Flavian period is but one illustration of the ceaseless, unpredictable ebb and flow of different aesthetic principles throughout the history of imperial art.

Pozzuoli: …the northeast, is the famous Solfatara, a semiactive volcano that exhales sulfurous vapours and gives vent to liquid mud and hot mineral springs. Along the coast is the Monte Nuovo, a volcanic cone that arose after eruptions in 1538.

Pompeii: Description of the remains: …grouped in three areas: the Forum (elevation 110 feet [34 metres]), located in the large level area on the southwest; the Triangular Forum (82 feet [25 metres]), standing on a height at the edge of the south wall overlooking the bay; and the Amphitheatre and Palaestra, in the east.

Asghar Farhadi: …remarry, and in Forushande (2016; The Salesman), about a couple whose relationship becomes strained after the wife is assaulted. The latter drama earned particular acclaim, notably winning the Oscar for best foreign-language film. He then wrote and directed the Spanish-language film Todos lo saben (2018; Everybody Knows), which starred Penélope…

Forward, newspaper based in New York City that publishes both Yiddish and English versions. The Forward was founded in 1897 by the Jewish Socialist Press Federation as a civic aid and a cohesive device for Jewish immigrants from Europe. It quickly became the leading Yiddish-language newspaper in

Forward, newspaper based in New York City that publishes both Yiddish and English versions. The Forward was founded in 1897 by the Jewish Socialist Press Federation as a civic aid and a cohesive device for Jewish immigrants from Europe. It quickly became the leading Yiddish-language newspaper in

rugby: Forwards: Forward players still were not specialized by the early 1900s, and when scrums were formed, the first players to arrive usually formed the front row. By 1900 it was common to form a scrum with three men in the front, two behind, and another…

forward basing, the practice by superpowers—most notably, the United States—of establishing an enduring military presence in a foreign country as a means of projecting force and furthering national interests. The term forward basing refers to the equipment, armed forces, and persistent military

Subhas Chandra Bose: A falling-out with Gandhi: He founded the Forward Bloc, hoping to rally radical elements, but was again incarcerated in July 1940. His refusal to remain in prison at this critical period of India’s history was expressed in a determination to fast to death, which frightened the British government into releasing him. On…

heavy oil and tar sand: In situ combustion: …situ combustion process known as forward combustion, air is injected into a well so as to advance the burning front and heat and displace both the oil and formation water to surrounding production wells. A modified form of forward combustion incorporates the injection of cold water along with air to…

nuclear strategy: Flexible response: …allies to the concept of forward defense, in which any aggression would be rebuffed at the border between East and West Germany. (With its lack of depth and its concentration of population and industry close to the East, the Federal Republic had no wish for its allies to trade German…

diving: The first includes the forward dives, in which the person faces the water, dives out from the edge of the board or platform, and rotates forward one-half or more turns before entering the water. The second comprises the backward dives, in which the diver stands at the edge, facing…

telecommunication: Channel encoding: One method is called forward error control (FEC). In this method information bits are protected against errors by the transmitting of extra redundant bits, so that if errors occur during transmission the redundant bits can be used by the decoder to determine where the errors have occurred and how…

international payment and exchange: Forward exchange: The transactions in which one currency is exchanged directly for another are known as spot transactions. There can also be forward transactions, consisting of contracts to exchange one currency for another at a future date, perhaps three months ahead, but at a rate…

Bobby Charlton: …of My Soccer Life (1965), Forward for England (1967), My Manchester United Years: The Autobiography (2007), My England Years: The Autobiography (2008), and other books.

international payment and exchange: Forward exchange: The transactions in which one currency is exchanged directly for another are known as spot transactions. There can also be forward transactions, consisting of contracts to exchange one currency for another at a future date, perhaps three months ahead, but at a rate…

heredity: Gene mutation: …to mutant is called a forward mutation, and mutation from mutant to wild type is called a back mutation or reversion.

osmotic pressure: Industrial applications: For instance, forward osmosis relies on the difference in osmotic pressure between two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane to drive water across a membrane. This concept can be used for filtration of wastewater, where a highly concentrated solution is used to draw water across the membrane,…

American football: Expansion and reform: …to 10 and legalized the forward pass, the final element in the creation of the game of American football. The founding of the NCAA effectively ended the period when the Big Three (and Walter Camp personally) dictated rules of play to the rest of the football world. It also ended…

India: The northwest frontier: …to champions of the “forward school” of imperialism in the colonial offices of Calcutta and Simla and in the imperial government offices at Whitehall, London. Russian expansion into Central Asia in the 1860s provided even greater anxiety and incentive to British proconsuls in India, as well as at the…

forward basing, the practice by superpowers—most notably, the United States—of establishing an enduring military presence in a foreign country as a means of projecting force and furthering national interests. The term forward basing refers to the equipment, armed forces, and persistent military

horsemanship: Forward seat: The forward seat, favoured for show jumping, hunting, and cross-country riding, is generally considered to conform with the natural action of the horse. The rider sits near the middle of the saddle, his torso a trifle forward, even at the halt. The saddle…

cricket: Batting: The chief strokes are: forward stroke, in which the batsman advances his front leg to the pitch (direction) of the ball and plays it in front of the wicket (if played with aggressive intent, this stroke becomes the drive); back stroke, in which the batsman moves his rear leg…

battlefield medicine: …were supplanted by the smaller Forward Surgical Team (FST). The FST comprises 20 persons, including 4 surgeons, and it typically has 2 operating tables and 10 litters set up in self-inflating shelters. It can be deployed close to the battlefield and made operational in one and a half hours. FSTs…

international payment and exchange: Forward exchange: The transactions in which one currency is exchanged directly for another are known as spot transactions. There can also be forward transactions, consisting of contracts to exchange one currency for another at a future date, perhaps three months ahead, but at a rate…

international payment and exchange: Forward exchange: The transactions in which one currency is exchanged directly for another are known as spot transactions. There can also be forward transactions, consisting of contracts to exchange one currency for another at a future date, perhaps three months ahead, but at a rate…

integrated circuit: The p-n junction: …the n material is called forward-biased because the electrons move forward into the holes. If voltage is applied in the opposite direction—a positive voltage connected to the n side of the junction—no current will flow. The electrons in the n material will still be attracted to the positive voltage, but…

semiconductor device: Thyristors: …exhibits three distinct regions: the forward-blocking (or off) state, the forward-conducting (or on) state, and the reverse-blocking state, which is similar to that of a reverse-biased p-n junction. Thus, a thyristor operated in the forward region is a bistable device that can switch from a high-resistance, low-current off state to…

semiconductor device: Thyristors: …to switching is called the forward-breakover voltage VBF. The magnitude of VBF depends on the gate current. Higher gate currents cause the current IA to increase faster, enhance the regeneration process, and switch at lower breakover voltages. The effect of gate current on the switching behaviour is shown in Figure…

semiconductor device: Thyristors: …forward-blocking (or off) state, the forward-conducting (or on) state, and the reverse-blocking state, which is similar to that of a reverse-biased p-n junction. Thus, a thyristor operated in the forward region is a bistable device that can switch from a high-resistance, low-current off state to a low-resistance, high-current on state,…

police: Mobility: …passive infrared unit sometimes called forward-looking infrared (FLIR), provides night vision. FLIR units can measure the heat energy emitted by objects and living things, enabling ground units to be directed to a particular location. The police also employ fixed-wing aircraft for operations such as border patrols and drug surveillance, police-personnel…

semiconductor device: Thyristors: …exhibits three distinct regions: the forward-blocking (or off) state, the forward-conducting (or on) state, and the reverse-blocking state, which is similar to that of a reverse-biased p-n junction. Thus, a thyristor operated in the forward region is a bistable device that can switch from a high-resistance, low-current off state to…

semiconductor device: Thyristors: …forward-blocking (or off) state, the forward-conducting (or on) state, and the reverse-blocking state, which is similar to that of a reverse-biased p-n junction. Thus, a thyristor operated in the forward region is a bistable device that can switch from a high-resistance, low-current off state to a low-resistance, high-current on state,…

carriage of goods: Freight or forwarding agents: Shippers frequently engage the services of freight or forwarding agents, namely, persons who undertake for a reward to have the goods carried and delivered at their destination. The services of these persons are ordinarily engaged when the carriage of the goods involves successive…

Giuseppe Verdi: The later middle years of Giuseppe Verdi: …same year his next work, La forza del destino (The Force of Destiny), was produced at St. Petersburg. Always on the lookout for novel dramatic material, Verdi had wanted to tackle the epic narrative extending over many years and many locations, with scenes of high life and low. This he…

National Alliance: …newly formed centre-right parties, the Forza Italia and the Northern League, in an alliance that was swept to power in parliamentary elections in March 1994, when the National Alliance captured 13.5 percent of the vote and was awarded six cabinet posts. Though the governing coalition was short-lived, the National Alliance…

Fos, port town, Bouches-du-Rhône département, Provence–Alpes–Côte d’Azur région, southern France. It lies on Golfe de Fos, an inlet of the Gulf of Lion on the Mediterranean coast, just west of Marseille and north of Port-de-Bouc. Fos was originally a small village dependent on agriculture and

Fos, port town, Bouches-du-Rhône département, Provence–Alpes–Côte d’Azur région, southern France. It lies on Golfe de Fos, an inlet of the Gulf of Lion on the Mediterranean coast, just west of Marseille and north of Port-de-Bouc. Fos was originally a small village dependent on agriculture and

Dick Fosbury: …became known as the “Fosbury flop.”

Dick Fosbury was an American high jumper who revolutionized the sport by replacing the traditional approach to jumping with an innovative backward style that became known as the “Fosbury flop.” Fosbury found the straddle-roll jumping style complicated and did not perform well when he employed it

Dick Fosbury was an American high jumper who revolutionized the sport by replacing the traditional approach to jumping with an innovative backward style that became known as the “Fosbury flop.” Fosbury found the straddle-roll jumping style complicated and did not perform well when he employed it

Francesco Foscari was the doge of Venice who led the city in a long and ruinous series of wars against Milan. His life story is the subject of the tragedy The Two Foscari by Lord Byron and of an opera by Giuseppe Verdi. Belonging to a prominent Venetian family, Foscari headed the Council of Forty

Andrea Palladio: Visits to Rome and work in Vicenza: Normally (as at the Villa Foscari at Mira, called Malcontenta [1560]; the Villa Emo at Fanzolo [late 1550s]; and the Villa Badoer), the porch covers one major story and the attic, the entire structure being raised on a base that contains service areas and storage. In a third type…

Galileo: Galileo’s Copernicanism: …in 1615, when the cleric Paolo Antonio Foscarini (c. 1565–1616) published a book arguing that the Copernican theory did not conflict with scripture, Inquisition consultants examined the question and pronounced the Copernican theory heretical. Foscarini’s book was banned, as were some more technical and nontheological works, such as Johannes Kepler’s…

Count Fosco, fictional character, a refined but implacable villain in The Woman in White (1860) by Wilkie Collins. Fosco is considered the original of the corpulent, cultured villain who later became a common type in crime novels. His stated position is that “crime is a good friend to man and to

Count Fosco, fictional character, a refined but implacable villain in The Woman in White (1860) by Wilkie Collins. Fosco is considered the original of the corpulent, cultured villain who later became a common type in crime novels. His stated position is that “crime is a good friend to man and to

Ugo Foscolo was a poet and novelist whose works articulate the feelings of many Italians during the turbulent epoch of the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars, and the restoration of Austrian rule; they rank among the masterpieces of Italian literature. Foscolo, born of a Greek mother and a

Ugo Foscolo was a poet and novelist whose works articulate the feelings of many Italians during the turbulent epoch of the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars, and the restoration of Austrian rule; they rank among the masterpieces of Italian literature. Foscolo, born of a Greek mother and a

Harry Emerson Fosdick was a liberal Protestant minister, teacher, and author, who was pastor of the interdenominational Riverside Church in New York City (1926–46), preacher on the National Vespers nationwide radio program (1926–46), and a central figure in the Protestant liberal–fundamentalist

Foshan, city, central Guangdong sheng (province), China. It is situated in the Pearl (Zhu) River Delta 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Guangzhou (Canton), on a spur of the Guangzhou-Sanshui railway. From the time of the Qin dynasty (221–207 bce) to that of the Southern Dynasties (Nanchao) period

Fasching, the Roman Catholic Shrovetide carnival as celebrated in German-speaking countries. There are many regional differences concerning the name, duration, and activities of the carnival. It is known as Fasching in Bavaria and Austria, Fosnat in Franconia, Fasnet in Swabia, Fastnacht in Mainz

Lukas Foss was a German-born U.S. composer, pianist, and conductor, widely recognized for his experiments with improvisation and aleatory music. He studied in Berlin and Paris and, after moving to the United States in 1937, with the composers Randall Thompson and Paul Hindemith and the conductors

fossa, (Cryptoprocta ferox), largest carnivore native to Madagascar, a catlike forest dweller of the civet family, Viverridae. The fossa grows to a length of about 1.5 metres (5 feet), including a tail about 66 centimetres (26 inches) long, and has short legs and sharp, retractile claws. The fur is

fossa: …to its confusion with the Malagasy civet, or fanaloka, Fossa fossa.

human ear: Auditory ossicles: …a shallow depression, called the fossa incudis, in the rear wall of the cavity. The long process of the incus is bent near its end and bears a small bony knob that forms a loose ligament-enclosed joint with the head of the stapes. The stapes is the smallest bone in…

Japan: The major physiographic regions: …notable physical feature is the Fossa Magna, a great rift lowland that traverses the widest portion of Honshu from the Sea of Japan to the Pacific. It is partially occupied by mountains and volcanoes of the southern part of the East Japan Volcanic Belt. Intermontane basins are sandwiched between the…

human ear: Outer ear: …helix by a furrow, the scapha, also called the fossa of the helix. In some ears a little prominence known as Darwin’s tubercle is seen along the upper, posterior portion of the helix; it is the vestige of the folded-over point of the ear of a remote human ancestor. The…

Fossano, town, Piemonte (Piedmont) region, northern Italy, northeast of Cuneo (city). Fossano is the site of a 14th-century four-sided castle, which belonged to the princes of Acaia; its hospital and the Trinity Church were designed by Francesco Gallo in the 18th century. The town has mineral baths

canals and inland waterways: Ancient works: …with the Trent by the Fosse Dyke (ditch), still in use.

Fosse Way, major Roman road that traversed Britain from southwest to northeast. It ran from the mouth of the River Axe in Devon by Axminster and Ilchester (Lindinae) to Bath (Aquae Sulis) and Cirencester, thence straight for 60 miles (100 km) to High Cross (Venonae), where it intersected Watling

Bob Fosse was an American dancer, choreographer, and director who revolutionized musicals with his distinct style of dance—including his frequent use of props, signature moves, and provocative steps—and was well known for eschewing light comedic story lines for darker and more introspective plots.

Charles de La Fosse was a painter whose decorative historical and allegorical murals, while continuing a variant of the stately French Baroque manner of the 17th century, began to develop a lighter, more brightly coloured style that presaged the Rococo painting of the 18th century. The greatest

Jon Fosse is a Norwegian author of novels, plays, poems, children’s books, and essays, who has also worked as an instructor and a translator. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2023 “for his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable.” The prolific wordsmith has written

Jon Fosse is a Norwegian author of novels, plays, poems, children’s books, and essays, who has also worked as an instructor and a translator. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2023 “for his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable.” The prolific wordsmith has written

Bob Fosse was an American dancer, choreographer, and director who revolutionized musicals with his distinct style of dance—including his frequent use of props, signature moves, and provocative steps—and was well known for eschewing light comedic story lines for darker and more introspective plots.

Sam Rockwell: … in the 2019 TV miniseries Fosse/Verdon. His other roles from 2019 included Capt. Klenzendorf in Taika Waititi’s Jojo Rabbit and the attorney for the wrongly accused title character in Clint Eastwood’s Richard Jewell. In 2020 Rockwell lent his voice to several movies, including The One and Only Ivan.

Steve Fossett was an American businessman and adventurer who set a number of world records, most notably in aviation and sailing. In 2002, he became the first balloonist to circumnavigate the world alone, and in 2005 he completed the first nonstop solo global flight in an airplane. Fossett grew up

Steve Fossett was an American businessman and adventurer who set a number of world records, most notably in aviation and sailing. In 2002, he became the first balloonist to circumnavigate the world alone, and in 2005 he completed the first nonstop solo global flight in an airplane. Fossett grew up

Dian Fossey was an American zoologist who became the world’s leading authority on the mountain gorilla. Fossey trained to become an occupational therapist at San Jose State College and graduated in 1954. She worked in that field for several years at a children’s hospital in Louisville, Kentucky. In

fossil, remnant, impression, or trace of an animal or plant of a past geologic age that has been preserved in Earth’s crust. The complex of data recorded in fossils worldwide—known as the fossil record—is the primary source of information about the history of life on Earth. Only a small fraction of

Fossil Butte National Monument, fossil-rich area of buttes and ridges in southwestern Wyoming, U.S. It is located just west of Kemmerer, about 100 miles (160 km) west-northwest of Rock Springs. The 13-square-mile (34-square-km) monument was established in 1972. The monument preserves Fossil Butte,

coprolite, the fossilized excrement of animals. The English geologist William Buckland coined the term in 1835 after he and fossilist Mary Anning recognized that certain convoluted masses occurring in the Lias rock strata of Gloucestershire and dating from the Early Jurassic Period (200 million to

fossil fuel, any of a class of hydrocarbon-containing materials of biological origin occurring within Earth’s crust that can be used as a source of energy. Fossil fuels include coal, petroleum, natural gas, oil shales, bitumens, tar sands, and heavy oils. All contain carbon and were formed as a

fossil record, history of life as documented by fossils, the remains or imprints of organisms from earlier geological periods preserved in sedimentary rock. In a few cases the original substance of the hard parts of the organism is preserved, but more often the original components have been

odontolite, fossil bone or tooth that consists of the phosphate mineral apatite (q.v.) coloured blue by vivianite. It resembles turquoise but may be distinguished

Carl Sternheim: …1915 and performed 1919), and Das Fossil (published 1925 and performed 1923), the four plays forming the Maske Tetralogy. The plays portray the family as self-indulgent social climbers masked by bourgeois propriety. Sternheim’s later plays were less successful. The telegram-like language used by Sternheim in the early plays is a…

Carl Sternheim: …1915 and performed 1919), and Das Fossil (published 1925 and performed 1923), the four plays forming the Maske Tetralogy. The plays portray the family as self-indulgent social climbers masked by bourgeois propriety. Sternheim’s later plays were less successful. The telegram-like language used by Sternheim in the early plays is a…

Samuel Fosso is a Cameroonian photographer who was best known for his “autoportraits,” in which he transformed himself into other people and characters drawn from popular culture and politics. Fosso lived in Nigeria as a child, but the conflict caused by the secession of Biafra in the late 1960s

burrowing, locomotion of a type found in both terrestrial and aquatic animal groups. Some fossorial animals dig short permanent burrows in which they live; others tunnel extensively and nearly continuously. In relatively soft substrates, such as soil, burrowers tend to be limbless (lizards, snakes)

Sergey Volkov: …7, 2011, with American astronaut Michael Fossum and Japanese astronaut Furukawa Satoshi. He and Russian cosmonaut Aleksandr Samokutyayev performed a space walk in which they moved a small crane onto the station’s exterior. He returned to Earth on November 22, 2011.

al-Fusṭāṭ, capital of the province of Egypt during the Muslim caliphates of the Umayyad and Abbasid and succeeding dynasties, until captured by the Fāṭimid general Jawhar in 969. Founded in 641 by the Muslim conqueror of Egypt, ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ, on the east bank of the Nile River, south of modern

saga: Sagas of Icelanders: Fóstbræðra saga (“The Blood-Brothers’ Saga”) describes two contrasting heroes: one a poet and lover, the other a ruthless killer. Egils saga offers a brilliant study of a complex personality—a ruthless Viking who is also a sensitive poet, a rebel against authority from early childhood who…

social service: Child welfare: Institutional and foster care are now provided mainly to children whose home lives have been disrupted, permanently or temporarily, by marital discord, financial hardship, parental irresponsibility, neglect, or abuse. While foster care might be considered preferable because it offers the intimate atmosphere of family living, some children,…