Nilson do Amaral Fanini was a Brazilian Baptist religious leader and evangelist. Fanini earned a degree in theology from Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Fort Worth, Texas, and a law degree from the Fluminense Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. He also studied at the prestigious

Hungarian literature: The period of the Enlightenment: Kármán’s only work of importance, Fanni hagyományai (1794; “The Memoirs of Fanny”), is a novel of sentiment written in the form of letters and diary entries. Very much on the lines of Goethe’s Werther, the work nevertheless marks an important step in the history of the Hungarian novel. Dayka, who…

ancient Rome: Culture and religion: …the lavishness of banquets; the Fannian law (161) strengthened the Orchian provisions, and the Didian law (143) extended the limits to all Italy. A similar sense of the dangers of wealth may also have prompted the lex Voconia (169), which prohibited Romans of the wealthiest class from naming women as…

baked Alaska: …in 1896 of Fannie Farmer’s Boston Cooking-School Cook Book that the dessert became known as baked Alaska.

Fannie Mae (FNMA), federally chartered private corporation created as a federal agency by the U.S. Congress in 1938 to ensure adequate liquidity in the mortgage market regardless of economic conditions. It is one of several government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) established since the early 20th

Goliad: James Fannin surrendered (March 20, 1836, after the Battle of Coleto Creek) to superior Mexican forces under Gen. José Urrea. Although Mexican law stipulated that foreign belligerents taken on Mexican soil be executed for piracy, Fannin surrendered with the understanding that his men would be…

Tabuaeran Atoll, coral formation of the Northern Line Islands, part of Kiribati, in the west-central Pacific Ocean. Discovered in 1798 by an American trader and explorer, Edmund Fanning, the atoll is composed of several islets that surround a lagoon 32 miles (51 km) in circumference. It was annexed

Tabuaeran Atoll, coral formation of the Northern Line Islands, part of Kiribati, in the west-central Pacific Ocean. Discovered in 1798 by an American trader and explorer, Edmund Fanning, the atoll is composed of several islets that surround a lagoon 32 miles (51 km) in circumference. It was annexed

Sean Parker: American college student Shawn Fanning, a friend of Parker’s, devised a program that allowed users to share MP3 copies of music stored on their personal computers over the Internet. Parker, along with Fanning’s uncle, persuaded Fanning that the file-sharing program could form the basis of a company, and…

Joshua Logan: Films and plays of the 1960s: Having adapted Marcel Pagnol’s comedy Fanny as a stage musical in 1954, Logan transferred the musical to film in 1961, with Boyer, Leslie Caron, and Maurice Chevalier in the lead roles. Both the film and the score were nominated for Academy Awards. Produced, directed, and cowritten by Logan, Ensign Pulver…

Marcel Paul Pagnol: His next three comedies—Marius (1929), Fanny (1931), and César (1936), known as the Marseille trilogy—deal with the lives of a Marseille fishmonger, Fanny, her lover Marius who goes off to sea, César the father, and his friend Panisse. The salty language of the people and Pagnol’s ability to capture the…

Ingmar Bergman: Life: Fanny och Alexander (1982; Fanny and Alexander), in which the fortunes and misfortunes of a wealthy theatrical family in turn-of-the-century Sweden are portrayed through the eyes of a young boy, earned an Academy Award for best foreign film. In 1991 Bergman received the Japan Art Association’s Praemium Imperiale prize…

Ingmar Bergman: Life: Fanny och Alexander (1982; Fanny and Alexander), in which the fortunes and misfortunes of a wealthy theatrical family in turn-of-the-century Sweden are portrayed through the eyes of a young boy, earned an Academy Award for best foreign film. In 1991 Bergman received the Japan Art Association’s Praemium Imperiale prize…

Fanny Blankers-Koen of the Netherlands was a 30-year-old mother of two by the time the 1948 Olympic Games in London began. Although she had been a participant in the 1936 Games in Berlin, World War II created a 12-year break in her Olympic appearances. Blankers-Koen, however, had not been idle.

Fanny Hill, erotic novel by John Cleland, first published in two volumes in 1748–49 as Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure. An expurgated version published in 1750 chronicles the life of a London prostitute, describing with scatological and clinical precision many varieties of sexual behaviour. Although

Fanny Hill, erotic novel by John Cleland, first published in two volumes in 1748–49 as Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure. An expurgated version published in 1750 chronicles the life of a London prostitute, describing with scatological and clinical precision many varieties of sexual behaviour. Although

Ingmar Bergman: Life: Fanny och Alexander (1982; Fanny and Alexander), in which the fortunes and misfortunes of a wealthy theatrical family in turn-of-the-century Sweden are portrayed through the eyes of a young boy, earned an Academy Award for best foreign film. In 1991 Bergman received the Japan Art Association’s Praemium Imperiale prize…

Portuguese literature: After 1974: …figures, as in her novel Fanny Owen (1979). Maria Velho da Costa was one of the authors of Novas cartas portuguesas (1971; Eng. trans. The Three Marias: New Portuguese Letters), a book that became a cause célèbre for feminism when its authors were charged with indecency by the government and…

Fanø, island of the North Frisian group, in the North Sea off Esbjerg, southwestern Jutland, Denmark. Three-quarters of the island consists of beaches, dunes, heath, and marshland. Its settlements are Nordby and Sønderho. Crown property until it was purchased by its inhabitants in 1741, it

Fano, town and episcopal see, Marche regione, central Italy. It lies along the Adriatic coast at the mouth of the Metauro River, just southeast of Pesaro. The town occupies the site of the ancient Fanum Fortunae (“Temple of Fortune”), which was founded in the 3rd or 2nd century bc and occupied by

John Edgar Wideman: …The Cattle Killing (1996) and Fanon (2008).

Frantz Fanon was a West Indian psychoanalyst and social philosopher known for his theory that some neuroses are socially generated and for his writings on behalf of the national liberation of colonial peoples. His critiques influenced subsequent generations of thinkers and activists. After

Frantz Fanon was a West Indian psychoanalyst and social philosopher known for his theory that some neuroses are socially generated and for his writings on behalf of the national liberation of colonial peoples. His critiques influenced subsequent generations of thinkers and activists. After

Chinese languages: The Qieyun dictionary: …interlocking spelling system known as fanqie was used to subdivide the rhymes. There were 32 initial consonants and 136 finals. The number of vowels is not certain, perhaps six plus i and u, which served also as medial semivowels. The dictionary contained probably more vowels than either Archaic Chinese or…

Fanshawe, first novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1828 at his own expense. Hawthorne wrote Fanshawe while a student at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine. Soon after, he deemed the work to be of such derivative and mediocre quality that he attempted, unsuccessfully, to destroy all

Sir Richard Fanshawe, 1st Baronet was an English poet, translator, and diplomat whose version of Camões’ Os Lusíadas is a major achievement of English verse translation. Educated at Cambridge, he was appointed secretary to the English embassy at Madrid in 1635. At the outbreak of the Civil War he

Suo Masayuki: …over into mainstream cinema with Fanshī dansu (Fancy Dance), the story of a musician in a big-city band who, having learned that he must succeed his father as a Buddhist priest, encounters joy and sorrow while undergoing training at a Zen temple.

phonetics: Jakobson, Fant, and Halle features: As a result of studying the phonemic contrasts within a number of languages, Roman Jakobson, Gunnar Fant, and Morris Halle concluded in 1951 that segmental phonemes could be characterized in terms of 12 distinctive features. All of the features were binary,…

windmill: … in England invented the automatic fantail. This consists of a set of five to eight smaller vanes mounted on the tailpole or the ladder of a post mill at right angles to the sails and connected by gearing to wheels running on a track around the mill. When the wind…

fantail, any of numerous birds of the family Rhipiduridae. The fantails constitute the genus Rhipidura. Fantails are native to forest clearings, riverbanks, and beaches from southern Asia to New Zealand; some have become tame garden birds. Most of the two dozen species are coloured in shades of

cisticola, any of about 75 species of the genus Cisticola, belonging to the Old World warbler family, Sylviidae. Some classifications group these species into their own family, the Cisticolidae. They occur in grasslands, thorny scrub, and marshes, most numerously in Africa but also across southern

fantail, any of numerous birds of the family Rhipiduridae. The fantails constitute the genus Rhipidura. Fantails are native to forest clearings, riverbanks, and beaches from southern Asia to New Zealand; some have become tame garden birds. Most of the two dozen species are coloured in shades of

Fantasia, American animated film, released in 1940, that was produced by Walt Disney and features seven unrelated segments set to classical music under the direction of famed conductor Leopold Stokowski. Viewers and critics have deemed the film, which lacks an overarching narrative, both

fantasia, in music, a composition free in form and inspiration, usually for an instrumental soloist; in 16th- and 17th-century England the term was applied especially to fugal compositions (i.e., based on melodic imitation) for consorts of string or wind instruments. Earlier 16th-century fantasias

Disney Company: Return to prominence: …of Notre Dame (1996), and Fantasia 2000 (1999). The company had experimented with computerized animation for the live-action feature Tron (1982) and realized the technology’s potential with the enormously successful Toy Story (1995) and Toy Story 2 (1999), films that Disney jointly developed and produced with Pixar Animation Studios

Ferruccio Busoni: …musical thought; and the great Fantasia Contrappuntistica on an unfinished fugue by Bach (two versions, 1910; one version, 1912; fourth version for two pianos, 1922), which sums up his lifelong experience of Bach’s music.

Thomas Tallis: …Vaughan Williams, whose highly popular Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis (1910; rev. 1913, 1919) was based on Tallis’s Third Psalter Tune. Vaughan Williams had discovered that musical piece when he took over the music editorship of The English Hymnal (1906).

percussion instrument: Idiophones: …1830 orchestral fantasia on Shakespeare’s The Tempest; a decade later it was replaced by the growing family of free reeds.

Billy Joel: Later albums and projects: Fantasies and Delusions, featuring classical compositions by Joel, was released in 2001. Movin’ Out, a dance-focused musical based on two dozen songs by Joel and conceived, choreographed, and directed by Twyla Tharp, premiered in 2002. In 2006, having earlier undergone treatment for alcohol abuse, Joel…

Orlando Gibbons: …Is Our Life?” The earlier Fantasies in Three Parts Compos’d for Viols (c. 1610) is believed to have been the first music printed in England from engraved copperplates.

Chris Evans: …drama The Nanny Diaries; and Fantastic 4: Rise of the Silver Surfer. Among his next movies were The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond (2008), scripted by Tennessee Williams; the action movie The Losers (2010); and the cult favourite Scott Pilgrim vs. the World (2010).

J.K. Rowling: Harry on the big screen and on stage: …Rowling wrote the companion volumes Fantastic Beasts & Where to Find Them (2001), which was adapted into a film series (2016, 2018) that featured screenplays by Rowling; Quidditch Through the Ages (2001); and The Tales of Beedle the Bard (2008)—all of which originated as books read by Harry Potter and…

Gemma Chan: Humans, Fantastic Beasts, and Transformers: …parts in such blockbusters as Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016), a spin-off from the Harry Potter series, and Transformers: The Last Knight (2017), the fifth installment of the franchise.

Johnny Depp: Later films: …the eponymous dark wizard in Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, the second installation of a movie series based on J.K. Rowling’s world of Harry Potter. In Minamata (2020) Depp portrayed photojournalist W. Eugene Smith, who in the early 1970s documented the impact of industrial pollution on the residents of…

Eddie Redmayne: …Crimes of Grindelwald (2018) and Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore (2022). In 2019 Redmayne appeared as a meteorologist in The Aeronauts, an action-adventure film based on an actual balloon expedition in 1862.

Michael B. Jordan: … (2014) and the superhero movie Fantastic Four (2015)—were widely panned, Jordan returned to his path to stardom when he took on the role of Adonis Creed in Coogler’s well-received and popular addition to the Rocky canon, Creed (2015). He won even more notice for his electrifying performance as villain Erik…

Chris Evans: …in the Marvel universe story Fantastic Four. His credits from 2007 included the science-fiction movie Sunshine, directed by Danny Boyle; the comic drama The Nanny Diaries; and Fantastic 4: Rise of the Silver Surfer. Among his next movies were The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond (2008), scripted by

Fantastic Four, American team of comic strip superheroes, created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby for Marvel Comics in 1961, that brought an element of realism to the genre unique for its time. A cornerstone of Marvel’s universe of characters, the Fantastic Four remains one of the most popular superhero

Noah Baumbach: Film career: …2009, cowriting the screenplay for Fantastic Mr. Fox, Anderson’s stop-motion animation adaptation of Roald Dahl’s 1970 children’s book of the same name. In 2010 Baumbach wrote (with Leigh) and directed Greenberg, which starred Leigh, Ben Stiller, and Greta Gerwig. Two years later came his romantic comedy drama Frances Ha. Between…

Roald Dahl: …works for young readers include Fantastic Mr. Fox (1970; film 2009), Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator (1972), The Enormous Crocodile (1978), The BFG (1982; films 1989 and 2016), and The Witches (1983; film 1990). One of his last such books,

Symphonie fantastique, Op. 14, orchestral work by French composer Hector Berlioz, widely recognized as an early example of program music, that attempts to portray a sequence of opium dreams inspired by a failed love affair. The composition is also notable for its expanded orchestration, grander

Fantastic Voyage, American science-fiction film, released in 1966, that is especially noted for its special effects, which were used to simulate a journey through the human body. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) A Czech scientist who possesses invaluable information

Nicholas Breton: …and the hours in his Fantasticks (1604?), which in some respects anticipates the fashion for character books. Modeled on the Characters of the Greek philosopher Theophrastus, which became available in Latin translation in 1592, these books contained brief sketches, describing a dominant virtue or vice in such characters as the…

Michael Ritchie: Later work: The Fantasticks (1995), an adaptation of the hugely popular Off-Broadway musical, did not find a theatrical release until 2000. After the little-seen fantasy A Simple Wish (1997), Ritchie helmed Comfort, Texas (1997), a made-for-TV movie. His final directing credits were two episodes (1999) of the…

fantasy, imaginative fiction dependent for effect on strangeness of setting (such as other worlds or times) and of characters (such as supernatural or unnatural beings). Examples include William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels, J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord

mysticism: Reverie: Not all mysticism has its basis in trance states, however. Rudolf Otto noted this fact when he proposed a dualistic classification of numinous experiences. In the mysterium tremendum (“awe inspiring mystery”), the numinous is experienced as mysterious, awesome, and urgent. Otto identified the other…

fantasia, in music, a composition free in form and inspiration, usually for an instrumental soloist; in 16th- and 17th-century England the term was applied especially to fugal compositions (i.e., based on melodic imitation) for consorts of string or wind instruments. Earlier 16th-century fantasias

Western painting: Fantasy and the irrational: The identity of a work of art as a thing in itself, independent of representation, was on the way to general recognition when the outbreak of war in 1914 interrupted artistic life throughout most of Europe. The activities of a group…

Carole King: (1971), Rhymes & Reasons (1972), Fantasy (1973), and Wrap Around Joy (1974). Her marriage to Charles Larkey, the bass player of the City, failed, and in 1977 she married her manager, Rick Evers, who was abusive and who died of a drug overdose less than a year later. King married…

baseball: Fantasy baseball: The term fantasy baseball was introduced to describe the Internet-based virtual baseball game. But it also can be loosely construed to mean a number of games that permit the fan to play either a virtual game or a virtual season of baseball. In…

American Broadcasting Company: Focus on television: …Love Boat [1977– 86], and Fantasy Island [1978–84]), Silverman rapidly elevated ABC to the coveted number one slot. Perhaps to counteract criticism of its lowbrow entertainment fare, the network offered a number of prestige projects during the Silverman years, notably the blockbuster miniseries Roots (1977). ABC also earned praise as…

fantasy, imaginative fiction dependent for effect on strangeness of setting (such as other worlds or times) and of characters (such as supernatural or unnatural beings). Examples include William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels, J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord

Fantasy Records: Cosmo’s Factory: Fantasy was founded as a jazz label in San Francisco in 1949 by brothers Sol and Max Weiss. Their artists included the pianist Dave Brubeck (whose Jazz at Oberlin was among the first live jazz albums) and controversial comedian Lenny Bruce. After organizing a buyout…

Fantasy was founded as a jazz label in San Francisco in 1949 by brothers Sol and Max Weiss. Their artists included the pianist Dave Brubeck (whose Jazz at Oberlin was among the first live jazz albums) and controversial comedian Lenny Bruce. After organizing a buyout in 1967, the label’s new owner

fantasy sport, any of a number of games that permit a person to play either a virtual game or a virtual season of a sport. In fantasy sports, the fans pose as both general manager and field manager of their team, building a roster through a draft and trades and making lineups in pursuit of the

Ernest G. Bormann: … (SCT) and its attendant method, fantasy theme analysis, which both explore how the sharing of narratives or “fantasies” can create and sustain group consciousness. For Bormann, these communal narratives encouraged group cohesion and fostered the development of a shared social reality among group members. While Bormann’s initial conception of symbolic…

Ben Hecht: …Daily News after his novel Fantazius Mallare (1922) was seized by the government on obscenity charges. He was associated in Chicago with the bohemian novelist and poet Maxwell Bodenheim.

Fante, people of the southern coast of Ghana between Accra and Sekondi-Takoradi. They speak a dialect of Akan, a language of the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Oral tradition states that the Fante migrated from Techiman (or Tekyiman), in what is now the northwestern Asante region,

Fante confederacy, historical group of states in what is now southern Ghana. It originated in the late 17th century when Fante people from overpopulated Mankessim, northeast of Cape Coast, settled vacant areas nearby. The resulting Fante kingdoms formed a confederacy headed by a high king (the

Akan languages: …principal members are Asante (Ashanti), Fante (Fanti), Brong (Abron), and Akuapem. The Akan cluster is located primarily in southern Ghana, although many Brong speakers live in eastern Côte d’Ivoire. Altogether speakers of Akan dialects and languages number more than seven million. Written forms of Asante and Akuapem (both formerly considered…

John Fante was a U.S. writer. Born to Italian immigrant parents, Fante moved to Los Angeles in the early 1930s. His first novel, Wait Until Spring, Bandini (1938), was followed by his best-known book, Ask the Dust (1939), the first of his novels set in Depression-era California. Other books

Fante, people of the southern coast of Ghana between Accra and Sekondi-Takoradi. They speak a dialect of Akan, a language of the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Oral tradition states that the Fante migrated from Techiman (or Tekyiman), in what is now the northwestern Asante region,

Fante confederacy, historical group of states in what is now southern Ghana. It originated in the late 17th century when Fante people from overpopulated Mankessim, northeast of Cape Coast, settled vacant areas nearby. The resulting Fante kingdoms formed a confederacy headed by a high king (the

Akan languages: …principal members are Asante (Ashanti), Fante (Fanti), Brong (Abron), and Akuapem. The Akan cluster is located primarily in southern Ghana, although many Brong speakers live in eastern Côte d’Ivoire. Altogether speakers of Akan dialects and languages number more than seven million. Written forms of Asante and Akuapem (both formerly considered…

Manfredo Fanti was one of the most capable patriot generals during the mid-19th-century wars of Italian independence; he helped the northern Italian house of Sardinia–Piedmont consolidate Italy under its leadership. Exiled for participating in a republican uprising in Savoy (1831), Fanti

Henri Fantin-Latour was a French painter, printmaker, and illustrator noted for his still lifes with flowers and his portraits, especially group compositions, of contemporary French celebrities in the arts. Fantin-Latour’s first teacher was his father, a well-known portrait painter. Later, he

Henri Fantin-Latour was a French painter, printmaker, and illustrator noted for his still lifes with flowers and his portraits, especially group compositions, of contemporary French celebrities in the arts. Fantin-Latour’s first teacher was his father, a well-known portrait painter. Later, he

Louis Feuillade: Fantômas (1913–14; Master of Terror), Feuillade’s first serial, established his popularity in both France and the United States. Its swift-moving, intricate plot features a series of thrilling episodes involving clever disguises, trapdoors, kidnappings, hairbreadth escapes, and rooftop chases. It was followed by Les Vampires (1915), which centres…

Gaston Leroux: In 1910 The Phantom of the Opera appeared serially (before publication as a novel) and received only moderate sales and somewhat poor reviews. The melodrama of the hideous recluse abducting a beautiful young woman in a Paris opera house did not achieve international celebrity until the American…

Jean-Paul Sartre: Political activities of Jean-Paul Sartre: …Modernes a long article, “Le Fantôme de Staline,” that condemned both the Soviet intervention and the submission of the PCF to the dictates of Moscow. Over the years this critical attitude opened the way to a form of “Sartrian socialism” that would find its expression in a major work,…

Marion Cotillard: …thriller Les Fantômes d’Ismaël (Ismael’s Ghosts) and in the comedy Rock’n Roll, playing herself; the latter featured her longtime boyfriend Guillaume Canet, who also directed the film. Gueule d’ange (2018; Angel Face) centres on an alcoholic mother and her young daughter. Cotillard later lent her voice to the family…

Sheridan Le Fanu was an Irish writer of ghost stories and mystery novels, celebrated for his ability to evoke the ominous atmosphere of a haunted house. Le Fanu belonged to an old Dublin Huguenot family and was related on his mother’s side to Richard Brinsley Sheridan. Educated at Trinity College,

ancient Italic people: Organization: …sanctuary of the Etruscans, the Fanum Voltumnae, or shrine of Voltumna, near Volsinii. The precise location of the shrine is unknown, though it may have been in an area near modern Orvieto (believed by many to be the ancient Volsinii). As for the Twelve Peoples, no firm list of these…

pennycress: Field pennycress, or fanweed (T. arvense), has flat and circular notched pods and is a common weed throughout much of North America. Its seeds have a high oil content, and the species has gained interest as a potential feedstock for biofuel production.

feather-duster worm, any large, segmented marine worm of the family Sabellidae (class Polychaeta, phylum Annelida). The name is also occasionally applied to members of the closely related polychaete family Serpulidae. Sabellids live in long tubes constructed of mud or sand cemented by mucus,

fanwort, any of about seven species of aquatic flowering plants constituting the genus Cabomba, of the fanwort or water-shield family (Cabombaceae), native to the New World tropics and subtropics. Water shield is also the more commonly used name for Brasenia, the only other genus of the family. The

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), oldest permanent specialized agency of the United Nations, established in October 1945 with the objective of eliminating hunger and improving nutrition and standards of living by increasing agricultural productivity. The FAO coordinates the efforts of

Richard Nixon: Domestic policies: Nixon’s proposed Family Assistance Program (FAP), intended to replace the service-oriented Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), would have provided working and nonworking poor families with a guaranteed annual income—though Nixon preferred to call it a “negative income tax.” Although the measure was defeated in the…

amyloidosis: …common forms is known as familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP), which is caused by mutations in a gene designated TTR (transthyretin). Transthyretin protein, produced by the TTR gene, normally circulates in the blood and plays an important role in the transport and tissue delivery of thyroid hormone and retinol. FAP primarily…

colorectal cancer: Causes and symptoms: …colorectal cancer—specifically, forms such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), Gardner syndrome, and hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)—can predispose an individual to developing colorectal cancer. Each of these conditions is caused in part by a known genetic mutation. In addition, Ashkenazi Jews have a slightly higher incidence of colorectal cancer due…

animal behaviour: Ontogeny: …termed pecking behaviour a “fixed action pattern” to indicate that it was performed automatically and correctly the first time it was elicited, apparently regardless of the animal’s experience.

Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley: …disabled students with a “free appropriate public education” (FAPE) in the “least restrictive environment”—i.e., in classrooms with nondisabled children, where feasible—as detailed in an individualized education program (IEP) developed for each child by school officials in consultation with parents or guardians. The court’s decision in Rowley thus defined the…

Egypt: Ottoman administration: …into two great rival houses—the Faqāriyyah and the Qāsimiyyah—whose mutual hostility often broke out into fighting and impaired the strength of the Mamluks as a bloc.

North Africa: The Maghrib under the Almoravids and the Almohads: The fuqahāʾ (experts on Islamic law) supervised both the administration of justice by the qāḍīs and the work of the provincial governors, and they acted as advisers to the rulers. The empire’s simple system of government, in which military commanders acted as administrators, was rendered especially…

North Africa: The Maghrib under the Almoravids and the Almohads: The fuqahāʾ (experts on Islamic law) supervised both the administration of justice by the qāḍīs and the work of the provincial governors, and they acted as advisers to the rulers. The empire’s simple system of government, in which military commanders acted as administrators, was rendered especially…

fakir, originally, a mendicant dervish. In mystical usage, the word fakir refers to man’s spiritual need for God, who alone is self-sufficient. Although of Muslim origin, the term has come to be applied in India to Hindus as well, largely replacing gosvāmin, sadhu, bhikku, and other designations.

maqām: …acquisitiveness; (4) the maqām of faqr (poverty), in which he asserts his independence of worldly possessions and his need of God alone; (5) the maqām of ṣabr (patience), the art of steadfastness; (6) the maqām of tawakkul (trust, or surrender), in which the Sufi knows that he cannot be discouraged…

Aşık Paşa: The Faqrnāmeh (“The Book of Poverty”) is also attributed to the poet. Introduced by the famous Ḥadīth “poverty is my pride,” this poem of 160 rhymed couplets deals with poverty and humility, the ideal ethic of the Muslim mystic. Aşık Paşa at his death was a…

Anthony Mann: The 1950s: westerns of Anthony Mann: …returned to the western with The Far Country (1954), a tale of two cattlemen (Stewart and Walter Brennan) who drive their herd to an Alaskan gold-rush town, only to have it seized by a despotic sheriff (John Mclntire). Stewart’s performance was particularly effective as his character transforms from a good-natured…

Far Cry, electronic game released for personal computers (PCs) in 2004 by Ubisoft Entertainment SA, an entertainment-software company based in France. Far Cry enjoyed strong sales and impressed critics with its mix of stealth and “shoot-’em-up” first-person action. The game also was noted for its