cooperative, organization owned by and operated for the benefit of those using its services. Cooperatives have been successful in a number of fields, including the processing and marketing of farm products, the purchasing of other kinds of equipment and raw materials, and in the wholesaling,

Edwidge Danticat: Her second novel, The Farming of Bones (1998), used as its title the Haitian term for harvesting cane. It was set against the background of the massacre of Haitian emigrants by Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo in 1937.

Farmington, town, seat (1838) of Franklin county, west-central Maine, U.S. It lies along the Sandy River 38 miles (61 km) northwest of Augusta. The town includes the communities of Farmington, Farmington Falls, and West Farmington. Settled in the 1770s, it was incorporated in 1794 and named for its

Farmington, city, San Juan county, northwestern New Mexico, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the San Juan, Animas, and La Plata rivers. Settled in 1876, when Indian lands were opened to homesteaders, it became a small farming community and distribution point for the nearby Ute Mountain and Navaho

Farmington, town (township), Hartford county, central Connecticut, U.S., on the Farmington River. Early settlement centred on the plantation of Tunxis (Tunxes; settled 1640), which was renamed for Farmington, England, and incorporated in 1645. After the American Revolution the town underwent an

library: Cooperative acquisition and storage: This was the Farmington Plan: it involved the recruitment of purchasing agents in many countries, whose task was to buy their countries’ current publications and distribute them to American libraries according to a scheme of subject specialization. Many criticisms were leveled at the scheme, and as a blanket…

Farmington River, river, western Liberia. It is Liberia’s only river of commercial importance. It rises in the Bong Range and flows south-southwest for 75 miles (120 km) to the Atlantic coast at Marshall, where the Gbage and Junk rivers join its estuary. The river is navigable for 10 miles (16 km)

history of Europe: Prestige and status: There were extended farmsteads in northern and western Europe with a development of enclosed compounds and elaborate field systems in Britain. In central Europe the extended farmsteads were in time supplemented by both unenclosed villages and defended hilltop sites, as was also the case in the area of…

online gaming: Social gaming: …Zynga’s Mafia Wars (2008) and Farmville (2009) and EA’s The Sims Social (2011)—maximized revenue by rewarding players for interacting with advertising partners and selling in-game currency.

Giles Farnaby was an English composer of virginal music and madrigals who ranks with the greatest keyboard composers of his day. Farnaby was said to have come from the family of the schoolmaster and scholar Thomas Farnaby of Truro. He graduated as a bachelor of music from the University of Oxford

Zoroastrianism: Cultic places: The Farnbag, Gushnasp, and Burzen-Mihr fires were connected, respectively, with the priests, the warriors, and the farmers. The Farnbag fire was at first in Khwārezm, until in the 6th century bce, according to tradition, Vishtāspa, Zarathushtra’s protector, transported it to Kabulistan. Then Khosrow in the 6th…

Rushmoor: Farnsborough is the administrative centre.

the Pretenders: ), bassist Pete Farndon (b. June 12, 1952, Hereford, Herefordshire, England—d. April 14, 1983, London), guitarist James Honeyman-Scott (b. November 4, 1956, Hereford—d. June 16, 1982, London), and drummer Martin Chambers (b. September 4, 1951, Hereford). Later members included guitarists Robbie McIntosh (b. October 25, 1957, Sutton,…

Farne Islands, group of islets and reefs lying 1.5 to 6 miles (2.5 to 10 km) off the North Sea coast of Great Britain in the unitary authority and historic county of Northumberland, England. The islands are composed of resistant dolerite (lava) rocks. The largest of these islands, House (Inner

Apollonius Of Tralles: …marble group known as the “Farnese Bull.” The work represented Zethus and Amphion, the twin builders of Thebes, tying their stepmother, Dirce, to the horns of a wild bull in punishment for her torment of their mother, Antiope.

Farnese Family, an Italian family that ruled the duchy of Parma and Piacenza from 1545 to 1731. Originating in upper Lazio, the family soon became noted through its statesmen and its soldiers, especially in the 14th and 15th centuries. The first of its most celebrated members was Alessandro

globe: …surviving one is the marble Farnese globe, a celestial globe dating from about 25 ce.

Lysippus: … was the original of the Farnese Heracles, signed by Glycon as copyist. The Glycon copy has many copies extant, including one in the Pitti Palace, Florence, with an inscription naming Lysippus as the artist.

Teatro Farnese, Italian Baroque theatre at Parma, Italy, the prototype of the modern playhouse and the first surviving theatre with a permanent proscenium arch. Construction on the Teatro Farnese was begun in 1618 by Giovanni Battista Aleotti for Ranuccio I Farnese, and it officially opened in

Farnese Family: Pier Luigi’s eldest son, Alessandro (1520–89), had been created cardinal at 14. A patron of scholars and artists, it was he who completed the magnificent Farnese palaces in Rome and at Caprarola.

Paul III was an Italian noble who was the last of the Renaissance popes (reigned 1534–49) and the first pope of the Counter-Reformation. The worldly Paul III was a notable patron of the arts and at the same time encouraged the beginning of the reform movement that was to deeply affect the Roman

Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma and Piacenza was the duke of Parma and Piacenza and the regent of the Netherlands (1578–92) for Philip II, the Habsburg king of Spain. He was primarily responsible for maintaining Spanish control there and for perpetuating Roman Catholicism in the southern

Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma and Piacenza was the duke of Parma and Piacenza and the regent of the Netherlands (1578–92) for Philip II, the Habsburg king of Spain. He was primarily responsible for maintaining Spanish control there and for perpetuating Roman Catholicism in the southern

Farnese Family: …of the male line was Antonio (1679–1731), duke from 1727. Parma and Piacenza passed to Don Carlos (the future Charles III of Spain), Philip V’s eldest son by Isabella.

Isabella Farnese was the queen consort of Philip V of Spain (reigned 1700–46), whose ambitions to secure Italian possessions for her children embroiled Spain in wars and intrigues for three decades. Her capability in choosing able and devoted ministers, however, brought about beneficial internal

Isabella Farnese was the queen consort of Philip V of Spain (reigned 1700–46), whose ambitions to secure Italian possessions for her children embroiled Spain in wars and intrigues for three decades. Her capability in choosing able and devoted ministers, however, brought about beneficial internal

Farnese Family: Francesco (1678–1727), son of Ranuccio II and his successor in 1694, attempted to save the fortunes of the state and of the dynasty, now in utter decadence, by his economic and diplomatic initiative, but his only important success was the marriage of his niece Elisabetta…

Urban VIII: …of Castro (1642–44) against Duke Odoardo I Farnese of Parma, whom he excommunicated in 1642, but the campaign ended in the pope’s defeat and humiliation in March 1644. Venice, Tuscany, and Modena then formed an antipapal league to protect Parma, and France also intervened in Odoardo’s favour. Peace was concluded…

Farnese Family: …Luigi’s second son and successor, Ottavio (1542–86), made Parma his capital instead of Piacenza and continued his father’s work of internal consolidation and the struggle against the feudal lords. He harshly repressed a conspiracy in 1582 and subdued the Valtarese again. Pier Luigi’s eldest son, Alessandro (1520–89), had been created…

Palazzo Farnese, Roman palace that serves as an important example of High Renaissance architecture. It was designed by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger and built between 1517 and 1589. In 1546, when Sangallo died, leaving the building of the palace unfinished, Michelangelo was appointed by Pope Paul

Piacenza: …(begun 1281) and the grandiose Palazzo Farnese, begun in 1558 for Margaret of Austria and never completed.

Duchy of Parma and Piacenza: …hereditary duchy for his son, Pier Luigi Farnese (died 1547). It was retained by the Farnese family until the family’s extinction in 1731, when it passed to the Spanish Bourbons in the person of Don Carlos (the future Charles III of Spain). Except for one brief interruption, the Spanish Bourbons…

Farnese Family: …in 1592 by his son Ranuccio I (1569–1622), who had been regent since 1586. In 1612 Ranuccio ferociously repressed a conspiracy of the nobles, which was provoked by a further diminution of the privileges of the local feudatories but was abetted by the Gonzaga dukes of Mantua and perhaps also…

Farnese Family: His eldest son, Ranuccio II (1630–94), who succeeded him in 1646, inherited a heavy financial and diplomatic burden. In 1649 Pope Innocent X accused the Farnese of the murder of an ecclesiastic and seized the fief; Ranuccio declared war but was utterly defeated at Bologna on August 13…

Teatro Farnese, Italian Baroque theatre at Parma, Italy, the prototype of the modern playhouse and the first surviving theatre with a permanent proscenium arch. Construction on the Teatro Farnese was begun in 1618 by Giovanni Battista Aleotti for Ranuccio I Farnese, and it officially opened in

ceiling: The loggia of the Farnesina villa in Rome, decorated by Raphael and Giulio Romano, is a good example of this. In the Baroque period, fantastic figures in heavy relief, scrolls, cartouches, and garlands were also used to decorate ceilings of this type. The Pitti Palace in Florence and many…

Isabella Farnese was the queen consort of Philip V of Spain (reigned 1700–46), whose ambitions to secure Italian possessions for her children embroiled Spain in wars and intrigues for three decades. Her capability in choosing able and devoted ministers, however, brought about beneficial internal

isoprenoid: Tail-to-tail coupling of isoprenoids: …joining of two equivalents of farnesyl pyrophosphate. In the 1960s the British chemist John W. Cornforth showed that omitting a necessary reductant in the enzyme system that promotes the formation of squalene causes an unusual compound containing a three-membered ring, called presqualene pyrophosphate, to accumulate. (OPP represents the pyrophosphate group.)

Eliza Wood Burhans Farnham was an American reformer and writer, an early advocate of the importance of rehabilitation as a focus of prison internment. Eliza Burhans grew up from age four in the unhappy home of foster parents. At age 15 she came into the care of an uncle, and she briefly attended

Farnsworth House, pioneering steel-and-glass house in Plano, Illinois, U.S., designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and completed in 1951. The structure’s modern classicism epitomizes the International Style of architecture and Mies’s dictum “less is more.” It is set on the floodplain of the Fox

Bordentown, city, Burlington county, western New Jersey, U.S., on the Delaware River, just south of Trenton. Settled in 1682 by Thomas Farnsworth, a Quaker, it was early known as Farnsworth’s Landing. In 1734 Joseph Borden (for whom the settlement was renamed) established a stage line and packet

Farnsworth House: Edith Farnsworth, a medical doctor based in Chicago, commissioned Mies to design a house on the Fox River, 60 miles outside the city. To give the occupant full advantage of the site’s natural beauty, Mies’s design featured an all-glass exterior. Intended as a vacation home…

Philo Farnsworth was an American inventor who developed the first all-electronic television system. Farnsworth was a technical prodigy from an early age. An avid reader of science magazines as a teenager, he became interested in the problem of television and was convinced that mechanical systems

Philo Farnsworth was an American inventor who developed the first all-electronic television system. Farnsworth was a technical prodigy from an early age. An avid reader of science magazines as a teenager, he became interested in the problem of television and was convinced that mechanical systems

Bordentown: Settled in 1682 by Thomas Farnsworth, a Quaker, it was early known as Farnsworth’s Landing. In 1734 Joseph Borden (for whom the settlement was renamed) established a stage line and packet service at the site. Joseph Bonaparte, oldest brother of Napoleon I and exiled king of Spain, purchased about…

Faro, city and concelho (municipality), the southernmost city of Portugal. It lies on the Atlantic Ocean coast near Cape Santa Maria. Held by the Moors from early in the 8th century until 1249, when it was recaptured by Afonso III, the city was the last Moorish stronghold in Portugal. It was sacked

faro, one of the oldest gambling games played with cards, supposedly named from the picture of a pharaoh on certain French playing cards. A favourite of highborn gamblers throughout Europe well into the 19th century, faro was the game at which the young Count Rostov, in Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace,

Christopher Columbus: The fourth voyage and final years of Christopher Columbus: …have been interred in the Columbus Lighthouse (Faro a Colón).

Faro River, tributary of the Benue River that rises on the Adamawa Plateau of northwestern Cameroon, southeast of Ngaoundéré. It flows for 190 mi (305 km) almost due north to meet the Benue where it crosses the Nigeria–Cameroon

Harun Farocki was a Czech-born German filmmaker, video artist, and writer known for his provocative politicized “film-essays,” assemblages of footage from several sources accompanied by subtitles or voice-over commentary. Farocki, who changed the spelling of his last name as a young man, was born

Faroe Islands, group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean between Iceland and the Shetland Islands. They form a self-governing overseas administrative division of the kingdom of Denmark. There are 17 inhabited islands and many islets and reefs. The main islands are Streymoy (Streym), Eysturoy

Faroese language, language spoken in the Faroe Islands by some 48,000 inhabitants. Faroese belongs to the West Scandinavian group of the North Germanic languages. It preserves more characteristics of Old Norse than any other language except modern Icelandic, to which it is closely related, but with

Faroese literature, the body of writings produced by inhabitants of the Faroe Islands in the Faroese and the Danish languages. Modern Faroese literature, as written in the Faroese language, emerged during the second half of the 19th century. Until this time, the literary tradition of the Faroe

Harun Farocki was a Czech-born German filmmaker, video artist, and writer known for his provocative politicized “film-essays,” assemblages of footage from several sources accompanied by subtitles or voice-over commentary. Farocki, who changed the spelling of his last name as a young man, was born

Farouk I was the king of Egypt from 1936 to 1952. Although initially quite popular, the internal rivalries of his administration and his alienation of the military—coupled with his increasing excesses and eccentricities—led to his downfall and to the formation of a republic. Farouk, the son and

José Duarte Ramalho Ortigão: …Queirós, started the satirical review As Farpas (“The Darts”) in 1871, and, after the departure overseas of Queirós late in 1872, Ortigão produced the review alone until 1888. In his hands, As Farpas gradually became less satirical and more didactic and descriptive, a vehicle for disseminating and popularizing such current…

George Farquhar was an Irish playwright of real comic power who wrote for the English stage at the beginning of the 18th century. He stood out from his contemporaries for originality of dialogue and a stage sense that doubtless stemmed from his experience as an actor. The son of a clergyman,

Madagascar: Formation of the kingdom (1810–61): …the nearby island of Mauritius, Sir Robert Farquhar. In order to prevent reoccupation of the east coast by the French, Farquhar supported Radama’s annexation of the area by supplying him with weapons and advisers and giving him the title “King of Madagascar.” At the same time, Radama agreed to cooperate…

M*A*S*H: Another corporal, Max Klinger (Jamie Farr), frequently cross-dressed in the hope that it would earn him a medical discharge and flight home.

William Farr was a British physician who pioneered the quantitative study of morbidity (disease incidence) and mortality (death), helping establish the field of medical statistics. Farr is considered to be a major figure in the history of epidemiology, having worked for almost 40 years analyzing

Wallace D. Fard was the Mecca-born founder of the Nation of Islam (sometimes called Black Muslim) movement in the United States. Fard immigrated to the United States sometime before 1930. In that year, he established in Detroit the Temple of Islām as well as the University of Islām, which was the

David Farragut was a U.S. admiral who achieved fame for his outstanding Union naval victories during the American Civil War (1861–65). Farragut was befriended as a youth in New Orleans by Captain (later Commodore) David Porter (of the U.S. Navy), who adopted him. Farragut served under Porter aboard

David Farragut was a U.S. admiral who achieved fame for his outstanding Union naval victories during the American Civil War (1861–65). Farragut was befriended as a youth in New Orleans by Captain (later Commodore) David Porter (of the U.S. Navy), who adopted him. Farragut served under Porter aboard

Farāh, town, southwestern Afghanistan, on the Farāh River. Usually identified with the ancient town of Phrada, it was once a centre of agriculture and commerce until destroyed by the Mongols in 1221; it later revived but was sacked in 1837 by the Persians. The building of the Kandahār-Herāt road

Farrah Fawcett: …and in the TV movie Farrah’s Story (2009), in which she provided an unflinching look at her illness and her longtime relationship with actor Ryan O’Neal, with whom she had a son, Redmond.

An influential and often controversial Black religious leader, Louis Farrakhan has since 1978 been the leader of the Nation of Islam, an African American movement that combines elements of Islam with Black nationalism. Born Louis Eugene Walcott on May 11, 1933, in the Bronx, New York, he was raised

An influential and often controversial Black religious leader, Louis Farrakhan has since 1978 been the leader of the Nation of Islam, an African American movement that combines elements of Islam with Black nationalism. Born Louis Eugene Walcott on May 11, 1933, in the Bronx, New York, he was raised

Richard Farrant was an English composer, choirmaster, and theatrical producer, who established the original Blackfriars Theatre, home to the outstanding children’s companies of the Elizabethan era. Farrant was a gentleman of the Chapel Royal until 1564, when he was appointed organist and

Frederic William Farrar was a popular English religious writer and author of a sentimental novel of school life, Eric; or, Little by Little (1858). In 1856 Farrar became a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and later accepted an assistant mastership at Harrow School. Eric was followed by Julian

Geraldine Farrar was an American soprano, known for her beauty and dramatic talent and the intimate timbre of her voice. Farrar displayed musical talent from early childhood, and although she eventually abandoned the piano she continued her voice lessons. In 1900 she traveled to Berlin, where in

Margaret Petherbridge Farrar was an American editor whose enormously popular series of crossword puzzle books capitalized on the nascent American passion for those diversions. Margaret Petherbridge was educated at the Berkeley Institute in Brooklyn and at Smith College, from which she graduated in

Farrar, Straus and Giroux, publishing company in New York City noted for its literary excellence. It was founded in 1946 by John Farrar and Roger Straus as Farrar, Straus & Co. After various changes in personnel and name, it became Farrar, Straus and Giroux in 1964, with the addition of Robert

Farrar, Straus and Giroux, publishing company in New York City noted for its literary excellence. It was founded in 1946 by John Farrar and Roger Straus as Farrar, Straus & Co. After various changes in personnel and name, it became Farrar, Straus and Giroux in 1964, with the addition of Robert

Frank Borzage: Breakthrough and success at Fox: …Parisian sewer worker (played by Charles Farrell) who saves a homeless woman (Janet Gaynor) from despair. At the first Academy Awards ceremony, it won for best actress, best screenplay adaptation, and best director of a dramatic picture. It was also nominated for best picture and best art direction.

Colin Farrell is an Irish actor who gained fame for his roles in big-budget action movies in the early 2000s and for a notorious “bad boy” persona before growing into more versatile and complex roles in independent films and television series. Farrell grew up in a suburb of Dublin and is one of

Colin Farrell is an Irish actor who gained fame for his roles in big-budget action movies in the early 2000s and for a notorious “bad boy” persona before growing into more versatile and complex roles in independent films and television series. Farrell grew up in a suburb of Dublin and is one of

Edelmiro J. Farrell was an army general and politician who served as president of Argentina from 1944 to 1946. Farrell became minister of war and then vice president under Gen. Pedro Pablo Ramírez. When the latter resigned under pressure, Farrell became president of Argentina. In that capacity,

Edelmiro J. Farrell was an army general and politician who served as president of Argentina from 1944 to 1946. Farrell became minister of war and then vice president under Gen. Pedro Pablo Ramírez. When the latter resigned under pressure, Farrell became president of Argentina. In that capacity,

Eileen Farrell was an American soprano who achieved success in both operatic and popular music. Farrell’s parents were former vaudevillians. She traveled to New York City in 1939 to study singing and in 1940 earned a position with the studio choral and ensemble groups on the CBS radio network. The

J.G. Farrell was a British novelist who won acclaim for his Empire trilogy, a series of historical novels that intricately explore British imperialism and its decline. Farrell was born to an Irish mother and an English father, and he spent much of his childhood in Ireland. After attending boarding

J.G. Farrell was a British novelist who won acclaim for his Empire trilogy, a series of historical novels that intricately explore British imperialism and its decline. Farrell was born to an Irish mother and an English father, and he spent much of his childhood in Ireland. After attending boarding

James T. Farrell was an American novelist and short-story writer known for his realistic portraits of the lower-middle-class Irish in Chicago, drawn from his own experiences. Farrell belonged to a working-class Irish American family. His impoverished parents gave Farrell over to be raised by

James T. Farrell was an American novelist and short-story writer known for his realistic portraits of the lower-middle-class Irish in Chicago, drawn from his own experiences. Farrell belonged to a working-class Irish American family. His impoverished parents gave Farrell over to be raised by

Molly Keane was an Anglo-Irish novelist and playwright whose subject was the leisure class of her native Ireland. Born into the Anglo-Irish gentry (the daughter of an estate owner and the poet Moira O’Neill), Keane was educated by a governess. She began to publish novels while in her 20s, under the

M*A*S*H: Honeycutt, played by Mike Farrell—the series maintained its continuity through its consistently strong performances and writing (most notably by producer Larry Gelbart). The complex characters were able to learn and grow over time, evolving in a style seldom seen in sitcoms. The series was also unique in its…

rock festival: Monterey, Woodstock, and beyond: …be revived in 1991 by Perry Farrell, the leader of the alternative rock group Jane’s Addiction, who came up with a very successful formula based on the “Day on the Green” concept. Farrell’s touring Lollapalooza event endeavoured to bring underground music to middle America by mixing large- and small-stage performances…

Suzanne Farrell is an American dancer especially known for her performances with New York City Ballet. Roberta Sue Ficker began studying ballet at the age of eight. In 1960 she won a scholarship to the School of American Ballet, the training school of New York City Ballet. She made her first New

Yvonne Farrell and Shelley McNamara: Farrell and McNamara met while studying at the School of Architecture at University College Dublin. After graduating in 1976, they began teaching at the university, and in 1978 they set up a practice in Dublin with three other architects. The firm began to receive a…

Yvonne Farrell and Shelley McNamara are Irish architects who, as founders (1978) of the firm Grafton Architects, are known for structures that are at once understated and complex, historical and modern, generous toward their users, and considerate of the environment. The pair had been collaborating

William James Farrer was a British-born Australian agricultural researcher who developed several varieties of drought- and rust-resistant wheat that made possible a great expansion of Australia’s wheat belt. Farrer settled in Australia in 1870. In 1875 he was licensed as a surveyor and worked in

blacksmith: …most frequent occupation, however, was farriery. In horseshoeing, the blacksmith first cleans and shapes the sole and rim of the horse’s hoof with rasps and knives, a process painless to the animal owing to the tough, horny, and nerveless character of the hoof. He then selects a U-shaped iron shoe…

Poaceae: Economic and ecological importance: In one of these, emmer wheat (T. dicoccon), the grain is tightly clasped by the hull (lemma and palea), a characteristic of wild species that depend on the hull for dispersal. Threshing and winnowing—the separation of chaff from grain—is far easier when the hull separates freely from the grain,…

Islamic arts: Influence of Maḥmūd of Ghazna: Among them was Farrokhī of Seistan (died 1037), who wrote a powerful elegy on Maḥmūd’s death, one of the finest compositions of Persian court poetry.

Islamic arts: Persian: One notable poet was Forugh Farrokhzad, who wrote powerful and feminine poetry. Her free verses, interpreting the insecurities of the age, are full of longing; though often bitter, they are truly poetic. Poems by such critically minded writers as Seyāvūsh Kasrāʾī also borrow the classical heritage of poetic imagery,…

Tim Farron is a British politician who was leader of the Liberal Democrats (2015–17). Farron studied politics at Newcastle University, where he was the first Liberal Democrat to be elected president of the student union. At the age of 21, while he was still a student, he unsuccessfully stood for

Tim Farron is a British politician who was leader of the Liberal Democrats (2015–17). Farron studied politics at Newcastle University, where he was the first Liberal Democrat to be elected president of the student union. At the age of 21, while he was still a student, he unsuccessfully stood for

John Farrow was an Australian-born director and writer whose diverse film credits included film noirs, westerns, and historical adventures. Farrow traveled the world as a sailor before becoming a Hollywood screenwriter in the late 1920s. He helped pen the scripts for such films as Ladies of the Mob

John Farrow was an Australian-born director and writer whose diverse film credits included film noirs, westerns, and historical adventures. Farrow traveled the world as a sailor before becoming a Hollywood screenwriter in the late 1920s. He helped pen the scripts for such films as Ladies of the Mob

Mia Farrow is an American actress and human rights activist known primarily for her leading role in the film Rosemary’s Baby and for her many roles in movies directed by Woody Allen. She attracted much media attention throughout her career, much of it regarding her dramatic personal life, her

Mia Farrow is an American actress and human rights activist known primarily for her leading role in the film Rosemary’s Baby and for her many roles in movies directed by Woody Allen. She attracted much media attention throughout her career, much of it regarding her dramatic personal life, her