formal logic: The lower predicate calculus: A predicate calculus in which the only variables that occur in quantifiers are individual variables is known as a lower (or first-order) predicate calculus. Various lower predicate calculi have been constructed. In the most straightforward of these, to which the most…

metalogic: Background and typical problems: A first-order theory is determined by a language and a set of selected sentences of the language—those sentences of the theory that are, in an arbitrary, generalized sense, the “true” ones (called the “distinguished elements” of the set). In the particular case of the system N,…

poison: Biotransformation: …phenomenon is known as the first-pass effect. As a result, smaller amounts of certain chemicals are distributed throughout the body after oral administration than after other exposure routes, such as intravenous or intramuscular injections. Biotransformation of a chemical primarily facilitates its excretion into urine or bile; however, certain chemicals are…

electronic shooter game: …PCs, was not the original first-person shooter (FPS) game, it set the standard for the subgenre. id Software followed up with Doom (1993), the first FPS game with multiplayer support. Other popular FPS games released in the 1990s include Duke Nukem 3D (1996), Quake (1996), Half-Life (1998), and Unreal Tournament…

It’s a big step. You ready?Buying your first home can feel intimidating. It’s complicated and expensive, and once you’ve signed the documents and received the keys, there’s no turning back. It’s a feeling that’s both exhilarating and nerve-racking, and if you’ve been slow-walking the whole

First Interstate Bancorp, once one of the largest American multibank holding corporations. The corporation was formed in 1957 as Firstamerica Corporation and started operations in 1958 when it acquired all of the directly held shares of Transamerica Corporation’s stock in banks in which

infanticide: Religious offerings, especially of the firstborn, are known from the Bible, as well as from the histories of Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Firstborn sacrifice was once common among many peoples in India; here the motive was the offering of one’s most precious possession to the deities. In modern societies the…

Louise Glück: Her first collection of poetry, Firstborn (1968), used a variety of first-person personae, all disaffected or angry. The collection’s tone disturbed many critics, but Glück’s exquisitely controlled language and imaginative use of rhyme and metre delighted others. Although its outlook is equally grim, The House on Marshland (1975) shows a…

FirstCity (FCFC), American financial-services company founded in 1950 as the bank holding company First City Bancorporation of Texas, Inc. Headquarters are in Waco, Texas. First City Bancorporation provided managerial direction, financial resource coordination, and advisory services for its various

FirstCity (FCFC), American financial-services company founded in 1950 as the bank holding company First City Bancorporation of Texas, Inc. Headquarters are in Waco, Texas. First City Bancorporation provided managerial direction, financial resource coordination, and advisory services for its various

Cleveland: The contemporary city: …which opened in 1996; and Cleveland Browns Stadium (1999), home of the Browns, the city’s professional football team. The southern downtown area includes the Gateway Complex, comprising two sports venues that opened in 1994: Jacobs Field, which is built in the style of early 20th-century ballparks, for the Cleveland Guardians…

Forth Bridge, railway bridge over the Firth of Forth, the estuary of the River Forth in Scotland. It was one of the first cantilever bridges and for several years was the world’s longest span. Designed and built by Benjamin Baker and John Fowler in the late 1880s, its opening on March 4, 1890,

Colin Firth is a British actor especially known for his portrayals of aloof characters who gradually shed their reserve to become emotionally available, notably Mr. Darcy in a television adaptation of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice (1995) and the future king George VI in The King’s Speech

Colin Firth is a British actor especially known for his portrayals of aloof characters who gradually shed their reserve to become emotionally available, notably Mr. Darcy in a television adaptation of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice (1995) and the future king George VI in The King’s Speech

John R. Firth was a British linguist specializing in contextual theories of meaning and prosodic analysis. He was the originator of the “London school of linguistics.” After receiving an M.A. in history from the University of Leeds (1913), Firth joined the Indian Education Service in 1915 and

John R. Firth was a British linguist specializing in contextual theories of meaning and prosodic analysis. He was the originator of the “London school of linguistics.” After receiving an M.A. in history from the University of Leeds (1913), Firth joined the Indian Education Service in 1915 and

John R. Firth was a British linguist specializing in contextual theories of meaning and prosodic analysis. He was the originator of the “London school of linguistics.” After receiving an M.A. in history from the University of Leeds (1913), Firth joined the Indian Education Service in 1915 and

Sir Charles Firth was an English historian noted for his work on 17th-century English history. Firth was educated at Clifton and at New College and Balliol College, Oxford. He settled in Oxford in 1883 and lived there for the rest of his life. For many years he worked with S.R. Gardiner and

Sir Charles Firth was an English historian noted for his work on 17th-century English history. Firth was educated at Clifton and at New College and Balliol College, Oxford. He settled in Oxford in 1883 and lived there for the rest of his life. For many years he worked with S.R. Gardiner and

Sir Raymond Firth was a New Zealand social anthropologist best known for his research on the Maori and other peoples of Oceania and Southeast Asia. Firth began his studies at Auckland University College in his native New Zealand and then continued at the London School of Economics, from which he

Sir Raymond Firth was a New Zealand social anthropologist best known for his research on the Maori and other peoples of Oceania and Southeast Asia. Firth began his studies at Auckland University College in his native New Zealand and then continued at the London School of Economics, from which he

ancient Iran: Intermittent conflicts from Yazdegerd I to Khosrow I: Fīrūz (reigned 457–484) fell in battle against them; his treasures and family were captured, and the country was devastated. His brother Balāsh (484–488), unable to cope with continuing incursions, was deposed and blinded. The crown fell to Kavadh (Qobād) I, son of Fīrūz. While the…

Chagatai literature: The khan Sayyid Muḥammad Raḥīm Bahādur II introduced printing to Khiva in 1874, the year of Āgahī’s death. Taking the pen name Firuz, he also wrote verse in Chagatai.

India: Sher Shah and his successors: …his death his young son, Fīrūz, came to the Sūr throne but was murdered by his own maternal uncle, and subsequently the empire fractured into several parts.

India: Bahmanī consolidation of the Deccan: …gained control, Fīrūz succeeded as Fīrūz Shah Bahmanī. His reign (1397–1422) was a period of notable cultural activity in the Bahmanī sultanate, as well as one of continued development of the trend toward wider political participation. Noted for his intelligence and learning, Fīrūz established on the Bhima River his new…

South Asian arts: Islāmic architecture in India: period of the Delhi and provincial sultanates: The Koṭla Fīrūz Shāh (1354–70), with its mosques, palaces, and tombs, is now in ruins but represents the major building activity of Fīrūz Shāh, who took a great interest in architecture. Many mosques and tombs of this period and of the 15th century are found in Delhi…

Delhi, city and national capital, and union territory, north-central India. The city of Delhi actually consists of two components: Old Delhi, in the north, the historic city; and New Delhi, in the south, since 1947 the capital of India, built in the first part of the 20th century as the capital of

Fīrūzābād, town situated about 55 miles (88 km) south of Shīrāz, in the Fars region of south-central Iran. The town is said to have been founded by the Sāsānian king Ardashīr I (ad 224–241) in commemoration of his victory over the Parthian king Artabanus. The Sāsānian town was circular in plan and

al-Fīrūzābādī was a lexicographer who compiled an extensive dictionary of Arabic that, in its digest form, Al-Qāmūs (“The Ocean”), served as the basis of later European dictionaries of Arabic. After teaching in Jerusalem (1349–59), al-Fīrūzābādī traveled through western Asia and Egypt and settled

Battle of Nahāvand: The Sāsānian troops, commanded by Fīrūzan, were entrenched in a strong fortified position. After an indecisive skirmish, Nuʿmān pretended to be defeated and withdrew from the battlefield. Fīrūzan then abandoned his position and pursued his foe. The pursuit proved to be a major tactical error because the Sāsānians were forced…

chess: Queen: Each player has one queen, which combines the powers of the rook and bishop and is thus the most mobile and powerful piece. The White queen begins at d1, the Black queen at d8.

speed skiing: …Fédération Internationale de Ski (FIS; International Ski Federation). As an advisory body to the International Olympic Committee (IOC), FIS has lobbied for the inclusion of speed skiing in the Olympic Winter Games. While the IOC wants to limit the speed of the skiers to about 125 miles per hour, such…

Islamic Salvation Front, Algerian Islamist political party. Known best by its French acronym, the organization was founded in 1989 by Ali Belhadj and Abbasi al-Madani. The party won a majority of the seats contested in local elections in 1990 and most of the seats in the National Assembly in the

The Vision of Adamnán, in the Gaelic literature of Ireland, one of the earliest and most outstanding medieval Irish visions. This graceful prose work dates from the 10th century and is preserved in the later The Book of the Dun Cow (c. 1100). Patterned after pagan voyages (immrama) to the

USA PATRIOT Act: Provisions: …was established by the 1978 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) to authorize electronic surveillance (and later physical searches) targeting foreign powers or their agents. Section 218 removed the requirement that the government certify in its applications for surveillance authority that “the” purpose of the surveillance was to collect foreign intelligence…

rowing: History: …des Sociétés d’Aviron (FISA; the International Rowing Federation) was founded. Events in rowing (for crews of eight, four, and two) and in sculling were established. In races for eights and for some fours and pairs, there is also a coxswain, who sits at the stern, steers, calls the stroke, and…

The Vision of Adamnán, in the Gaelic literature of Ireland, one of the earliest and most outstanding medieval Irish visions. This graceful prose work dates from the 10th century and is preserved in the later The Book of the Dun Cow (c. 1100). Patterned after pagan voyages (immrama) to the

skibobbing: …under the jurisdiction of the Fédération Internationale de Skibob (FISB), founded in 1961 and headquartered in Vienna.

USA PATRIOT Act: …communications, the operation of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, money laundering, immigration, and other areas. It also defined a host of new crimes and increased penalties for existing ones.

Barack Obama: The 2012 election: …try to avoid the so-called fiscal cliff, which involved either the expiration or enforcement of a series of economic measures set to transpire at the turn of the new year. They included the expiration of the Bush-era tax cuts, temporary payroll tax cuts initiated by the Obama administration, and some…

fiscal crisis, inability of the state to bridge a deficit between its expenditures and its tax revenues. Fiscal crises are characterized by a financial, economic, and technical dimension on the one hand and a political and social dimension on the other. The latter dimension tends to have the more

fiscal federalism, financial relations between units of governments in a federal government system. Fiscal federalism is part of broader public finance discipline. The term was introduced by the German-born American economist Richard Musgrave in 1959. Fiscal federalism deals with the division of

fiscal year (FY), in finance and government, an annual accounting period for which an institution’s financial statements are prepared. Different countries and companies use different fiscal years (often referred to in financial records with the acronym FY), and the fiscal year need not align with

Johann Fischart was a German satirist, the principal German literary opponent of the Counter-Reformation. Fischart received a good education and before 1570 traveled widely, visiting the Netherlands and probably England and studying in Paris, Strasbourg, and Siena, Italy. In 1574 he received a

Vancouver 2010 Olympic Games: Notable Events from the Vancouver Winter Games: February 21:

organometallic compound: Alkylidene ligands: …6–8, and they are called Fischer carbenes. The Fischer carbenes can be modified by electron-rich groups. For example, the attack of an amine on the electron-poor carbon atom of a Fischer carbene results in the displacement of the OR group to yield a new carbene (Me represents the methyl group,…

Alexandra Konstantinovna Kosteniuk: …the first woman champion of chess960 (also known as Fischer chess because it was invented by the American Bobby Fischer, former world chess champion), a game in which the chess pieces are shuffled along each player’s back rank (with certain restrictions) before play begins. Kosteniuk won the 2008 FIDE Women’s…

chess: The Fischer clock: Quick chess took a new turn in the 1990s with a variation on Staunton’s single-move principle and Lasa’s time-budget idea. Fischer, who had not played a public game since winning the world championship in 1972, patented a chess clock in 1988 that added…

Fischer projection, method of representing the three-dimensional structures of molecules on a page, devised by Emil Fischer. By convention, horizontal lines represent bonds projecting from the plane of the paper toward the viewer, and vertical lines represent bonds projecting away from the viewer.

Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach was an Austrian architect, sculptor, and architectural historian whose Baroque style, a synthesis of classical, Renaissance, and southern Baroque elements, shaped the tastes of the Habsburg empire. Fischer’s works include the Dreifaltigkeitskirche (1694–1702) and

Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach: Final projects.: …masterpiece completed, but his son Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach completed the church with some alterations. Joseph Emanuel also completed the Imperial Stables (1719–23) and built, according to his father’s designs, the Imperial Library (designed 1716, built 1723–37), the interior of which was the most imposing library hall of its…

Annie Fischer was a Hungarian pianist who gained international renown in the 20th century. Fischer was a child prodigy. Her debut performance, at age eight, was of Ludwig van Beethoven’s Concerto in C Major. She studied at the Academy of Music in Budapest under Arnold Székely and Ernst von

Birgit Fischer: Superlative Olympian: “Youngest,” “oldest,” “most,” and, finally, “greatest”: all of these superlatives have applied to German kayaker Birgit Fischer at one time or another. At age 18 she became the youngest-ever Olympic canoeing-kayaking champion when she won the gold medal in the 500-metre women’s singles kayak event…

Bobby Fischer was an American-born chess master who became the youngest grandmaster in history when he received the title in 1958. His youthful intemperance and brilliant playing drew the attention of the American public to the game of chess, particularly when he won the world championship in 1972.

graphic design: Postwar graphic design in the United States: …photographs and photomontages, usually by Carl Fischer, to make succinct editorial statements about the United States. These designs acted as independent visual/verbal statements about such topics as assassinations and civil rights.

David Hackett Fischer is an American educator and historian whose books on American and comparative history combine academic rigour with popular accessibility. His works focus not only on great individuals but also on the societies and people behind the wider movements that inform those

Deb Fischer is an American politician who was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 2012 and began representing Nebraska in that body the following year. Strobel grew up in Lincoln, Nebraska. She attended the University of Nebraska, where she met Bruce Fischer. They married in 1972, and Deb

Deb Fischer is an American politician who was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 2012 and began representing Nebraska in that body the following year. Strobel grew up in Lincoln, Nebraska. She attended the University of Nebraska, where she met Bruce Fischer. They married in 1972, and Deb

Edmond H. Fischer was an American biochemist who was the corecipient with Edwin G. Krebs of the 1992 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning reversible phosphorylation, a biochemical mechanism that governs the activities of cell proteins. Fischer, who was the son of

Edmond H. Fischer was an American biochemist who was the corecipient with Edwin G. Krebs of the 1992 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning reversible phosphorylation, a biochemical mechanism that governs the activities of cell proteins. Fischer, who was the son of

Alfred Brendel: …von Kaan, Eduard Steuermann, and Edwin Fischer. He made his debut in Graz, Austria, in 1948 and won a prize at the Concorso Busoni at Bolzano in 1949. He performed extensively throughout Austria. In 1962 he performed the complete sonatas of Beethoven in London and in 1963 made his first…

Emil Fischer was a German chemist who was awarded the 1902 Nobel Prize for Chemistry in recognition of his investigations of the sugar and purine groups of substances. Fischer was the eighth child and only surviving son of Laurenz Fischer and Julie Fischer. Laurenz Fischer was a local businessman

Emil Fischer was a German chemist who was awarded the 1902 Nobel Prize for Chemistry in recognition of his investigations of the sugar and purine groups of substances. Fischer was the eighth child and only surviving son of Laurenz Fischer and Julie Fischer. Laurenz Fischer was a local businessman

Emil Fischer was a German chemist who was awarded the 1902 Nobel Prize for Chemistry in recognition of his investigations of the sugar and purine groups of substances. Fischer was the eighth child and only surviving son of Laurenz Fischer and Julie Fischer. Laurenz Fischer was a local businessman

Ernst Otto Fischer was a German theoretical chemist and educator who received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1973 for his identification of a completely new way in which metals and organic substances can combine. He shared the prize with Geoffrey Wilkinson of Great Britain. Fischer served in the

East African lakes: Study and exploration: …visited by a German traveler, Gustav Fischer, in 1883, and in that same year the Scottish explorer Joseph Thomson reached the shores of Lake Baringo. Five years later Count Sámuel Teleki and Ludwig von Höhnel reached Lake Rudolf. Considerable scientific study of the lakes region has been conducted since that…

Hans Fischer was a German biochemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1930 for research into the constitution of hemin, the red blood pigment, and chlorophyll, the green pigment in plants. After receiving his Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of Marburg (1904) and his M.D. from

Czech Republic: History of the Czech Republic: A nonpartisan interim prime minister, Jan Fischer, took power in May.

The Office: Cast and characters: …by actors John Krasinski and Jenna Fischer, respectively. Although Jim often plays elaborate practical jokes on Dwight, sometimes with Pam’s help, both he and Pam primarily serve as comedic “straight men” whose relative normalcy heightens the absurdity of the characters around them.

Ludwig Fischer was a German operatic bass, famed for his vocal range of two and a half octaves. Although originally a student of the violin and cello, Fischer was discovered at the age of 18 in a church choir and in a student operetta and was given a position at court. With the help of a grant by

Johann Michael Fischer was a German architect, one of the most creative and prolific designers of late Baroque and Rococo churches in southern Germany. Fischer was trained by his father, a mason. As an apprentice in Bohemia and Moravia beginning in 1713, he became familiar with the churches of the

Joschka Fischer is a German political activist and politician who in the 1990s led the Green Party of Germany (Die Grünen) into the government. He served as foreign minister and vice-chancellor (1998–2005) of Germany. Fischer was born to a Hungarian father and a German mother who had been forced

Joschka Fischer is a German political activist and politician who in the 1990s led the Green Party of Germany (Die Grünen) into the government. He served as foreign minister and vice-chancellor (1998–2005) of Germany. Fischer was born to a Hungarian father and a German mother who had been forced

Kuno Fischer was a German philosopher and educator who founded neo-Kantian thought with his System der Logik und Metaphysik (1852; “A System of Logic and Metaphysics”). With other writings on Gotthold Lessing, Friedrich Schiller, and J.W. von Goethe, Fischer contributed to the philosophy of

Ludwig Fischer was a German operatic bass, famed for his vocal range of two and a half octaves. Although originally a student of the violin and cello, Fischer was discovered at the age of 18 in a church choir and in a student operetta and was given a position at court. With the help of a grant by

Neue Künstlervereinigung: …the more conservative art historian Otto Fischer (who later became the NKV’s spokesman), Kanoldt, and Erbslöh. Kandinsky and Marc left the association (as did Münter and Kubin), and together they formed a rival group, Der Blaue Reiter (“The Blue Rider”), and exhibited their works that same month at Thannhauser, in…

Bobby Fischer was an American-born chess master who became the youngest grandmaster in history when he received the title in 1958. His youthful intemperance and brilliant playing drew the attention of the American public to the game of chess, particularly when he won the world championship in 1972.

Tim Fischer was an Australian politician who served as National Party leader for nearly a decade (1990–99). Fischer was educated at Xavier College, Melbourne. He saw military service in Vietnam as a platoon commander and transport officer in the First Royal Australian Regiment in 1967. After a

Tim Fischer was an Australian politician who served as National Party leader for nearly a decade (1990–99). Fischer was educated at Xavier College, Melbourne. He saw military service in Vietnam as a platoon commander and transport officer in the First Royal Australian Regiment in 1967. After a

Wolfgang Beltracchi is a German art forger notorious for tricking the international art world into buying highly convincing paintings he created in the style of Expressionist, Surrealist, and Cubist artists such as Max Ernst, Max Pechstein, Georges Braque, Heinrich Campendonk, Johannes Molzahn,

Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau was a German operatic baritone and preeminent singer of lieder, distinguished for his lyrical voice, commanding presence, and superb artistry. Fischer-Dieskau studied with Georg Walter before serving in World War II and with Hermann Weissenborn afterward. In 1947 he made

Fischer-Tropsch reaction, conversion of so-called synthesis gas, composed mainly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, to hydrocarbons through the influence of elevated temperatures and normal or elevated pressures in the presence of a catalyst of magnetic iron oxide. The process was first used in

Adolf Fischhof was an Austrian political theorist, one of the principal leaders of the Viennese revolution of 1848. As a young assistant physician, Fischhof was the first speaker to address the crowd assembled outside the building of the Austrian estates in Vienna on the morning of March 13,

animation: Animation in Europe: Another German-born animator, Oskar Fischinger, took his work in a radically different direction. Abandoning the fairy tales and comic strips that had inspired most of his predecessors, Fischinger took his inspiration from the abstract art that dominated the 1920s. At first he worked with wax figures animated by…

Eric Fischl is an American painter and sculptor whose work belongs to the figurative tradition. Fischl moved with his family in 1967 from New York City to Phoenix, where he attended art school. He then transferred to the California Institute of the Arts before moving to Chicago, where he worked as

Hebrew literature: Beginnings of the Haskala movement: …Meir Letteris, and one dramatist, Naḥman Isaac Fischman, wrote biblical plays.

fiscus, the Roman emperor’s treasury (where money was stored in baskets), as opposed to the public treasury (aerarium). It drew money primarily from revenues of the imperial provinces, forfeited property, and the produce of unclaimed lands. Vespasian created the fiscus Alexandrinus and fiscus

Alzheimer disease: Treatment: …of the naturally occurring flavonoid fisetin, found particularly in onions, cucumbers, and fruits such as strawberries and apples, demonstrated potential for reversing memory loss in individuals symptomatic for Alzheimer disease.

Colossus: …from 1941 the less-well-known “Fish” transmissions, based on electric teleprinter technology. The most important source of Fish messages was a German cipher machine that the British code-named “Tunny.” Tunny was the Schlüsselzusatz (SZ) cipher attachment, manufactured by Berlin engineering company C. Lorenz AG. Tunny sent its messages in binary…

fish, any of approximately 34,000 species of vertebrate animals (phylum Chordata) found in the fresh and salt waters of the world. Living species range from the primitive jawless lampreys and hagfishes through the cartilaginous sharks, skates, and rays to the abundant and diverse bony fishes. Most

fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), technique that employs fluorescent probes for the detection of specific deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences in chromosomes. FISH has a much higher rate of sensitivity and specificity than other genetic diagnostic tests such as karyotyping and thus can be

fish and brewis, traditional Canadian dish consisting of salt fish, salt pork, and hardtack, a type of hard, dry biscuit popular among sailors. Next to Jiggs dinner, fish and brewis is the quintessential outport (rural) Newfoundland dish. Much of Newfoundland cuisine relies on salt. Fish and brewis

fish and chips, classic dish of the British Isles, consisting of battered and deep-fried fish, usually cod or haddock, and french fries. Fish and chips, the latter the British term for french fries, is a meal ubiquitous throughout Britain and Ireland, with local variations not so much of the main

Door Peninsula: It is known for its fish boils, where whitefish, potatoes, and onions are cooked together in a pot over an open fire. Cherry growing, dairy farming, and tourism are also economically important. At its tip between Washington Island and the main peninsula is a hazardous strait known as Porte des…

John Cleese: …on Parade (1982); Clockwise (1986); A Fish Called Wanda (1988), perhaps his best-known film; and The Naked Wanderer (2019). In 1999 he first appeared in the recurring roles of R the gadget master and Nick the Nearly Headless Ghost in the James Bond and Harry Potter film series, respectively. He…

crow: …of tropical Africa; and the fish crow (C. ossifragus) of southeastern and central North America. Other members of the genus Corvus not called crows are the raven, jackdaw, and rook.

aquaculture, the propagation and husbandry of aquatic plants, animals, and other organisms for commercial, recreational, and scientific purposes. Aquaculture is an approximate aquatic equivalent to agriculture—that is, the rearing of certain marine and freshwater organisms to supplement the natural

merganser, any of several species of Mergus, long-bodied, more or less crested diving ducks; though essentially freshwater birds, they are classified with scoters and goldeneyes in the sea duck tribe, Mergini (family Anatidae, order Anseriformes). They are called trash ducks because their flesh is

sea eagle, any of various large fish-eating eagles (especially in the genus Haliaeetus), of which the bald eagle is best known. Sea eagles (sometimes called fish eagles or fishing eagles) live along rivers, big lakes, and tidewaters throughout the world except South America. Some reach 1 metre (3.3

aquaculture, the propagation and husbandry of aquatic plants, animals, and other organisms for commercial, recreational, and scientific purposes. Aquaculture is an approximate aquatic equivalent to agriculture—that is, the rearing of certain marine and freshwater organisms to supplement the natural