farad, unit of electrical capacitance (ability to hold an electric charge), in the metre–kilogram–second system of physical units, named in honour of the English scientist Michael Faraday. The capacitance of a capacitor is one farad when one coulomb of electricity changes the potential between the

fluorine (F), most reactive chemical element and the lightest member of the halogen elements, or Group 17 (Group VIIa) of the periodic table. Its chemical activity can be attributed to its extreme ability to attract electrons (it is the most electronegative element) and to the small size of its

F, sixth note of the musical alphabet, otherwise the fourth note of the scale of C. It also gives its name to the bass clef, whose distinguishing sign denotes the F line. Further, it serves as an abbreviation for forte (f) and fortissimo

f, letter that corresponds to the sixth letter of the Greek, Etruscan, and Latin alphabets, known to the Greeks as digamma. The sound represented by the letter in Greek was a labial semivowel similar to the English w. This sound had disappeared early from the Ionic and Attic Greek dialects, so that

f, letter that corresponds to the sixth letter of the Greek, Etruscan, and Latin alphabets, known to the Greeks as digamma. The sound represented by the letter in Greek was a labial semivowel similar to the English w. This sound had disappeared early from the Ionic and Attic Greek dialects, so that

clef: The bass, or F, clef sets the position of the F below middle C. In modern notation this is fixed at the second line from the top of the staff:

Orson Welles: Later films: Chimes at Midnight, The Other Side of the Wind, and F for Fake: F for Fake (1973) was an “essay film” (as Welles called it) about the nature of truth in art. The film had its basis in documentary footage shot by François-Arnold Reichenbach of art forger Elmyr de Hory and his biographer Clifford Irving. As Welles started…

F region, highest region of the ionosphere, at altitudes greater than 160 km (100 miles); it has the greatest concentration of free electrons and is the most important of the ionospheric regions. The charged particles in the F region consist primarily of neutral atoms split into electrons and

Saturn: The ring system: …A ring lies the narrow F ring at 2.33 Saturn radii. The F ring is a complicated structure that, according to Cassini observations, may be a tightly wound spiral. Between the A and F rings, distributed along the orbit of the inner moon Atlas, is a tenuous band of material…

Television in the United States: Escapism: …playing in the California sun; F Troop (ABC, 1965–67), which offered up an assortment of Native American stereotypes in a comedy set at a military fort in the post-Civil War West; I Dream of Jeannie (NBC, 1965–70), a comedy about the relationship between an astronaut and a beautiful, voluptuous 2,000-year-old…

Anthony Boucher: Francis McComas founded The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction (F&SF), which aimed to publish work at a higher literary level than had previously existed in the genre. F&SF encouraged a new generation of science fiction authors that included Philip K. Dick and Alfred Bester and published Walter…

Fdérik, mining village, north-central Mauritania, western Africa, just west of Zouîrât. It is important as the base for the exploitation of extensive iron-ore deposits in the nearby Mount Ijill. The iron ore is exported through the Atlantic port of Nouadhibou, via a 419-mile (674-kilometre)

F-100, U.S. Air Force jet fighter aircraft, the first operational fighter to exceed the speed of sound in level flight. It was operational from 1953 to 1973. It was made by North American Aviation, Inc., and it became the principal tactical fighter of the U.S. Tactical Air Command and was adopted

F-100, U.S. Air Force jet fighter aircraft, the first operational fighter to exceed the speed of sound in level flight. It was operational from 1953 to 1973. It was made by North American Aviation, Inc., and it became the principal tactical fighter of the U.S. Tactical Air Command and was adopted

military aircraft: Supersonic flight: Convair F-102 Delta Dagger, an all-weather interceptor that was the first operational “pure” delta fighter without a separate horizontal stabilizer. Other aircraft included the Grumman F11F Tigercat, the first supersonic carrier-based fighter; the North American F-100 Super Sabre; the Dassault Mystère B-2; the Saab 35, with…

F-104, jet day fighter aircraft built by Lockheed Aircraft Corporation for the U.S. Air Force but adopted by a total of 15 NATO and other countries. It was widely adapted for use as a fighter-bomber. The F-104 had a wingspan of 21 feet 11 inches (6.68 m) and a length of 54 feet 9 inches (16.7 m).

military aircraft: Mach 2: Also outstanding was the Republic F-105 Thunderchief, one of the largest single-engined fighters ever built. Designed to carry a nuclear bomb internally as a low-altitude penetrator and therefore exceptionally fast at low altitudes, the F-105, with heavy loads of conventional bombs under the wings, carried out the brunt of U.S.…

chlorofluorocarbon: Some of these compounds, especially trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) and dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), found use as aerosol-spray propellants, solvents, and foam-blowing agents. They are well suited for these and other applications because they are nontoxic and nonflammable and can be readily converted from a liquid to a gas and vice versa.

bomber: …two countries developed the medium-range F-111 (designated a fighter but actually a strategic bomber) and Tu-26 Backfire and the long-range B-1 and Tu-160 Blackjack, respectively. These planes were designed to slip under early-warning radar at low level and to approach military targets using terrain-following radars and inertial-guidance systems. They could…

James Rosenquist: …by the monumental wraparound painting F-111 (1965), a canvas in 51 pieces that places American goods against the backdrop of a military fighter-bomber.

F-117, single-seat, twin-engine jet fighter-bomber built by the Lockheed Corporation (now part of the Lockheed Martin Corporation) for the U.S. Air Force. It was the first stealth aircraft—i.e., an aircraft designed entirely around the concept of evading detection by radar and other sensors. After

chlorofluorocarbon: …compounds, especially trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) and dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), found use as aerosol-spray propellants, solvents, and foam-blowing agents. They are well suited for these and other applications because they are nontoxic and nonflammable and can be readily converted from a liquid to a gas and vice versa.

F-14, two-seat, twin-engine jet fighter built for the U.S. Navy by the Grumman Corporation (now part of the Northrop Grumman Corporation) from 1970 to 1992. As a successor to the F-4 Phantom II, it was designed in the 1960s with the aerodynamic and electronic capacities to defend U.S.

F-14, two-seat, twin-engine jet fighter built for the U.S. Navy by the Grumman Corporation (now part of the Northrop Grumman Corporation) from 1970 to 1992. As a successor to the F-4 Phantom II, it was designed in the 1960s with the aerodynamic and electronic capacities to defend U.S.

F-15, twin-engine jet fighter produced by the McDonnell Douglas Corporation of the United States. Based on a design proposed in 1969 for an air-superiority fighter, it has also been built in fighter-bomber versions. F-15s were delivered to the U.S. Air Force between 1974 and 1994; they have also

F-15, twin-engine jet fighter produced by the McDonnell Douglas Corporation of the United States. Based on a design proposed in 1969 for an air-superiority fighter, it has also been built in fighter-bomber versions. F-15s were delivered to the U.S. Air Force between 1974 and 1994; they have also

F-15: …fighter-bomber version, known as the Strike Eagle, a weapons officer seated behind the pilot controls the delivery of a number of guided missiles and bombs. The Strike Eagle carried out much of the nighttime precision bombing of Iraqi installations during the Persian Gulf War of 1990–91.

F-16, single-seat, single-engine jet fighter built by the General Dynamics Corporation (now part of the Lockheed Martin Corporation) for the United States and more than a dozen other countries. The F-16 originated in an order placed in 1972 for a lightweight cost-effective air-to-air fighter.

Boeing Company: History of Boeing Company: …the aircraft was named the F-22 Raptor and was first flown in 1997. In 1996 Boeing and Lockheed Martin received U.S. defense contracts to build competitive technology demonstrators for the Joint Strike Fighter, intended as an affordable, next-generation, multirole fighter for the armed services of the United States and Britain.…

F-4, two-seat, twin-engine jet fighter-bomber built by the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation (later the McDonnell-Douglas Corporation) for the United States and many other countries. The first F-4 was delivered to the U.S. Navy in 1960 and to the Air Force in 1963. By the time it went out of

F-4, two-seat, twin-engine jet fighter-bomber built by the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation (later the McDonnell-Douglas Corporation) for the United States and many other countries. The first F-4 was delivered to the U.S. Navy in 1960 and to the Air Force in 1963. By the time it went out of

F-86, U.S. single-seat, single-engine jet fighter built by North American Aviation, Inc., the first jet fighter in the West to exploit aerodynamic principles learned from German engineering at the close of World War II. The F-86 was built with the wings swept back in order to reduce transonic drag

actin: …G-actin (monomeric globular actin) and F-actin (polymeric fibrous actin), the form involved in muscle contraction.

seaplane: …inventions led to the British F-boats of World War I, which originated such naval air missions as over-ocean patrol, antisubmarine warfare, mine laying, and air–sea rescue. After the war, commercial versions of the same seaplanes set the range and endurance records of the time. In 1919 the U.S. Navy’s water-based…

colour centre: …best understood one, called an F-centre (German Farbe, “colour”), results from the absence of a negatively charged ion from a particular point in an ionic solid. This vacancy, which acts like a positively charged particle, attracts and traps an electron, and their combination constitutes an F-centre. The electron so trapped…

spectroscopy: Infrared instrumentation: …development of solid-state diode lasers, F-centre lasers, and spin-flip Raman lasers is providing new sources for infrared spectrometers. These sources in general are not broadband but have high intensity and are useful for the construction of instruments that are designed for specific applications in narrow frequency regions.

asteroid: Composition: Asteroids of the B, C, F, and G classes have low albedos and spectral reflectances similar to those of carbonaceous chondritic meteorites and their constituent assemblages produced by hydrothermal alteration or metamorphism of carbonaceous precursor materials. Some C-class asteroids are known to have hydrated minerals on their surfaces, whereas Ceres,…

F-score, a metric for evaluating the accuracy of a binary classification model. It combines the precision and recall of an algorithm into one metric. A binary classification model classifies items as one of two values—for example, “yes” or “no.” Precision is the fraction of a model’s returned “yes”

metabolism: Synthesis of proteins: …of the protein is always formylmethionine (f-Met). There is no evidence that f-Met is involved in protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells.

relative aperture, the measure of the light-gathering power of an optical system. It is expressed in different ways according to the instrument involved. The relative aperture for a microscope is called the numerical aperture (NA) and is equal to the sine of half the angle subtended by the aperture

crystal: Ionic bonds: …designated as s, p, d, f, g, and so forth. Each subshell is divided further into orbitals.) Two electrons are transferred from the cations to the anions, leaving each with a closed shell. The alkaline earth chalcogenides form ionic binary crystals such as barium oxide (BaO), calcium sulfide (CaS),

Tetsuya Fujita: …American meteorologist who created the Fujita Scale, or F-Scale, a system of classifying tornado intensity based on damage to structures and vegetation. He also discovered macrobursts and microbursts, weather phenomena that are associated with severe thunderstorms and are hazards to aviation.

F-score, a metric for evaluating the accuracy of a binary classification model. It combines the precision and recall of an algorithm into one metric. A binary classification model classifies items as one of two values—for example, “yes” or “no.” Precision is the fraction of a model’s returned “yes”

crystal: Ionic bonds: …designated as s, p, d, f, g, and so forth. Each subshell is divided further into orbitals.) Two electrons are transferred from the cations to the anions, leaving each with a closed shell. The alkaline earth chalcogenides form ionic binary crystals such as barium oxide (BaO), calcium sulfide (CaS),

crystal: Ionic bonds: …designated as s, p, d, f, g, and so forth. Each subshell is divided further into orbitals.) Two electrons are transferred from the cations to the anions, leaving each with a closed shell. The alkaline earth chalcogenides form ionic binary crystals such as barium oxide (BaO), calcium sulfide (CaS),

relative aperture, the measure of the light-gathering power of an optical system. It is expressed in different ways according to the instrument involved. The relative aperture for a microscope is called the numerical aperture (NA) and is equal to the sine of half the angle subtended by the aperture

statistics: Significance testing: An F-test based on the ratio MSR/MSE can be used to test the statistical significance of the overall relationship between the dependent variable and the set of independent variables. In general, large values of F = MSR/MSE support the conclusion that the overall relationship is statistically…

Cepheid variable: Most are spectral type F (moderately hot) at maximum luminosity and type G (cooler, Sun-like) at minimum. The prototype star is Delta Cephei, the variability of which was discovered by John Goodricke in 1784. In 1912 Henrietta Leavitt of Harvard Observatory discovered the aforementioned period-luminosity relationship of the…

Chris Brown: …Brown rebounded with the album F.A.M.E., which became his first number one album on the Billboard 200 chart and won him a Grammy Award for best R&B album.

Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, daily newspaper published in Frankfurt am Main, one of the most prestigious and influential in Germany. F.A.Z. was created after World War II by a group of journalists who had worked on the highly respected Frankfurter Zeitung before the war. The earlier paper was

military aircraft: Fighters: …of this machine, the Vickers F.B.5 Gunbus, entered service in early 1915 as the first production aircraft designed from the outset with air-to-air armament. The French armed similarly configured Voisin pushers with machine guns (one had shot down a German aircraft as early as October 5, 1914), but, burdened with…

Federal Capital Territory (FCT), administrative territory, central Nigeria, created in 1976. The territory is located north of the confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers. It is bordered by the states of Niger to the west and northwest, Kaduna to the northeast, Nassarawa to the east and south, and

defender of the faith, a title belonging to the sovereign of England in the same way as Christianissimus (“most Christian”) belonged to the king of France. The title was first conferred by Pope Leo X on Henry VIII (Oct. 11, 1521) as a reward for the king’s pamphlet Assertio septem sacramentorum

Norman Jewison: …Rollerball (1975); the union saga F.I.S.T. (1978), starring Sylvester Stallone; and the legal drama ...And Justice for All (1979), with Al Pacino. He again examined racial prejudice in A Soldier’s Story (1984), about the murder of an African American army sergeant. Later efforts included Moonstruck (1987), a romantic comedy

Salesian: The Salesian Sisters (formally, the Daughters of Mary Help of Christians; F.M.A.) are one of the largest Roman Catholic religious congregations of women, founded in 1872 at Mornese, Italy, by St. John Bosco and St. Mary Mazzarello. Like their male counterparts, the sisters followed Don Bosco’s…

Marist Brother, a Roman Catholic congregation of teaching brothers founded near Lyon, Fr., on Jan. 2, 1817, by Marcellin Champagnat for the Christian education of French youth. In 1836 several brothers accompanied the first Marist Fathers to the mission field of the South Pacific islands. Since

Franklin Pierce Adams was a U.S. newspaper columnist, translator, poet, and radio personality whose humorous syndicated column “The Conning Tower” earned him the reputation of godfather of the contemporary newspaper column. He wrote primarily under his initials, F.P.A. Adams’ newspaper career began

Christian Brother: Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools: …of the Christian Schools (F.S.C.) was founded by St. Jean-Baptiste de La Salle at Reims, France, in 1680 for the education of boys, especially of poor families; the congregation is now established throughout the world and is also known as the de La Salle Brothers. The brothers are supported…

Woolworth Co., former American chain of general-merchandise retail stores based on the concept of the five-and-ten (i.e., a store that sells all items in stock for 10 cents or less). Woolworth evolved into a multinational corporation with a large collection of specialty retail stores on four

military aircraft: Multimission: …capability; and the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, a single-seat carrier-based aircraft designed for ground attack but also possessing excellent air-to-air capability.

military aircraft: Multimission: …capability; and the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, a single-seat carrier-based aircraft designed for ground attack but also possessing excellent air-to-air capability.

Angela Bassett: …reporter in the action thriller F/X. She later played a flight attendant in the action comedy Kindergarten Cop (1990).

Phil Hill: …driver to win (1961) the Formula 1 (F1) Grand Prix world championship of drivers.

plant breeding: Hybrid varieties: The production of hand-produced F1 hybrid seed of other plants, including ornamental flowers, has been economical only because greenhouse growers and home gardeners have been willing to pay high prices for hybrid seed.

ionosphere and magnetosphere: F region: …a small layer known as F1 and above it a more highly ionized dominant layer called F2. At night they merge at about the level of the F2 layer, which is also called the Appleton layer. This region reflects radio waves with frequencies up to about 35 megahertz; the exact…

F-score: …it is sometimes called an F1-score. This is a balanced F-score that weights precision and recall equally. However, the formula can be modified to give more weight to either precision or recall.

military aircraft: Supersonic flight: Other aircraft included the Grumman F11F Tigercat, the first supersonic carrier-based fighter; the North American F-100 Super Sabre; the Dassault Mystère B-2; the Saab 35, with a unique double-delta configuration; and the MiG-19.

bacteria: Heterotrophic metabolism: …a membrane enzyme called the F1F0-proton-translocating ATPase, which couples this proton movement to ATP synthesis in a process identical to that which occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells (see metabolism: The combustion of food materials).

Appleton layer, upper layer (called F2) of the F region of the ionosphere. The layer was named for British physicist Sir Edward Victor

Leroy Randle Grumman: With the F4F Wildcat, introduced in 1940, Grumman switched to monoplane construction. The F4F featured a folding wing for compact stowage and was the United States’ principal carrier-based fighter plane until Grumman’s F6F Hellcat entered service in 1943. The F6F showed the bulky, ungainly, teardrop-shaped lines for…

Leroy Randle Grumman: …carrier-based fighter plane until Grumman’s F6F Hellcat entered service in 1943. The F6F showed the bulky, ungainly, teardrop-shaped lines for which Grumman became famous, but it became the most successful fighter in the Pacific theatre, outflying and outgunning the Japanese Zero. The Hellcat was the first plane built to pilot…

John Cena: … (2009), The Reunion (2011), and F9: The Fast Saga and The Suicide Squad (both 2021). He also proved adept at comedy, appearing in Trainwreck (2015), which was directed by Judd Apatow and starred Amy Schumer; Blockers (2018); Playing with Fire (2019); and Vacation Friends (2021). Cena lent his voice to…

Uruguay: Political process: A third party, the leftist Broad Front (Frente Amplio), also called Progressive Encounter (Encuentro Progresista), is a coalition of Christian democrats, socialists, communists, and dissident members of the two other parties.

Football Association (FA), ruling body for English football (soccer), founded in 1863. The FA controls every aspect of the organized game, both amateur and professional, and is responsible for national competitions, including the Challenge Cup series that culminates in the traditional Cup Final at

Fa Ngum was the founder and first king of the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang who created the first unified state of the Lao people. Fa Ngum was the grandson of Souvanna Khamphong, the last in a long line of local rulers of the principality of Muang Swa, later called Luang Prabang, on the upper Mekong

Fa Ngum was the founder and first king of the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang who created the first unified state of the Lao people. Fa Ngum was the grandson of Souvanna Khamphong, the last in a long line of local rulers of the principality of Muang Swa, later called Luang Prabang, on the upper Mekong

Fa-hsiang, school of Chinese Buddhism derived from the Indian Yogācāra school. See

Faxian was a Buddhist monk whose pilgrimage to India in 402 initiated Sino-Indian relations and whose writings give important information about early Buddhism. After his return to China he translated into Chinese the many Sanskrit Buddhist texts he had brought back. Sehi, who later adopted the

Lotus Sutra, (“Lotus of the Good Law [or True Doctrine] Sutra”), one of the earlier Mahāyāna Buddhist texts venerated as the quintessence of truth by the Japanese Tendai (Chinese T’ien-t’ai) and Nichiren sects. The Lotus Sutra is regarded by many others as a religious classic of great beauty and

Fazang was a Buddhist monk usually considered to be the founder of the Huayan school of Buddhism in China because he systematized its doctrines. Basically, the Huayan school taught that all phenomena are interrelated. Hence every living being possesses the Buddha-nature within. According to legend,

Angola: Security: Angola’s military, the Armed Forces of Angola (Forças Armadas de Angolanas; FAA), includes the army, navy, and air force. The army is by far the largest segment of the FAA, with the navy and air force maintaining far fewer troops. The FAA was created by a 1991 agreement…

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), agency of the U.S. federal government that is responsible for ensuring the safety and efficiency of civil aviation in the United States and in surrounding international waters. Created as the independent Federal Aviation Agency in 1958, it was incorporated

the Beatles, British musical quartet and a global cynosure for the hopes and dreams of a generation that came of age in the 1960s. The principal members were John Lennon (b. October 9, 1940, Liverpool, Merseyside, England—d. December 8, 1980, New York, New York, U.S.), Paul McCartney (in full Sir

broad bean, (Vicia faba), species of legume (family Fabaceae) widely cultivated for its edible seeds. The broad bean is the principal bean of Europe, though it is generally less well known in the United States. As with other vetches, broad beans are frequently planted as cover crops and green

Italian literature: Prose: …the Bolognese professor of rhetoric Guido Faba, illustrated his teaching with examples adapted from Latin. Guittone, his most-notable follower in epistolography, tended toward an ornate style replete with elaborate rhetorical and metrical figures. In contrast with Guittone’s style is the clear scientific prose of Ristoro d’Arezzo’s Della composizione del mondo…

Fabaceae, pea family of flowering plants (angiosperms), within the order Fabales. Fabaceae, which is the third largest family among the angiosperms after Orchidaceae (orchid family) and Asteraceae (aster family), consists of more than 700 genera and about 20,000 species of trees, shrubs, vines, and

Fabales, order of dicotyledonous flowering plants in the Rosid I group among the core eudicots. The order comprises 4 families (Fabaceae, Polygalaceae, Quillajaceae, and Surianaceae), 754 genera, and more than 20,000 species. However, more than 95 percent of the genera and species belong to

Diego Fabbri was an Italian playwright whose plays for stage and television often carried religious themes that brought him into conflict with the Roman Catholic Church. Fabbri began writing for the theatre while working toward a doctorate in law (1936). One of his first plays, Il nodo (1936; “The

Beretta SpA, Italian-based manufacturer of sporting, military, and personal firearms, one of the world’s oldest industrial enterprises. It has affiliates in France, Greece, and the United States. Headquarters are in Gardone Val Trompia, near Milan, Italy. The founder of the business, Bartolomeo

Fiat, major Italian manufacturer of automobiles that is a subsidiary of the multinational automobile manufacturer Stellantis. Among its automotive names were Chrysler, Ferrari, Maserati, and Lancia. The company also had interests in retailing, chemicals, and civil engineering in addition to

Fred Luter, Jr.: …1986 he became pastor of Franklin Avenue Baptist Church (FABC), a formerly large white church in the Ninth Ward that had become a mainly Black congregation of fewer than 100 worshipers. Pursuing an evangelization strategy that he called “FRANgelism” (FRAN was an acronym for “friends, relatives, associates, neighbours”), Luter built…

First Battle of Ypres: The Battle of the Yser and the main German attack: Max von Fabeck, at the head of an ad hoc force dubbed Army Group Fabeck, made his principal effort on the British front southeast of Ypres. On October 30 the German XV Corps fell upon the weary British 7th Division and drove it back from…

Tony Kushner: …Eric Roth), Lincoln (2012), and The Fabelmans (2022; cowritten with Spielberg), all of which earned Kushner Academy Award nominations. He also wrote the script for Spielberg’s remake of West Side Story (2021). In addition, Kushner authored the children’s book Brundibar (2003; illustrated by Maurice Sendak) and coedited (with Alisa Solomon)…

Christian Fürchtegott Gellert: …was best known for his Fabeln und Erzählungen (1746–48; “Fables and Tales”), a collection of naïvely realistic fables and moralizing stories charming for their directness and simplicity. These tales not only had many readers among the common people but also influenced other fable writers. Equally popular was Geistliche Oden und…

Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples was an outstanding French humanist, theologian, and translator whose scholarship stimulated scriptural studies during the Protestant Reformation. Ordained a priest, Lefèvre taught philosophy in Paris from about 1490 to 1507. During visits to Italy in 1492 and 1500, he

Fernán Caballero was a Spanish writer whose novels and stories depict the language, customs, and folklore of rural Andalusia. Her father was Johann Niklaus Böhl von Faber, a German businessman who converted to Roman Catholicism and became a well-known critic of Spanish literature. He moved the

Eberhard Faber was a German businessman who, with his brother Lothar, expanded his family’s pencil company into a global art supplies enterprise. Faber moved to the United States in 1849 and built a manufacturing plant in 1861, the first large-scale American pencil factory, to serve an American

Frederick William Faber was a British theologian, noted hymnist, and founder of the Wilfridians, a religious society living in common without vows. Faber was elected fellow of University College, Oxford, in 1837. Originally a Calvinist, he became a disciple of John Henry Newman (later cardinal)

pottery: Tin-glazed ware: …been a Nürnberg glass painter, J.L. Faber, and others. Polychrome enamel decoration was developed by another glass painter, Abraham Helmhack (1654–1724), who mastered the technique as early as 1690, many years before it was adopted by the factories. The more important studio painters are Johann Aufenwerth and Bartholomäus Seuter of…

Eberhard Faber was a German businessman who, with his brother Lothar, expanded his family’s pencil company into a global art supplies enterprise. Faber moved to the United States in 1849 and built a manufacturing plant in 1861, the first large-scale American pencil factory, to serve an American