Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse: …The Theory of Knowledge (1896), Development and Purpose (1913), intended as a full statement of his philosophy, and four books collectively entitled The Principles of Sociology. They are The Metaphysical Theory of the State (1918), The Rational Good (1921), The Elements of Social Justice (1922), and Social Development (1924).

anthropology: Development anthropology: The final quarter of the 20th century saw an increasing involvement of social anthropologists with the process of accelerated incorporation of formerly colonial countries into the world economic system. Referred to as development, the process of incorporation involves the transfer to poor countries…

Development Assistance Committee (DAC), international committee acting under the auspices of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The DAC collects and analyzes development data and provides a forum where the world’s major bilateral aid donors meet to discuss, review,

chamber of commerce, any of various voluntary organizations of business firms, public officials, professional people, and public-spirited citizens. They are primarily interested in publicizing, promoting, and developing commercial and industrial opportunities in their areas; they also seek to

development bank, national or regional financial institution designed to provide medium- and long-term capital for productive investment, often accompanied by technical assistance, in poor countries. The number of development banks has increased rapidly since the 1950s; they have been encouraged by

South Africa: Finance: One such bank, the Development Bank of Southern Africa, is a quasi-governmental company created to promote development projects. Private pension and provident funds and more than two dozen insurance companies play significant roles in the financial sector. An active capital market exists, organized around the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.

Iraq: Postwar reconstruction and social upheavals, 1945–58: …to the establishment of the Development Board. The original oil agreement between the Iraqi government and the IPC had heretofore yielded relatively modest royalties, owing to certain technical limitations (such as the need for pipelines) and to war conditions. It was not until 1952 that construction of pipelines to Bāniyās…

chromatography: Development chromatography: In terms of operation, in development chromatography the mobile phase flow is stopped before solutes reach the end of the bed of stationary phase. The mobile phase is called the developer, and the movement of the liquid along the bed is referred to…

Wassily Kandinsky: Paris period of Wassily Kandinsky: …German pictures is the sober Development in Brown; its title probably alludes to the Nazi brown-shirted storm troopers, who regarded his abstract art as “degenerate.” He lived for the remaining 11 years of his life in an apartment in the Parisian suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine, becoming a naturalized French citizen in…

research and development: Company laboratories: Development laboratories are specifically committed to the support of particular processes or product lines. They are normally under the direct control of the division responsible for manufacture and marketing and are often located close to the manufacturing area. Frequently used as problem solvers by many…

Point Four Program: …enterprises in underdeveloped countries, the Development Loan Fund (1957) for long-term credits, and the Inter-American Development Bank (1961) for regional loans. The United States also sought increased capital for such existing agencies as the Export-Import Bank, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund.

Umberto Boccioni: Only Development of a Bottle in Space (1912) successfully creates a sculptural environment. His most famous work, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (1913), is one of the masterpieces of early modern sculpture.

Vladimir Lenin: Formation of a revolutionary party of Vladimir Lenin: …which culminated in his magisterial Development of Capitalism in Russia (published legally in 1899). In this work, a study of Russian economics, he argued that capitalism was rapidly destroying the peasant commune. The peasantry constituted for the Populists a homogeneous social class, but Lenin claimed that the peasantry was in…

biography: 19th century: …Sir Harold Nicolson wrote in The Development of English Biography (1927), “Then came earnestness, and with earnestness hagiography descended on us with its sullen cloud.” Insistence on respectability, at the expense of candour, had led Carlyle to observe acridly, “How delicate, how decent is English biography, bless its mealy mouth!”…

Eric Temple Bell: …Algebraic Arithmetic (1927) and The Development of Mathematics (1940), became standards in the field, the latter outlining in clear, concise language what Bell believed to be the most significant trends in mathematics.

Sándor Ferenczi: …his ideas on psychotherapy in The Development of Psychoanalysis (1924), written in collaboration with Otto Rank. In this work, which became a centre of controversy among psychoanalysts, he also suggested that the recollection of certain traumatic memories is not essential for modifying neurotic patterns. In Thalassa: A Theory of Genitality…

Vladimir Lenin: Formation of a revolutionary party of Vladimir Lenin: …which culminated in his magisterial Development of Capitalism in Russia (published legally in 1899). In this work, a study of Russian economics, he argued that capitalism was rapidly destroying the peasant commune. The peasantry constituted for the Populists a homogeneous social class, but Lenin claimed that the peasantry was in…

motion-picture technology: Film: …came from experience with a developer known as pyro (pyrogallol), once very popular with still photographers. A negative developed with pyro developer has not only a silver image but also a brown stain. Study of the process showed that the stain was caused by oxidation products given off locally by…

Arnold Gesell: …Growth (1928), he presented a developmental schedule based on this theory, using 195 items of behaviour to evaluate infants of ages between 3 and 30 months. In 1938 Gesell and Helen Thompson produced a revised developmental schedule for evaluating infants as early as four weeks after birth. Although his schedules…

chamber music: Form: …elaborated to create a “development section”), and a recapitulation of the first part with changed harmonies. The second movement was generally in slow tempo and could represent one of several forms: another sonata form, a set consisting of theme and variations, or the like. Then followed a movement in…

development theory, cluster of research and theories on economic and political development. The use of the term development to refer to national economic growth emerged in the United States beginning in the 1940s and in association with a key American foreign policy concern: how to shape the future

economic development, the process whereby simple, low-income national economies are transformed into modern industrial economies. Although the term is sometimes used as a synonym for economic growth, generally it is employed to describe a change in a country’s economy involving qualitative as well

psychological development, the development of human beings’ cognitive, emotional, intellectual, and social capabilities and functioning over the course of a normal life span, from infancy through old age. It is the subject matter of the discipline known as developmental psychology. Child psychology

Orrin Hatch: Dick Durbin helped formulate the DREAM (Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors) Act, dedicated to setting undocumented students on a path to U.S. citizenship. Also in 2001 he became one of the few Republican advocates of stem cell research, and he praised Democratic Pres. Barack Obama for lifting the…

John Barth: …and a Night (2004) and The Development (2008) are collections of interconnected short stories. Every Third Thought: A Novel in Five Seasons (2011) features a character from The Development who injures his head and then, with each change of the seasons, experiences moments from his past as if they are…

human development: Physical and behavioral interaction: The concept of developmental age, as opposed to chronological age, is an important one. To measure developmental age, there is need of some way of determining how far along his own path to maturity a given child has gone. Therefore, there is need of a measure in which…

history of Europe: The principle of evolution: Yet it should not be imagined that revolution by force or radical remodeling inspired every thinking European. Even if liberals and reactionaries were still ready to take to the barricades to achieve their ends, the conservatives were not, except in self-defense. The conservative philosophy,…

developmental disability: The concept of developmental disability: …(later known generally as the Developmental Disabilities Act), the term developmental disability was used in place of mental retardation. When the act was reauthorized in 1970, the two terms appeared together, where developmental disability was defined as a “disability attributable to mental retardation, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, or another neurological condition”…

developmental disability, any of multiple conditions that emerge from anomalies in human development. The essential feature of a developmental disability is onset prior to adulthood and the need for lifelong support. Examples of conditions commonly encompassed under the term developmental

neuroplasticity: Developmental plasticity occurs when neurons in the young brain rapidly sprout branches and form synapses. Then, as the brain begins to process sensory information, some of these synapses strengthen and others weaken. Eventually, some unused synapses are eliminated completely, a process known as synaptic pruning,…

developmental psychology, the branch of psychology concerned with the changes in cognitive, motivational, psychophysiological, and social functioning that occur throughout the human life span. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, developmental psychologists were concerned primarily with child

Ancestral Pueblo culture: …III (500–750), Pueblo I (750–950), Pueblo II (950–1150), Pueblo III (1150–1300), and Pueblo IV (1300–1600). When the first cultural time lines of the American Southwest were created in the early 20th century, scientists included a Basketmaker I stage. They created this hypothetical period in anticipation of finding evidence for the…

stuttering: Developmental stuttering occurs in young children and typically manifests when a child is first learning to speak but lacks the speech and language skills necessary to express himself or herself through speech. In this instance stuttering may be precipitated by excitement, stress, or anxiety. For…

history of Europe: The principle of evolution: Yet it should not be imagined that revolution by force or radical remodeling inspired every thinking European. Even if liberals and reactionaries were still ready to take to the barricades to achieve their ends, the conservatives were not, except in self-defense. The conservative philosophy,…

développé, (French: “developed,” or “unfolded”), in ballet, a smooth, gradual unfolding of the leg. The dancer raises the thigh to the side with the knee bent while bringing the toe of the working leg along the calf to the back of the knee of the supporting leg. The working leg is then straightened

Pleistocene Epoch: Glacial records: …last glaciation, the Weichselian and Devensian, correlate with oxygen-18 stages 5d–a, 4, 3, and 2. As in central North America, tills and other deposits are well known only from the last part of this interval. The deglacial history generally is similar, except for a widespread but short interval of renewed…

Deventer, gemeente (municipality), east-central Netherlands, on the IJssel River at the west end of the Overijssel Canal. Deventer developed in the 8th century around a chapel established by St. Lebuinus. During the Middle Ages it prospered as a member of the Hanseatic League, had a monopoly of the

Conrad Theodor van Deventer was a Dutch jurist and statesman whose article “Een eereschuld” (“A Debt of Honour”) and ideas had a profound influence on the development of the colonial Ethical Policy in the Dutch East Indies. Van Deventer, educated in the law, left in 1880 for the Indies, where he

devequt, (Hebrew: “attachment”), in Jewish religious thought, an adherence to or communion with God that stops short of mystical union. The notion of devequt apparently derived from the biblical reference to “loving the Lord your God, walking in all his ways, and holding fast to him” (Deuteronomy

Lillie Devereux Blake was an American novelist, essayist, and reformer whose early career as a writer of fiction was succeeded by a zealous activism on behalf of woman suffrage. Elizabeth Devereux grew up in Raleigh, North Carolina, and in New Haven, Connecticut, was educated in a private school

Lady Penelope Rich was an English noblewoman who was the “Stella” of Sir Philip Sidney’s love poems Astrophel and Stella (1591). She was the daughter of Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex. From an early age she was expected to be a likely wife for Sidney, but after her father’s death her guardian,

Robert Devereux, 2nd earl of Essex was an English soldier and courtier famous for his relationship with Queen Elizabeth I (reigned 1558–1603). While still a young man, Essex succeeded his stepfather, Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, as the aging queen’s favourite; for years she put up with his

Robert Devereux, 3rd earl of Essex was an English nobleman who commanded, with notable lack of success, the Parliamentary army against Charles I’s forces in the first three years of the English Civil Wars. Because his father, Robert Devereux, 2nd earl of Essex, had been executed for treason (1601),

Walter Devereux, 1st earl of Essex was an English soldier who led an unsuccessful colonizing expedition to the Irish province of Ulster from 1573 to 1575. The atrocities he committed there contributed to the bitterness the Irish felt toward the English. He was the eldest son of Sir Richard Devereux

vernalization: Devernalization can be brought about by exposing previously vernalized plants or seeds to high temperatures, causing a reversion to the original nonflowering condition. Onion sets that are commercially stored at near freezing temperatures to retard spoilage are thereby automatically vernalized and ready to flower as…

Gail Devers is an American track athlete who overcame physical adversity to win Olympic gold medals in 1992 and 1996. Devers began running in high school. Later, at the University of California at Los Angeles, she won the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) 100-metre dash in 1988 and

Jacob L. Devers was a U.S. general during World War II, whose 6th Army Group successfully penetrated German-held positions in central Europe and helped wrest the mainland from Nazi control. At the outbreak of World War II (1940), Devers was commanding general of the 9th infantry division, becoming

Gail Devers is an American track athlete who overcame physical adversity to win Olympic gold medals in 1992 and 1996. Devers began running in high school. Later, at the University of California at Los Angeles, she won the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) 100-metre dash in 1988 and

Lovech: …the Stratesh Hill, and the Devetashka Cave. The last, a prehistoric dwelling and now a park, contains a large cave with stalagmites, stalactites, an underground river, and a waterfall. Pop. (2004 est.) 41,476.

George Devey was a British architect who influenced nonacademic architects in England in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Devey was educated in London and studied painting before he trained as an architect. His considerable, and exclusively domestic, practice included designs for lodges,

Kajol is a Bollywood actress known for her versatility and expressive acting style. She is one of the most successful actresses in the industry, having won six Filmfare Awards, given for excellence in Indian cinema. She comes from a long line of actors. Her mother, Tanuja; aunt, Nutan; and cousins

Kajol is a Bollywood actress known for her versatility and expressive acting style. She is one of the most successful actresses in the industry, having won six Filmfare Awards, given for excellence in Indian cinema. She comes from a long line of actors. Her mother, Tanuja; aunt, Nutan; and cousins

SEAL Team 6, common name for an elite U.S. military special missions unit consisting of Navy SEALs (Sea, Air, and Land forces). SEAL Team 6 is best known for the 2011 raid that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden. It is overseen by the Joint Special Operations Command, a component of the

Devi Mahatmya: …figure of the Goddess (Devi) as the primary deity.

Indore: Indore is the seat of Devi Ahilya University (founded in 1964 as the University of Indore), with numerous constituent and affiliated colleges in the city, including Holkar Science College and Indore Christian College. Indore also has a number of Ayurvedic and allopathic hospitals and training institutes, the Atomic Centre for…

Devī Bhāgavata Purāṇa, text of the devotional Hinduism called Śāktism, in which the Great Goddess (Devī) is worshiped as primary. The Devī Bhāgavata Purāṇa is usually listed among the 18 “minor” or sectarian Purāṇas (encyclopedic compendiums whose topics range from cosmogony and cosmology to ritual

Devi Mahatmya, Sanskrit text, written about the 5th or 6th century ce, that forms a portion of a larger work known as the Markandeya-purana. It is the first such text that revolves entirely around the figure of the Goddess (Devi) as the primary deity. While goddesses were worshiped in India before

Dewas: …Hill, which rises to the Devi Vashini shrine.

deviance, in sociology, violation of social rules and conventions. French sociologist Émile Durkheim viewed deviance as an inevitable part of how society functions. He argued that deviance is a basis for change and innovation, and it is also a way of defining or clarifying important social norms.

magnetic compass: …local magnetic influences is called deviation.

insurance: Warranties: Under the deviation warranty, the ship may not deviate from its intended course except to save lives. Clauses may be attached to the ocean marine policy to eliminate the implied warranties of seaworthiness or deviation. The implied warranty of legality, however, may not be waived. Under this…

gauge: Deviation-type gauges indicate the amount by which the object being gauged deviates from the standard. This deviation is usually shown in units of measurement, but some gauges show only whether the deviation is within a certain range. They include dial indicators, in which movement of…

devil, (from Greek diabolos, “slanderer” or “accuser”), the spirit or power of evil. Though sometimes used for minor demonic spirits, the word devil generally refers to the prince of evil spirits and as such takes various forms in the religions of the world. In the monotheistic Western religions,

The Devil and Daniel Webster, often-anthologized short story by Stephen Vincent Benét, published in 1937. Two years later it reappeared as a one-act folk opera by Benét and composer Douglas Moore. Jabez Stone, a New Hampshire farmer, receives a decade of material wealth in return for selling his

The Devil and Daniel Webster, American fantasy film, released in 1941, that was based on Stephen Vincent Benét’s 1937 short story of the same name. The movie is noted for its innovative camera work and Academy Award-winning score. Jabez Stone (played by James Craig), a down-on-his-luck 19th-century

Sam Wood: Wood’s heyday: …success continued with the comedy The Devil and Miss Jones (1941). Charles Coburn starred as the wealthy owner of a department store who goes undercover in order to root out union activists but instead is befriended by a clerk (played by Jean Arthur) and develops sympathy for his mistreated employees.…

Paulo Coelho: …e a Señorita Prym (2000; The Devil and Miss Prym), an investigation of the essential nature of humankind; and Onze minutos (2003; Eleven Minutes), which explores the boundaries between love and sex through the story of a prostitute. A bruxa de Portobello (2006; The Witch of Portobello) tells the story…

The Devil and Tom Walker, short story by Washington Irving, published as part of the collection Tales of a Traveller in 1824. This all-but-forgotten tall tale is considered by some to be one of Irving’s finest short stories. Set in Massachusetts, the plot is a retelling of the Faust legend, with a

Riccardo Bacchelli: …Il diavolo al pontelungo (1927; The Devil at the Long Bridge), is a historical novel about an attempted Socialist revolution in Italy.

Lloyd Bacon: Warner Brothers: Devil Dogs of the Air (1935) provided Cagney with the promising setting of the U.S. Marine Air Corps and an on-screen rivalry with Pat O’Brien, but again the result was unimpressive.

Tod Browning: Final films: The Devil Doll (1936) had Barrymore scuttling about in women’s garb, Lon Chaney style, as a madman who shrinks people and bends them to his will, exacting revenge on the judge and jury who sent him to Devil’s Island. After that came only Miracles for…

Tasmanian devil: …by a contagious cancer called devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), which produces large, often grotesque tumours around the head and mouth. The tumours grow large enough to interfere with the animal’s ability to eat, resulting in starvation. This, in combination with the deleterious physiological effects of the cancer, leads to…

lionfish: …invaded by another lionfish species, Miles’ firefish (P. miles; also called the devil firefish). Miles’ firefish is native to the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, and the Persian Gulf, but by 2016 it had also established at least one breeding population along the southern coast of Cyprus. Scientists suspect that…

Don Cheadle: …the protagonist (Denzel Washington), in Devil in a Blue Dress (1995), based on the first novel by Walter Mosley.

Walter Mosley: …before publishing his first novel, Devil in a Blue Dress (1990; film 1995). Set in 1948, the novel introduces Ezekiel (“Easy”) Rawlins, an unwilling amateur detective from the Watts section of Los Angeles. It presents period issues of race relations and mores as the unemployed Rawlins is hired to find…

Lion Feuchtwanger: …an internment camp, described in The Devil in France (1941; later published in its original German as Unholdes Frankreich and Der Teufel in Frankreich). Of his later works the best known are Waffen für Amerika (1947; also published as Die Füchse im Weinberg; Eng. trans. Proud Destiny), Goya oder der…

Claude Autant-Lara: …Le Diable au corps (1947; Devil in the Flesh).

Raymond Radiguet: …Le Diable au corps (1923; The Devil in the Flesh), which remains a unique expression of the poetry and perversity of an adolescent boy’s love.

John Osborne: His first play, The Devil Inside Him, was written in 1950 with his friend and mentor Stella Linden, an actress and one of Osborne’s first passions.

W.S. Van Dyke: Powell and Loy, Eddy and MacDonald: …Dyke had more success with The Devil Is a Sissy (1936), a dramedy that cast young stars Mickey Rooney, Freddie Bartholomew, and Jackie Cooper as boys from differing backgrounds who end up attending the same school in New York. Love on the Run (1936) featured Gable and Franchot Tone as…

Marlene Dietrich: …The Scarlet Empress (1934), and The Devil Is a Woman (1935). She showed a lighter side in Desire (1936), directed by Frank Borzage, and Destry Rides Again (1939).

Bering Land Bridge National Preserve: The Devil Mountain Lakes maar is the largest such feature in the world. The Serpentine Hot Springs area, in the south-central part of the preserve, features thermal pools and formations called tors (exposed masses of jointed and broken granite) that also are remnants of past volcanic…

Torngat Mountains, range in northern Labrador, Newfoundland, Canada. The Torngat range extends northward for 120 miles (190 km) from Hebron Fjord to Cape Chidley, between the Quebec border (west) and the Atlantic Ocean (east). Named from an Eskimo (Inuit) term Torngarsuak, meaning “ruler of all sea

Ngugi wa Thiong’o: …English versions, Caitaani Mutharaba-ini (1980; Devil on the Cross), Ngugi presented these ideas in an allegorical form. Written in a manner meant to recall traditional ballad singers, the novel is a partly realistic, partly fantastical account of a meeting between the Devil and various villains who exploit the poor. Mũrogi…

manta ray, any of several genera of marine rays comprising the family Mobulidae (class Selachii). Flattened and wider than they are long, manta rays have fleshy enlarged pectoral fins that look like wings; extensions of those fins, looking like a devil’s horns, project as the cephalic fins from the

Tampa Bay Rays, American professional baseball team based in St. Petersburg, Florida, that plays in the American League (AL). The Rays began play in 1998 and were known as the Devil Rays until the end of the 2007 season. In the years before the advent of the Rays, the Tampa–St. Petersburg area was

serial murder: History: …disturbing expressionist drama M (1931), The Devil Strikes at Night (1958), Peeping Tom (1960), Psycho (1960), Silence of the Lambs (1991), and Monster (2003); examples of the latter were Halloween (1978) and Friday the 13th (1980). Jack the Ripper was a character in

Brazilian literature: The novel: The Devil to Pay in the Backlands), his 600-page epic masterpiece on honour, courage, love, and treachery that takes the form of a first-person monologue by a backlands outlaw who makes a pact with the Devil to gain revenge.

opera: Early opera in Germany and Austria: …was born in London with The Devil to Pay (1731) and its sequel, The Merry Cobbler (1735), both English ballad operas with texts by Charles Coffey. These had pasticcio (“assembled” from preexisting works) scores capitalizing, not very successfully, on the great popularity of The Beggar’s Opera (1728), the score of…

Jerzy Kosinski: …success with his later novels, The Devil Tree (1973; revised 1981), Cockpit (1975), Passion Play (1979), Pinball (1982), and The Hermit of 69th Street (1988).

Emily Blunt: Her scene-stealing performance in The Devil Wears Prada (2006) garnered popular and critical acclaim, and she soon landed lead roles in a wide range of movies, including the period piece The Young Victoria (2009), the crime drama Sicario (2015), and the biopic Oppenheimer (2023).

Satanism, the worship or veneration of Satan, a figure from Christian belief who is also commonly known as the Devil or Lucifer. For most of Christian history, accusations that groups have been deliberately worshipping the Devil have been spurious, with little or no basis in reality. However, from

devil’s advocate, a former office in the Roman Catholic Church, the Promoter of the Faith (Latin: promotor fidei), who critically examined the life of and miracles attributed to an individual proposed for beatification or canonization. He was called the devil’s advocate because his presentation of

Morris West: …noted for such best-sellers as The Devil’s Advocate (1959) and The Shoes of the Fisherman (1963).

Keanu Reeves: Somewhat more successful was The Devil’s Advocate (1997), in which he played a lawyer who falls under the spell of the Devil (Al Pacino). In 1999 Reeves reached a new level of stardom with his portrayal of Neo in the sci-fi cult classic The Matrix (1999). The blockbuster, which…

Frederick Forsyth: His later novels included The Devil’s Alternative (1979), The Fourth Protocol (1984; film 1987), The Negotiator (1989), The Fist of God (1994), Icon (1996; TV movie 2005), Avenger (2003; TV movie 2006), The Kill List (2013), and

dragonfly, (suborder Anisoptera), any of a group of roughly 3,000 species of aerial predatory insects most commonly found near freshwater habitats throughout most of the world. Damselflies (suborder Zygoptera) are sometimes also called dragonflies in that both are odonates (order Odonata).

kalanchoe: Major species: beharensis); and devil’s backbone, or mother of thousands (K. daigremontiana). A range of attractive potted plants, commonly known as florist’s kalanchoe and distinguished by their colourful flowers, have been derived from K. blossfeldiana; they are marketed widely in the winter for their flowers, which may remain fresh…

devil’s backbone, (Euphorbia tithymaloides), succulent plant of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), native from Florida to Venezuela. The plant is called devil’s backbone for the zigzag form some varieties exhibit as well as shoe flower. It is also called redbird cactus (despite not being a true

history of film: Mexico: …El espinazo del diablo (2001; The Devil’s Backbone), and El laberinto del fauno (2006; Pan’s Labyrinth); however, his most successful movie was the American The Shape of Water (2017), for which he won an Oscar for best director. The success of nearly all these works as international art films was…