Ding Liren is a Chinese chess player who became the world chess champion in 2023. Ding learned chess at the age of four. His hometown, Wenzhou, is known in China for its strong chess culture, and as a child Ding studied under the same coaches that taught women’s world champion Zhu Chen. He quickly

Ding ware, Chinese glazed stoneware produced for many centuries, beginning in the 8th century ad. Usually white in colour, Ding ware is either plain or decorated with incised, molded, impressed, or carved designs, among which the phoenix, lily, and peony are popular. The most important types of

rationalism: Epistemological rationalism in modern philosophies: …causality—represents an order holding among things-in-themselves (German Dinge-an-sich) cannot be known. Kant’s rationalism was thus the counterpart of a profound skepticism.

Dingane was a Zulu king (1828–40) who assumed power after taking part in the murder of his half brother Shaka in 1828. Very little is known of Zulu politics prior to 1828, but by 1827 the kingdom was rife with factional rivalries that centred on some of Shaka’s brothers and white mercenary traders.

Day of Reconciliation, public holiday observed in South Africa on December 16. The holiday originally commemorated the victory of the Voortrekkers (southern Africans of Dutch, German, or Huguenot descent who made the Great Trek) over the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River in 1838. Before the

Caran: …special western Rajasthan dialect, called Dingal, that is not used for any other purpose.

Dingane was a Zulu king (1828–40) who assumed power after taking part in the murder of his half brother Shaka in 1828. Very little is known of Zulu politics prior to 1828, but by 1827 the kingdom was rife with factional rivalries that centred on some of Shaka’s brothers and white mercenary traders.

Day of Reconciliation, public holiday observed in South Africa on December 16. The holiday originally commemorated the victory of the Voortrekkers (southern Africans of Dutch, German, or Huguenot descent who made the Great Trek) over the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River in 1838. Before the

Franz Ferdinand, count von Dingelstedt was a German poet, playwright, and theatrical producer known for his biting political satires. A member of the liberal Young Germany movement, Dingelstedt wrote political satires against the German princes, notably Die Neuen Argonauten (1839; “The New

Zhoushan Archipelago: Dinghai, the chief town of the archipelago, is a walled city located some distance inland on Zhoushan Island; it is connected to the coast by a short canal. Dinghai became the administrative centre when the Qing dynasty transferred the administration of the islands from the…

dinghy, any of various small boats. Rowboats or sailboats called dinghies are used to carry passengers or cargo along the coasts of India, especially in the sheltered waters around the peninsula. As a small ship’s boat in other countries, the dinghy may be a rowboat but more often is powered and

Ninhursag, in Mesopotamian religion, city goddess of Adab and of Kish in the northern herding regions; she was the goddess of the stony, rocky ground, the hursag. In particular, she had the power in the foothills and desert to produce wildlife. Especially prominent among her offspring were the

Dingiswayo was an African chief or king of the Mthethwa of Southern Africa. Few hard facts are known about Dingiswayo, but it is clear that he was dominant during the first two decades of the 19th century (though he may have been influential in the 1790s, or even earlier). It is likely that

Dingle Peninsula: Dingle Bay separates the Dingle Peninsula from the Iveragh Peninsula to the south.

Dingle Peninsula, peninsula and bay in County Kerry, on the southwestern coast of Ireland. The peninsula begins south of Tralee as the Slieve Mish range, with elevations of more than 2,000 feet (600 metres), but in the west it becomes a mixture of hills and lowlands, with a north-trending line of

William McKinley: Presidency: …he signed into law the Dingley Tariff, the highest protective tariff in American history to that time. Yet domestic issues would play only a minor role in the McKinley presidency. Emerging from decades of isolationism in the 1890s, Americans had already shown signs of wanting to play a more assertive…

radio: Pirates and public-service radio: Johnny Walker, for example, became popular on Radio Caroline and later shifted to BBC’s Radio 1; in the mid-1970s, he even worked on American radio. Doing it the other way around, John Peel began in American radio in the 1960s, later joining pirate Radio London…

metalwork: 18th century: …II the Strong established under Johann Melchior Dinglinger a court workshop that produced jewels and enamelled goldwork unequalled since the Renaissance; and the gold snuffboxes made by Johann Christian Neuber rivalled those of the Parisian goldsmiths.

dingo, (Canis lupus dingo, Canis dingo), member of the family Canidae native to Australia. Most authorities regard dingoes as a subspecies of the wolf (Canis lupus dingo); however, some authorities consider dingoes to be their own species (C. dingo). The name dingo is also used to describe wild

Dinguiraye, town, north-central Guinea. It lies at the eastern edge of the Fouta Djallon plateau. The town was once the seat of the imamate (region ruled by a Muslim religious leader) of ʿUmar Tal, whose jihad (holy war) led to the creation of the Tukulor empire (1850–93) in the Niger River valley.

Dinh Bo Linh was the emperor and founder of the second Vietnamese dynasty, who, after a decade of anarchy, reunified his country, winning official recognition of Vietnam as a state independent from China. According to Vietnamese annals, Dinh Bo Linh, of peasant ancestry, was the adopted son of a

Dinh Bo Linh was the emperor and founder of the second Vietnamese dynasty, who, after a decade of anarchy, reunified his country, winning official recognition of Vietnam as a state independent from China. According to Vietnamese annals, Dinh Bo Linh, of peasant ancestry, was the adopted son of a

Italy: Shifting power: …head the government, this time Lamberto Dini, the former chief executive of the Bank of Italy and previously Berlusconi’s treasury minister. In January 1995 Dini formed a government of nonpolitical “technocrats,” supported by the Northern League and by the left-wing parties in parliament (the losers in the 1994 elections). This…

Dinichthys, extinct genus of arthrodires, i.e., primitive, armoured, fishlike animals known as placoderms that dominated ancient seas. Dinichthys lived during the Late Devonian Period (374 to 360 million years ago) and is found fossilized in rocks of that age in Europe, northern Asia, and North

sabre-toothed cat: >Dinictis, and Barbourofelis. The Machairodontinae, extant from about 12 million to less than 10,000 years ago, include the more familiar Smilodon as well as Homotherium and Meganteron. Sabre-toothed cats roamed North America and Europe throughout the Miocene and Pliocene epochs (23 million to 2.6

cloud rat: Bushy-tailed cloud rats: The Dinigat bushy-tailed cloud rat (C. australis) is about the same size as C. heaneyi and is found only on Dinagat Island, north of Mindanao. It has tawny fur on the head and back and an orange-brown belly.

railroad: Cars for daytime service: …terms of staff, dining or restaurant car service of main meals entirely prepared and cooked in an on-train kitchen has been greatly reduced since World War II. Full meal service is widely available on intercity trains, but many railroads have switched to airline methods of wholly or partly preparing dishes…

table: …common type of large medieval dining table was of trestle construction, consisting of massive boards of oak or elm resting on a series of central supports to which they were affixed by pegs, which could be removed and the table dismantled. Tables with attached legs, joined by heavy stretchers fixed…

Dany Laferrière: …Goût des jeunes filles (1992; Dining with the Dictator), which together earned widespread praise for the lyrical quality of his narrative voice and for his thematic exploration of racial and sexual tension, exclusion and alienation, class consciousness, and the multiplicity of exploitation.

Dinis was the sixth king of Portugal (1279–1325), who strengthened the kingdom by improving the economy and reducing the power of the nobility and the church. The son of Afonso III, Dinis was educated at a court subject to both French and Castilian cultural influences and became a competent poet.

Júlio Dinis was a poet, playwright, and novelist, the first great novelist of modern Portuguese middle-class society. His novels, extremely popular in his lifetime and still widely read in Portugal today, are written in a simple and direct style accessible to a large public. His first attacks of

nitrocellulose: Composition, properties, and manufacture of nitrocellulose: …however, most nitrocellulose compounds are dinitrates, averaging 1.8 to 2.8 nitro groups per molecule and containing from 10.5 to 13.5 percent nitrogen. The degree of nitration determines the solubility and flammability of the final product.

nitrous oxide (N2O), one of several oxides of nitrogen, a colourless gas with pleasant, sweetish odour and taste, which when inhaled produces insensibility to pain preceded by mild hysteria, sometimes laughter. (Because inhalation of small amounts provides a brief euphoric effect and nitrous oxide

oxide: Nonmetal oxides: …as sulfur trioxide (SO3) and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), in which the nonmetal exhibits one of its common oxidation numbers, are known as acid anhydrides. These oxides react with water to form oxyacids, with no change in the oxidation number of the nonmetal; for example, N2O5 + H2O → 2HNO3. Second,…

ammonia: Hydrazine: and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, (H3C)2NNH2, with liquid dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4. Three tons of the methyl hydrazine mixture were required for the landing on the Moon, and about one ton was required for the launch from the lunar surface. The major commercial uses of hydrazine are as a blowing agent (to make holes…

oxide: Oxides of nitrogen: …(−6 °F), the gases form dinitrogen trioxide, a blue liquid consisting of N2O3 molecules. This molecule exists only in the liquid and solid states. When heated, it forms a mixture of NO and NO2. Nitrogen dioxide is prepared commercially by oxidizing NO with air, but it can be prepared in…

Walter Reckless: …collaboration with the American criminologist Simon Dinitz (1926–2007), on the behavioral patterns of nondelinquent boys who lived in high-delinquency neighborhoods. Reckless concluded that a good self-concept acted as an insulator against the social and personal forces that drove some boys toward delinquency (see human behavior: Self-concept, or identity). In the…

Dinis was the sixth king of Portugal (1279–1325), who strengthened the kingdom by improving the economy and reducing the power of the nobility and the church. The son of Afonso III, Dinis was educated at a court subject to both French and Castilian cultural influences and became a competent poet.

Dinka, people who live in the savanna country surrounding the central swamps of the Nile basin primarily in South Sudan. They speak a Nilotic language classified within the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan languages and are closely related to the Nuer. Numbering some 4,500,000 in the

Nilo-Saharan languages: The diffusion of Nilo-Saharan languages: …Nubian, and the Nilotic languages Dinka (South Sudan), Kalenjin (Kenya), Luo (mainly in Kenya and Tanzania), and Teso (Uganda and Kenya). Of these, only Kanuri is a lingua franca in the proper sense.

Dēnkart, 9th-century encyclopaedia of the Zoroastrian religious tradition. Of the original nine volumes, part of the third and all of volumes four through nine are extant. The surviving portion of the third book is a major source of Zoroastrian theology. It indicates that later Zoroastrianism had

Kevin Roche: …Roche and his future partner, John Dinkeloo (1918–81), completed Saarinen’s incomplete projects, including the Dulles International Airport terminal building near Washington, D.C. (1962), the Vivian Beaumont Repertory Theater for the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in Manhattan (opened 1965), and the stainless steel Gateway Arch of the Jefferson National…

Dinkelsbühl, city, Bavaria Land (state), southern Germany. It lies along the Wörnitz River about 20 miles (30 km) southwest of Ansbach. Mentioned in 928, it was fortified in the 10th century and became a free imperial city in 1273. It flourished in the 14th and 15th centuries and successfully

David Dinkins was an American politician, who served as the first African American mayor of New York City (1990–93). After graduating from high school in 1945, Dinkins attempted to enlist in the U.S. Marine Corps but was told that the “Negro quota” had already been met. He eventually was drafted

David Dinkins was an American politician, who served as the first African American mayor of New York City (1990–93). After graduating from high school in 1945, Dinkins attempted to enlist in the U.S. Marine Corps but was told that the “Negro quota” had already been met. He eventually was drafted

Peter Dinklage is an American actor who was perhaps best known for his role as Tyrion Lannister, a humane and clever dwarf with a penchant for debauchery, on the HBO television show Game of Thrones (2011–19). Dinklage was born with achondroplasia, a form of dwarfism caused by an abnormality in the

Dinner at Eight, American comedy film, released in 1933, that was directed by George Cukor and featured an all-star cast. The witty and fast-paced film was based on the play by George S. Kaufman and Edna Ferber. A dizzy socialite (played by Billie Burke) is so determined to keep her social status

Anne Tyler: …readers, and her next novel, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant (1982), was a national best seller. Her highly successful novel The Accidental Tourist (1985) examines the life of a recently divorced man who writes travel guides for businessmen. It was made into a film in 1988. That year Tyler also…

Steve Carell: Despicable Me, Minions, and Foxcatcher: …misfit in the screwball comedy Dinner for Schmucks. That year he also provided the voice of Gru, a super-villain who plots to steal the Moon, in the animated Despicable Me; he reprised the role in two sequels (2013 and 2017) and voiced a young Gru in Minions (2015) and Minions:…

Samarai: Samarai Island, Papua New Guinea, southwestern Pacific Ocean. It lies 3 miles (5 km) offshore from the southeasternmost extremity of the island of New Guinea.

Neil Simon: …Award for best play; and The Dinner Party (2000).

Judy Chicago: …but it was an installation, The Dinner Party (1974–79), that made her reputation. It became an instant touchstone for the growing feminist movement in the United States.

Henri Matisse: Formative years: …scandal at the Salon with The Dinner Table, in which he combined a Pierre-Auguste Renoir kind of luminosity with a firmly classical composition in deep red and green.

Laura Linney: Linney then was cast in The Dinner (2017), an adaptation of Herman Koch’s novel about two couples’ response to their children’s involvement in a horrific crime. In 2020 she appeared in the dramatic films Falling, which centres on the relationship between a conservative farmer with dementia and his gay son,…

Diane di Prima: She also wrote Dinners and Nightmares (1961; rev. ed., 1974), a book of short stories; a number of plays (collected in Zipcode [1992]); and several autobiographical works, including Memoirs of a Beatnik (1969) and Recollections of My Life as a Woman: The New York Years (2001), a memoir…

Dindshenchas, (Gaelic: “Lore of Places”), studies in Gaelic prose and verse of the etymology and history of place-names in Ireland—e.g., of streams, raths (strongholds of ancient Irish chiefs), mounds, and rocks. These studies were preserved in variant forms in monastic manuscripts dating from as

cockle: 5 centimetres; and the great heart cockle (Dinocardium robustum), 15 centimetres.

archosaur: …such a live-bearing form is Dinocephalosaurus, an archosauromorph—that is, a form more closely related to archosaurs than lepidosaurs (the lineage containing modern lizards and snakes, their direct ancestors, and their close relatives)—which lived about 245 million years ago.

Dinocrates was a Greek architect who prospered under Alexander the Great. He tried to captivate the ambitious fancy of that king with a design for carving Mount Athos into a gigantic seated statue. The plan was not carried out, but Dinocrates designed for Alexander the plan of the new city of

dinoflagellate, (division Dinoflagellata), any of numerous one-celled aquatic organisms bearing two dissimilar flagella and having characteristics of both plants and animals. Most are marine, though some live in freshwater habitats. The group is an important component of phytoplankton in all but

dinoflagellate, (division Dinoflagellata), any of numerous one-celled aquatic organisms bearing two dissimilar flagella and having characteristics of both plants and animals. Most are marine, though some live in freshwater habitats. The group is an important component of phytoplankton in all but

dinoflagellate, (division Dinoflagellata), any of numerous one-celled aquatic organisms bearing two dissimilar flagella and having characteristics of both plants and animals. Most are marine, though some live in freshwater habitats. The group is an important component of phytoplankton in all but

Dinohyus, extinct genus of giant piglike mammals found as fossils in deposits of early Miocene age in North America (the Miocene Epoch occurred 23.7 to 5.3 million years ago). Dinohyus is the last and largest of a group of mammals called entelodonts, an early offshoot of the primitive swine stock.

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Dinolestidae 1 species (Dinolestes lewini), resembling, but not related to, the barracudas (Sphyraenidae). Marine; Australia and Tasmania; length to 80 cm (31 inches). Family Percichthyidae (perch trouts) Eocene to present. Dull-coloured, small perchlike freshwater and marine fishes of Australia, Chile, and Argentina. Dorsal fin deeply notched. About 11…

pacarana, (Dinomys branickii), a rare and slow-moving South American rodent found only in tropical forests of the western Amazon River basin and adjacent foothills of the Andes Mountains from northwestern Venezuela and Colombia to western Bolivia. It has a chunky body and is large for a rodent,

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Dinopercidae Dorsal fin continuous; caudal fin truncate; 3 pairs of intrinsic swim-bladder muscles. 2 monotypic genera. Marine, Indian and Atlantic oceans. Families Glaucosomatidae and Lobotidae Deep-bodied perchlike fishes found in eastern Pacific Ocean, except Lobotes, which also occurs elsewhere in tropical salt water and fresh…

annelid: Annotated classification: …separate orders by some (Nerillida, Dinophilida, Polygordiida, Protodrilida); genera include Dinophilus and Polygordius. Order Myzostomida Body disk-shaped or oval without external segmentation; external or internal commensals or parasites of echinoderms, especially crinoids;

annelid: Annotated classification: >Dinophilus and Polygordius. Order Myzostomida Body disk-shaped or oval without external segmentation; external or internal commensals or parasites of echinoderms, especially crinoids; size, minute to 1 cm; genera include Myzostoma. Order

algae: Annotated classification: …described, most in the class Dinophyceae; includes Alexandrium, Ceratium, Dinophysis, Gonyaulax, Gymnodinium, Noctiluca, Peridinium, and Polykrikos.

algae: Annotated classification: >Dinophysis, Gonyaulax, Gymnodinium, Noctiluca, Peridinium, and Polykrikos. Division Euglenophyta Taxonomy is contentious. Primarily unicellular

ogre-faced spider, any member of the family Dinopidae (or Deinopidae; order Araneida). One pair of eyes is unusually large, producing an ogrelike appearance. The spiders occur throughout the tropics. One genus, Dinopis, the net-casting spider, carries a web that is thrown over

ogre-faced spider: One genus, Dinopis, the net-casting spider, carries a web that is thrown over prey.

moa: …greater moa, in the family Dinornithidae, included the giants of the order. The fossil record for moa is poor; the earliest remains are regarded as originating in the Late Miocene Age (11.6 million to 5.3 million years ago).

moa, (order Dinornithiformes), any of several extinct ostrichlike flightless birds native to New Zealand and constituting the order Dinornithiformes. The number of different species is in dispute, estimates varying from 9 to 64. Among these species, individuals ranged in size from as big as a

dinosaur, (clade Dinosauria), the common name given to a group of reptiles, often very large, that first appeared roughly 245 million years ago (near the beginning of the Middle Triassic Epoch) and thrived worldwide for nearly 180 million years. Most died out by the end of the Cretaceous Period,

Dinosaur National Monument, desert area in northwestern Colorado and northeastern Utah, U.S., set aside in 1915 to preserve rich fossil beds that include dinosaur remains. The monument was enlarged from its original 80 acres (32 hectares) to 326 square miles (844 square km) in 1938 to protect the

Dinosaur Provincial Park, public park located in the badlands of southeastern Alberta, Canada. The nearly 29-square-mile (75-square-km) park is best known for its extensive fossil beds, within which have been identified some 35 different species of dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Epoch (about

dinosaur, (clade Dinosauria), the common name given to a group of reptiles, often very large, that first appeared roughly 245 million years ago (near the beginning of the Middle Triassic Epoch) and thrived worldwide for nearly 180 million years. Most died out by the end of the Cretaceous Period,

dinosauromorph, any of a group of archosaurian reptiles that includes dinosaurs and all other reptiles bearing a closer evolutionary relationship to dinosaurs than to pterosaurs. Dinosaurs include birds and other theropods, sauropodomorphs, and ornithischians—familiar animals that embody the

David Rabe: …a work of black humour; Dinosaurs on the Roof (2008); and Girl by the Road at Night (2009). A Primitive Heart (2005) is a collection of his short stories.

Dinshaway Incident, confrontation in 1906 between residents of the Egyptian village of Dinshaway (Dinshawāy) and British officers during the occupation of Egypt by Great Britain (1882–1952). Harsh exemplary punishments dealt to a number of villagers in the wake of the incident sparked an outcry

Dinshaway Incident, confrontation in 1906 between residents of the Egyptian village of Dinshaway (Dinshawāy) and British officers during the occupation of Egypt by Great Britain (1882–1952). Harsh exemplary punishments dealt to a number of villagers in the wake of the incident sparked an outcry

Judaism: Developments in scholarship: …(1952–83), and in Israel by Ben-Zion Dinur (1884–1973), whose chief work was Yisrael ba-gola (3rd ed., 5 vol., 1961–66; “Israel in the Exile”). Many other first-rank scholars in Europe, Israel, and the United States have made notable contributions to the study of Jewish history, rabbinics, and mysticism.

Robert Dinwiddie was a British colonial administrator who, as lieutenant governor of Virginia, helped precipitate the French and Indian War. After working as a merchant, Dinwiddie entered British government service in 1727 as collector of the customs for Bermuda. In 1738 he was appointed surveyor

Eben Fardd: His best-known poems include Dinystr Jerusalem (“Destruction of Jerusalem”), an ode that won the prize at the Welshpool eisteddfod (1824); Job, which won at Liverpool (1840); and Maes Bosworth (“Bosworth Field”), which won at Llangollen (1858). In addition to his eisteddfodic compositions, he wrote many hymns, a collection of…

Diu, town, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu union territory, western India. It is situated on an island in the Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay) of the Arabian Sea, off the southern tip of the Kathiawar Peninsula in southwestern Gujarat state. Diu Island is about 7 miles (11 km) long and 2 miles (3

Dio Cassius was a Roman administrator and historian, the author of Romaika, a history of Rome, written in Greek, that is a most important authority for the last years of the republic and the early empire. The son of Cassius Apronianus, governor of Dalmatia and Cilicia under Marcus Aurelius, and

Dio Chrysostom was a Greek rhetorician and philosopher who won fame in Rome and throughout the empire for his writings and speeches. Dio was banished in 82 ce for political reasons from both Bithynia and Italy. He wandered for 14 years through the lands near the Black Sea, adopting the life of

Dio Cassius was a Roman administrator and historian, the author of Romaika, a history of Rome, written in Greek, that is a most important authority for the last years of the republic and the early empire. The son of Cassius Apronianus, governor of Dalmatia and Cilicia under Marcus Aurelius, and

Dio Chrysostom was a Greek rhetorician and philosopher who won fame in Rome and throughout the empire for his writings and speeches. Dio was banished in 82 ce for political reasons from both Bithynia and Italy. He wandered for 14 years through the lands near the Black Sea, adopting the life of

The Mill on the Po, trilogy of novels by Riccardo Bacchelli, first published in Italian as Il mulino del Po in 1938–40. The work, considered Bacchelli’s masterpiece, dramatizes the conflicts and struggles of several generations of a family of millers. The first two volumes, Dio ti salve (1938; “God

Dio Cassius was a Roman administrator and historian, the author of Romaika, a history of Rome, written in Greek, that is a most important authority for the last years of the republic and the early empire. The son of Cassius Apronianus, governor of Dalmatia and Cilicia under Marcus Aurelius, and

study of religion: Other studies and emphases: …work in this connection was Dio: formazione e sviluppo del monoteismo nella storia delle religioni (“God: Formation and Development of Monotheism in the History of Religions”), by the Italian historian of religion Raffaele Pettazzoni (1883–1959), who emphasized the importance of the divinized sky in the development of monotheism. He was…

diocese, in some Christian churches, a territorial area administered by a bishop. The word originally referred to a governmental area in the Roman Empire, governed by an imperial vicar. The secular diocese was subdivided into provinces, each with its own governor; but, in the ecclesiastical

quelea, (Quelea quelea), small brownish bird of Africa, belonging to the songbird family Ploceidae (order Passeriformes). It occurs in such enormous numbers that it often destroys grain crops and, by roosting, breaks branches. Efforts to control quelea populations with poisons, napalm, pathogens,

Diocles was a philosopher and pioneer in medicine, among Greek physicians second only to Hippocrates in reputation and ability, according to tradition. A resident of Athens, Diocles was the first to write medical treatises in Attic Greek rather than in the Ionic Greek customarily used for such

Diocletian was a Roman emperor (284–305 ce) who restored efficient government to the empire after the near anarchy of the 3rd century. His reorganization of the fiscal, administrative, and military machinery of the empire laid the foundation for the Byzantine Empire in the East and temporarily

Henry Purcell: Music for theatre: …merely incidental music—notably music for Dioclesian (1690), adapted by Thomas Betterton from the tragedy The Prophetess, by John Fletcher and Philip Massinger; for King Arthur (1691), by John Dryden, designed from the first as an entertainment with music; and for The Fairy Queen (1692), an anonymous adaptation of Shakespeare’s A…

Diocletian was a Roman emperor (284–305 ce) who restored efficient government to the empire after the near anarchy of the 3rd century. His reorganization of the fiscal, administrative, and military machinery of the empire laid the foundation for the Byzantine Empire in the East and temporarily

Diocletian window, semicircular window or opening divided into three compartments by two vertical mullions. Diocletian windows were named for those windows found in the Thermae, or Baths, of Diocletian (now the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli) in Rome. The variant name, thermal window, also