angiosperm: General features: …of a slender stalk (the filament) that bears the anther (and pollen sacs), within which the pollen is formed. Small secretory structures called nectaries are often found at the base of the stamens and provide food rewards for pollinators. In some cases the nectaries coalesce into a nectary or staminal…

plant development: Body plans: …illustrates the transition from a filamentous to a highly organized three-dimensional growth form. The moss spore germinates into a filamentous plant, the protonema, which later produces a leafy shoot. This type of transition from simple to more complex growth form is accompanied by the synthesis of new kinds of ribonucleic…

filament lamp, variety of incandescent lamp (q.v.) in which the light source is a fine electrical conductor heated by the passage of

plastic: Fibreglass: …through a process known as filament winding, in which resin-impregnated strands are wound around a form called a mandrel and then coated with the matrix resin. When the matrix resin is converted into a network, the strength in the hoop direction is very great (being essentially that of the glass…

Carlo Filangieri, prince di Satriano was a general in command of the forces of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples) during the bloody suppression of the Sicilian revolution of 1848. He also served a brief term as premier of the Two Sicilies (1859). Fleeing the royalist reaction of 1799, when

Gaetano Filangieri was a Neapolitan jurist, philosopher, and economic theorist whose La scienza della legislazione (The Science of Legislation) is considered one of the most important works of the Enlightenment. His ideas were a precursor of modern constitutionalism, and he may have influenced

asteroid: Asteroids as individual worlds: A filar micrometer, an instrument normally used in conjunction with a telescope for visual measurement of the separations of double stars, was employed to estimate the diameters of the first four known asteroids. The results established that Ceres was the largest asteroid, having a diameter estimated…

Philaret was a Russian Orthodox biblical theologian and metropolitan, or archbishop, of Moscow whose scholarship, oratory, and administrative ability made him the leading Russian churchman of the 19th century. Upon his graduation from the Trinity Monastery, near Moscow, in 1803, Philaret was

Filarete was an architect, sculptor, and writer, who is chiefly important for his Trattato d’architettura (“Treatise on Architecture”), which described plans for an ideal Renaissance city. Filarete is thought to have been trained under Lorenzo Ghiberti in Florence. From 1433 to 1445 he was employed

filarial worm, any of a group of parasitic worms of the family Filariidae (phylum Nematoda) that usually require two hosts, an arthropod (the intermediate host) and a vertebrate (the primary host), to complete the life cycle. The larval phase occurs within the body of a biting insect. The mature

filariasis, a group of infectious disorders caused by threadlike nematodes of the superfamily Filarioidea that invade the subcutaneous tissues and lymphatics of mammals, producing reactions varying from acute inflammation to chronic scarring. In the form of heartworm disease, it may be fatal to

filariasis: Types of filariasis: …form of filariasis known as filariasis malayi closely resembles Bancroftian filariasis in its symptoms and pathological changes; it is caused by Brugia malayi, found chiefly in eastern Asia. Onchocerciasis (river blindness) is caused by Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted to humans by flies of the genus Simulium. These flies breed…

filarial worm, any of a group of parasitic worms of the family Filariidae (phylum Nematoda) that usually require two hosts, an arthropod (the intermediate host) and a vertebrate (the primary host), to complete the life cycle. The larval phase occurs within the body of a biting insect. The mature

filariasis: …threadlike nematodes of the superfamily Filarioidea that invade the subcutaneous tissues and lymphatics of mammals, producing reactions varying from acute inflammation to chronic scarring. In the form of heartworm disease, it may be fatal to dogs and other mammals.

Alien Tort Claims Act: …the Second Circuit ruled in Filártiga v. Peña-Irala that the ATCA could be used to sue a Paraguayan police officer for acts of torture that he had committed in Paraguay. The “well-established universal” prohibition of torture under international law, the court held, must be honoured in U.S. courts, regardless of…

Moldova: Independent Moldova: …for European Integration (AEI), and Vlad Filat of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova (PLDM) was named prime minister. Despite their victory, however, the four parties fell short of the three-fifths majority required to choose a president.

Odesa: …renowned research establishment is the Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy. There are a number of museums and theatres, including the opera house and ballet theatre, dating from 1809. The seashore south of the harbour is a popular resort area, with numerous sanatoriums and holiday camps. Pop. (2001)…

hazelnut, (genus Corylus), genus of about 15 species of shrubs and trees in the birch family (Betulaceae) and the edible nuts they produce. The plants are native to the north temperate zone. Several species are of commercial importance for their nuts, and a number are valuable hedgerow and

Filchner Ice Shelf, large body of floating ice, lying at the head of the Weddell Sea, which is itself an indentation in the Atlantic coastline of Antarctica. It is more than 650 feet (200 m) thick and has an area of 100,400 square miles (260,000 square km). The shelf extends inland on the east side

Wilhelm Filchner was a scientist and explorer who led the German Antarctic expedition of 1911–12. In 1900 Filchner crossed the Pamirs, the mountainous region of central Asia now chiefly within Tajikistan, and he made an expedition to Tibet in 1903–05. Sailing for Antarctica in the Deutschland

Filchner Ice Shelf: …at Berkner Island, the name Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf is frequently applied to the whole ice mass. The ice shelf, named for the German explorer Wilhelm Filchner, was claimed by the United Kingdom (1908) and by Argentina (1942). Argentina, the United Kingdom, and the United States have operated research stations along…

coleopteran: Sound production: …scraper) against another part (the file). These stridulating organs are generally present in both sexes and probably serve for mutual sex calling. Some beetles have a filelike area on the head that is rasped by the front margin of the prothorax. Among the cerambycids, sound is produced either by rubbing…

filé, powdered leaves of the sassafras tree, used as a spice and as a thickener for soups and sauces. Its use originated with the Choctaw Indians in the American South. Filé is an essential ingredient of Louisiana gumbo and other Creole dishes. Because cooking makes it stringy, the filé is

chess: Characteristics of the game: …in eight vertical rows called files and eight horizontal rows called ranks. These squares alternate between two colours: one light, such as white, beige, or yellow; and the other dark, such as black or green. The board is set between the two opponents so that each player has a light-coloured…

database: …database is stored as a file or a set of files. The information in these files may be broken down into records, each of which consists of one or more fields. Fields are the basic units of data storage, and each field typically contains information pertaining to one aspect or…

file, in hardware and metalworking, tool of hardened steel in the form of a bar or rod with many small cutting edges raised on its longitudinal surfaces; it is used for smoothing or forming objects, especially of metal. The cutting or abrading action of the file results from rubbing it, usually by

Robert Siodmak: …familiar turf with the noirish The File on Thelma Jordan (1949), in which Barbara Stanwyck gave an acclaimed performance as a murder suspect; Wendell Corey played the district attorney who falls for her.

Internet: File sharing: College students have been at the leading edge of the growing awareness of the centrality of intellectual property in a digital age. When American college student Shawn Fanning invented Napster in 1999, he set in motion an ongoing legal battle over digital rights.…

file snake, (genus Gonionotophis), any of about 15 species of nonvenomous African snakes classified within the genus Gonionotophis (formerly Mehelya) in the family Lamprophiidae and known for their triangular body cross section and rough-keeled (ridged) scales. Most file snakes are less than 1

computer science: Information management: This file structure was particularly popular in the early days of computing, when files were stored on reels of magnetic tape and these reels could be processed only in a sequential manner. Sequential files are generally stored in some sorted order (e.g., alphabetic) for printing of…

FTP, computer application used in the late 20th and early 21st centuries to transfer files from one computer to another over a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN) such as the Internet. First proposed by engineers in 1971 and developed for use on host computers at the Massachusetts

filefish, any of the shore-frequenting marine fishes of the family Monacanthidae, found in warm seas around the world. Close relatives of the triggerfishes, they are sometimes included with them in the family Balistidae. Filefishes are small-mouthed and flattened from side to side, and they have

humanism: Realism: …the work of Giannozzo Manetti, Francesco Filelfo, and Paracelsus; it is embodied eloquently in Montaigne’s final essay, “Of Experience.” Humanistic tradition, rather than revolutionary inspiration, would lead Francis Bacon to assert in the early 17th century that the passions should become objects of systematic investigation. The realism of the humanists…

Filene’s, a Boston department store that pioneered a number of retailing innovations. It was founded in 1881 by Prussian immigrant William Filene and his sons, Edward and Lincoln. Well-known for its high-quality fashion merchandise, Filene’s became famous for its Automatic Bargain Basement. This

Lincoln Filene was an American merchant and philanthropist, chairman of the department store William Filene’s Sons Company in Boston and of the chain of Federated Department Stores. Filene’s father, William Filene (originally Filehne), founded his speciality store in Boston in 1881 and turned it

Edward A. Filene was an American department-store entrepreneur, philanthropist, and social reformer. His father, William Filene (originally Filehne), emigrated from Prussia to the United States in 1848, opened (and closed) a series of stores in Massachusetts and New York, and finally, in 1881, set

Edward A. Filene was an American department-store entrepreneur, philanthropist, and social reformer. His father, William Filene (originally Filehne), emigrated from Prussia to the United States in 1848, opened (and closed) a series of stores in Massachusetts and New York, and finally, in 1881, set

Lincoln Filene was an American merchant and philanthropist, chairman of the department store William Filene’s Sons Company in Boston and of the chain of Federated Department Stores. Filene’s father, William Filene (originally Filehne), founded his speciality store in Boston in 1881 and turned it

Edward A. Filene: …was a coinventor of the Filene-Finlay simultaneous translator that was later used for the Nürnberg war crime trials and for sessions of the United Nations.

filet lace, (from French filet, “network”), knotted netting, either square or diamond mesh, that has been stretched on a frame and embroidered, usually with cloth or darning stitch. Of ancient origin, it was called opus araneum in the 14th century, lacis in the 16th, and in the 19th filet guipure

filet lace, (from French filet, “network”), knotted netting, either square or diamond mesh, that has been stretched on a frame and embroidered, usually with cloth or darning stitch. Of ancient origin, it was called opus araneum in the 14th century, lacis in the 16th, and in the 19th filet guipure

filet mignon, a slice of beef cut from the small, narrow end of the tenderloin, generally the most expensive steak on the market. Located at the top of a cow or steer just ahead of the hind legs, the tenderloin has few connective tissues and carries no weight, earning it the tender portion of its

Malta: Land: …islets of Kemmunett (Comminotto) and Filfla—lying some 58 miles (93 km) south of Sicily, 180 miles (290 km) north of Libya, and about 180 miles (290 km) east of Tunisia, at the eastern end of the constricted portion of the Mediterranean Sea separating Italy from the African coast.

therapeutics: Hematopoietic growth factors: Filgrastim (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF]) is used to stimulate the production of white blood cells, which prevents infection in patients whose white blood cell count has diminished because of the effects of anticancer drugs. G-CSF also mobilizes stem cells, prompting them to enter the peripheral…

Latin American dance: Brazil: …of the Afro-Brazilian afoxé groups, Filhos de Gandhy, was founded in the 1940s as a way to exhibit themes of brotherhood, peace, and tolerance within an environment that was rife with discrimination. This group organized an all-male afoxé unit dressed as the followers of the Indian leader Mohandas Gandhi. Drumming…

Western architecture: Russia: …Intercession of the Virgin at Fili (1693) on the estate of Boyarin Naryshkin, whose name had become identified with this phase of the Russian Baroque.

fili, professional poet in ancient Ireland whose official duties were to know and preserve the tales and genealogies of the ruling class and to compose poems recalling the past and present glory of that class. The filid constituted a large aristocratic class who were expensive to support, and they

animal learning: Circumstances that produce learning: For instance, the phenomenon of filial imprinting, first seriously analyzed by the Austrian ethologist Konrad Lorenz, appears to be a highly specialized form of learning in which a newborn animal (e.g., a chick, duckling, or gosling) rapidly learns to follow the first salient, moving object it sees. Normally this object…

xiao, in Confucianism, the attitude of obedience, devotion, and care toward one’s parents and elder family members that is the basis of individual moral conduct and social harmony. Xiao consists in putting the needs of parents and family elders over self, spouse, and children, deferring to parents’

bivalve: Internal features: …may be further qualified as filibranch, pseudolamellibranch, or eulamellibranch. In filibranchs the filaments are only weakly united by cilia, and often the ctenidium retains some inherent sorting mechanism. Collection and sorting of potential food has not yet been definitively ascribed to gills and labial palps, respectively. In the pseudolamellibranch ctenidium,…

filibuster, in legislative practice, the parliamentary tactic used in the United States Senate by a minority of the senators—sometimes even a single senator—to delay or prevent parliamentary action by talking so long that the majority either grants concessions or withdraws the bill. Unlike the

filibustering, originally, in U.S. history, the attempt to take over countries at peace with the United States via privately financed military expeditions, a practice that reached its peak during the 1850s. In U.S. legislative usage, the term refers to obstructive delaying tactics (see filibuster).

José Rizal: A sequel, El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed), established his reputation as the leading spokesman of the Philippine reform movement. He published an annotated edition (1890; reprinted 1958) of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, hoping to show that the native people of the Philippines had a long…

Italian literature: Poetry and prose: …the century a patriotic sonneteer, Vincenzo da Filicaia, and Alessandro Guidi, who wrote exalted odes, were hailed as major poets and reformers of the excesses of the Baroque. Though they retained much of the earlier bombast, their consciousness of the need for rational reform led to the foundation of the…

fern: Annotated classification: Order Polypodiales (known as Filicales in some older literature) Suborder Lindsaeineae Family Lindsaeaceae (lace ferns) Plants mostly in soil or on rocks; rhizomes short- to long-creeping, hairy or scaly; leaves 1 to 3 times pinnately compound, usually

fern, (class Polypodiopsida), class of nonflowering, herbaceous vascular plants that possess true roots, stems, and complex leaves and that reproduce by spores. The number of known extant fern species is about 10,500, but estimates have ranged as high as 15,000, the number varying because certain

plant: Annotated classification: Polypodiopsida (leptosporangiate ferns) Vascular plants; sporophyte differentiated into stem (rhizome), roots, and leaves (fronds); leaves entire or, more often, divided; arrangement of vascular tissue in stem variable, primary growth only; sporangia usually clustered into sori, often located on the under (abaxial) surface of sporophylls; mostly…

fili, professional poet in ancient Ireland whose official duties were to know and preserve the tales and genealogies of the ruling class and to compose poems recalling the past and present glory of that class. The filid constituted a large aristocratic class who were expensive to support, and they

fili, professional poet in ancient Ireland whose official duties were to know and preserve the tales and genealogies of the ruling class and to compose poems recalling the past and present glory of that class. The filid constituted a large aristocratic class who were expensive to support, and they

filigree, delicate, lacelike ornamental openwork composed of intertwined wire threads of gold or silver, widely used since antiquity for jewelry. The art consists of curling, twisting, or plaiting fine, pliable metal threads and soldering them at their points of contact with each other and, if

It could solve some problems but create others.We all have to deal with some level of financial burden at some point in our lives. Most burdens are manageable; some are only just tolerable. But in the rare event that the weight of financial hardship goes from heavy to crushing, then sometimes, the

DIY or get help?The start of the new year brings the trickle of forms for tax-filing season and the annual debate over whether to go it alone or opt to get some help in preparing your tax return. What’s certain is the April 15 filing deadline will arrive sooner than you might like. You may be among

Hervé Filion was a harness-race driver, trainer, and owner who was one of the most successful North American harness-racing drivers. Filion was born on his family’s farm, one of 10 children; many of his eight brothers, notably his younger brother Henri, also became harness drivers. Hervé left

Filioque, (Latin: “and from the Son”), phrase added to the text of the Christian creed by the Western church in the Middle Ages and considered one of the major causes of the schism between the Eastern and Western churches. See Nicene

Filioque, (Latin: “and from the Son”), phrase added to the text of the Christian creed by the Western church in the Middle Ages and considered one of the major causes of the schism between the Eastern and Western churches. See Nicene

Moldova: Independent Moldova: In January 2016 Pavel Filip was named prime minister, but he faced immediate calls for his resignation and the scheduling of early elections.

Mavura was an African emperor who was installed as the ruler of the great Mwene Matapa empire by the Portuguese. His conversion to Christianity enabled the Portuguese to extend their commercial influence into the African interior from their trading base in Mozambique on the East African coast.

João Pessoa, port city, capital of Paraíba estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It is situated at an elevation of 148 feet (45 metres) above sea level on the right bank of the Paraíba do Norte River, 11 miles (18 km) above its mouth, 75 miles (121 km) north of Recife, and about 100 miles [160 km]

Sandro Botticelli was one of the greatest painters of the Florentine Renaissance. His The Birth of Venus and La Primavera are often said to epitomize for modern viewers the spirit of the Renaissance. Botticelli’s name is derived from that of his elder brother Giovanni, a pawnbroker who was called

Papua New Guinea: Ethnic groups: government sponsored the immigration of Filipinos in the 1970s to provide workers in skilled professions, and many entered business and intermarried locally. The unauthorized, illegal entry of other immigrants, notably from China, was an ongoing concern of the government in the early 21st century.

Philippi, hill town in the nomós (department) of Kavála, Greece, overlooking the coastal plain and the bay at Neapolis (Kavála). Philip II of Macedon fortified the Thasian settlement called Crenides in 356 bce to control neighbouring gold mines. He derived a fortune from the gold mines but treated

Yorgos Lanthimos: First film projects: …time he crossed paths with Efthymis Filippou, a copywriter whom he met through an advertising agency and who would become his long-term writing partner.

Western architecture: Sardinia and Corsica: …provided with a fortified arrangement; Filitosa, for example, had an elliptical surrounding wall, menhir statuary erected in a place of worship, and defensive towers.

information processing: Query languages: The fill-in-the-blank technique is one in which the user is prompted to enter key words as search statements. The structured query approach is effective with relational databases. It has a formal, powerful syntax that is in fact a programming language, and it is able to accommodate…

Ibn Waḥshīyah: …toxicologist alleged to have written al-Fillāḥah an-Nabaṭīyah (“Nabatean Agriculture”), a major treatise dealing with plants, water sources and quality, weather conditions, the causes of deforestation, soils and their improvement, crop cultivation, and other similar subjects. The Arabic text, although not original, having been derived mainly from Greek sources, especially from…

Jean Renoir: Early years: …first film Renoir directed was La Fille de l’eau (released 1924; Whirlpool of Fate), which again starred his wife. All of his early films were produced in a makeshift way, with technical clumsiness, a lack of means, and a certain amateurishness. Nevertheless, the instinctive genius of the filmmaker found expression…

Charles Lecocq: …Offenbach, especially known for his La Fille de Madame Angot.

Gaetano Donizetti: Success in Paris.: … La fille du régiment (The Daughter of the Regiment), which gained enormous popularity over the years through the performances of the leading sopranos of the day, including Jenny Lind, Adelina Patti, Marcella Sembrich, Emma Albani, and other divas of the 19th century. Later in the same year the Paris…

Dardenne brothers: …movie, La Fille inconnue (2016; The Unknown Girl), centres on a young doctor who, after refusing to open her clinic’s door for a woman who is subsequently murdered, launches her own investigation into the crime. For Le Jeune Ahmed (2019; Young Ahmed), the brothers were named best director at Cannes.…

Jean Dauberval: …choreographed, the best known was La Fille mal gardée (1789), in which Mlle Théodore (Marie-Madeleine Crespé), Dauberval’s wife and one of Noverre’s favourite ballerinas, created the leading role of Lise. La Fille mal gardée was both one of the first comic ballets and one of the first to include realistic…

radio telescope: Filled-aperture telescopes: The largest single radio telescope in the world is the Five-hundred-metre Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST), located in a natural depression in Guizhou province in China. It was completed in 2016. FAST was designed to observe objects within 40° from the zenith.

plastic: Reinforcements: …can be incorporated as particulate fillers. (The use of long or even continuous fibres as reinforcement, especially with thermosets, is described below in Fibre reinforcement.) Incorporating large amounts of particulate filler during the making of plastics such as polypropylene and polyethylene can increase their stiffness. The effect is less dramatic…

brazing: …and the addition of a filler metal. This filler metal, which has a lower melting point than the metals to be joined, is either pre-placed or fed into the joint as the parts are heated. In brazing parts with small clearances, the filler is able to flow into the joint…

surface coating: Filler, or extender, pigments: Extensive use is made of pigments to occupy volume in coatings, enhancing their mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties as well as reducing their cost. Filler pigments are differentiated from other pigments in that they usually have little or no effect on…

fillet, (from Latin filum, “thread”), in architecture, the characteristically rectangular or square ribbonlike bands that separate moldings and ornaments. Fillets are common in classical architecture (in which they also may be found between the flutings of columns) and in Gothic architecture. In

filling, in woven fabrics, the widthwise, or horizontal, yarns carried over and under the warp, or lengthwise, yarns and running from selvage to selvage. Filling yarns are generally made with less twist than are warp yarns because they are subjected to less strain in the weaving process and

clothing and footwear industry: Textile fabrics: Types of weft knitting are jersey, rib, purl, run resist, tuck stitch, and interlock. Types of warp knitting are tricot, milanese, and raschel simplex. The classifying is based on principles of linking the yarns in structuring the fabric.

Bumping up the basics.If you’ve read even just a little about Medicare, you may have already come across the synonymous terms Medicare Supplement Insurance and Medigap. Supplement insurance is optional, and it’s relevant only for the roughly half of all Medicare recipients who enroll in Original

Fillmore, city, seat (1851) of Millard county, west-central Utah, U.S. It lies just west of the Pahvant Range (at an elevation of 5,061 feet [1,543 metres]), 95 miles (153 km) south-southwest of Provo. Settled in 1851, the city was named for U.S. President Millard Fillmore, who appointed Mormon

Lenny Bruce: …26, 1966, at San Francisco’s Fillmore Auditorium. Five weeks later, on August 3, he died of a morphine overdose in his Hollywood Hills home. In 2003, almost 40 years after his death, New York Governor George Pataki issued him an unprecedented posthumous pardon.

San Francisco ballrooms: …Avalon Ballroom, the Fillmore Auditorium, Fillmore West, and Winterland: these four venues ushered in the modern era of rock show presentation and grew out of the hippie counterculture of San Francisco’s Haight-Ashbury district. The first multiband rock show was held at the Ark in Sausalito in 1965 and proved so…

Abigail Fillmore was the American first lady (1850–53), the wife of Millard Fillmore, 13th president of the United States. Powers was the last of the first ladies born in the 1700s. She was the daughter of Lemuel Powers, a Baptist minister, and Abigail Newland Powers. Her parents placed great

Harlem Hellfighters: Origins: An early addition was Charles Fillmore, a Spanish-American War veteran who had been instrumental in the campaign to establish an African American regiment. Fillmore was commissioned a captain and made a company commander. However, despite an endorsement from the New York Age, arguably the most influential African American newspaper…

Unity: …City, Missouri, in 1889 by Charles Fillmore (1854–1948), a real-estate agent, and his wife, Myrtle (1845–1931). Mrs. Fillmore believed that spiritual healing had cured her of tuberculosis. As a result, the Fillmores began studying spiritual healing. They were deeply influenced by Emma Curtis Hopkins, a former follower of Mary Baker…

Millard Fillmore was the 13th president of the United States (1850–53), whose insistence on federal enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 alienated the North and led to the destruction of the Whig Party. Elected vice president in 1848, he became chief executive on the death of President

Myrtle Page Fillmore was an American religious leader who, with her husband, founded Unity, a new religious movement that propounded a pragmatic healing and problem-solving faith. Mary Caroline Page, who later took the name Myrtle, grew up in a strict Methodist home. After a year at Oberlin College

France: The Hollande administration: …by Sarkozy’s former prime minister, François Fillon, a standard-bearer for France’s right-leaning provincial Roman Catholic population. Polls suggested that he likely would face the National Front’s Marine Le Pen in the second round of the presidential election in May 2017.

horse: Form and function: …are called colts and females fillies.

advanced ceramics: Film deposition: …produced as thin or thick films. Thick films are commonly produced by paper-casting methods, described above, or by spin-coating. In spin-coating a suspension of ceramic particles is deposited on a rapidly rotating substrate, with centrifugal force distributing the particles evenly over the surface. On the other hand, truly thin films…

film, series of still photographs on film, projected in rapid succession onto a screen by means of light. Because of the optical phenomenon known as persistence of vision, this gives the illusion of actual, smooth, and continuous movement. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film