carbon cycle: …as CO2 by decay, or decomposer, organisms (chiefly bacteria and fungi) in a series of microbial transformations.

radioactivity: Radioactive decay is a property of several naturally occurring elements as well as of artificially produced isotopes of the elements. The rate at which a radioactive element decays is expressed in terms of its half-life; i.e., the time required for one-half of any given quantity of…

radiation measurement: Scintillators: The decay time determines the rate at which the light is emitted following the excitation and is also characteristic of the particular scintillation material. Decay times range from less than one nanosecond to several microseconds and generally represent the slowest process in the several steps involved…

sound: Other effects on tone: …a piano key struck, and decay transients, such as the way the sound of a plucked string dies away, are very important in many instruments, particularly those that are struck or plucked. Vibrato (a periodic slow change in pitch) and tremolo (a periodic slow change in amplitude) also aid the…

Élie, Duke Decazes was a French political figure and leader of the moderate constitutional monarchists during the Bourbon Restoration. A lawyer by profession, Decazes had previously served as a local magistrate (1806), a councillor to Louis Bonaparte in Holland (1807), and judge of the Parisian

commercial fishing: Fish finding: …satellite-transmitted position-fixing equipment such as Decca Navigator, Loran, and Satnav. These enable a skipper to return to the precise position where fish are spotted or to a particular location such as a coral reef or where gear has been set. Microprocessor technology allows information from various instruments such as sonar,…

Decca Records: Shaking, Rattling, and Rolling: Formed as an American division by its British parent company in 1934, Decca was the only major company to stand by its black roster during the 1940s, although most of its artists—including vocal groups (the Mills Brothers and the Ink Spots) and big bands (led…

Formed as an American division by its British parent company in 1934, Decca was the only major company to stand by its black roster during the 1940s, although most of its artists—including vocal groups (the Mills Brothers and the Ink Spots) and big bands (led by Lionel Hampton and Buddy

Deccan, the entire southern peninsula of India south of the Narmada River, marked centrally by a high triangular tableland. The name derives from the Sanskrit daksina (“south”). The plateau is bounded on the east and west by the Ghats, escarpments that meet at the plateau’s southern tip. Its

Indian Premier League: …the Royal Challengers Bangalore, the Deccan Chargers (based in Hyderabad), the Delhi Daredevils (renamed to Delhi Capitals), the Punjab XI Kings (renamed to Punjab Kings) (Mohali), the Kolkata Knight Riders, and the Rajasthan Royals (Jaipur). In late 2010 two franchises, Rajasthan and Punjab, were expelled from the league by the…

Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Early life and career: …university college after founding the Deccan Education Society (1884), which aimed at educating the masses, especially in the English language; he and his associates considered English to be a powerful force for the dissemination of liberal and democratic ideals.

Deccan, the entire southern peninsula of India south of the Narmada River, marked centrally by a high triangular tableland. The name derives from the Sanskrit daksina (“south”). The plateau is bounded on the east and west by the Ghats, escarpments that meet at the plateau’s southern tip. Its

India: Literature and the arts: The Deccani style, vasara, tended to be an intermixture of the northern and the southern, with early examples at Vatapi, Aihole, and Pattadakal and, later, at Halebid, Belur, and Somnathpur in the vicinity of Mysore. The wealth of the temples made them the focus of attack…

Cretaceous Period: Mass extinction: …lava, known as the Deccan Traps, occurred in India during the latest Cretaceous. Some paleontologists believe that the carbon dioxide that accompanied these flows created a global greenhouse effect that greatly warmed the planet. Others note that tectonic plate movements caused a major rearrangement of the world’s landmasses, particularly during…

Deccani painting, style of miniature painting that flourished from the late 16th century among the Deccani sultanates in peninsular India. The style is a sensitive, highly integrated blend of indigenous and foreign art forms. The elongated figures are seemingly related to Vijayanagar wall

Fernanda Montenegro: …films were A falecida (1965; The Deceased); Eles não usam Black-Tie (1981; They Don’t Wear Black Tie), about family relations and labour unrest; and the three-part Traição (1998; Treason), which examined adultery. Her television credits included a number of soap operas, in which she was usually typecast as an “elegant,…

Decebalus was the king of the Dacians, a people who lived in the territory known presently as Romania. Decebalus unified the various Dacian tribes into one nation and led them in wars against the Roman emperors Domitian and Trajan. When Decebalus came to power in 85, he immediately organized an

probate, in Anglo-American law, the judicial proceedings by which it is determined whether or not a paper purporting to be the last will of a deceased person is the legally valid last will. What appears to be a valid will may not be so: it may have been forged, not executed in the way required by

white-collar crime: Common characteristics: …they involve the use of deceit and concealment, rather than the application of force or violence, for the illegitimate gain of money, property, or services. A defendant convicted of making false statements in order to obtain a government contract, for example, is considered a white-collar criminal.

Decelea, in ancient Greece, an Attic deme (township) on the east end of Mount Párnis overlooking the Athenian plain. Its traditional friendship with Sparta is traced to the legend of Decelus, the hero for whom the deme was named. Decelus indicated to the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux) where Theseus

Decelea, in ancient Greece, an Attic deme (township) on the east end of Mount Párnis overlooking the Athenian plain. Its traditional friendship with Sparta is traced to the legend of Decelus, the hero for whom the deme was named. Decelus indicated to the Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux) where Theseus

deceleration injury, impact injury to a body within or upon a rapidly moving object caused by the forces exerted when the object is brought to a sudden halt. Deceleration injury can occur in high-speed vehicles when they stop or slow down abruptly or when the occupants of the vehicle are propelled

history of logic: Transmission of Greek logic to the Latin West: The pseudo-Augustinian Decem categoriae (“Ten Categories”) is a late 4th-century Latin paraphrase of a Greek compendium of the Categories. In the late 5th century Martianus Capella’s allegorical De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii (The Marriage of Philology and Mercury) contains “On the Art of Dialectic” as book IV.

December, twelfth month of the Gregorian calendar. Its name is derived from decem, Latin for “ten,” indicating its position in the early Roman

John Ford: 1930s to World War II: …Battle of Midway (1942) and December 7th (1943), won Academy Awards for best documentary—and, working for the Office of Strategic Services, he was present at Omaha Beach on D-Day. Having been personally under fire and a witness to slaughter, he was so proud of his military service and status that…

Harry Morgan: …role on the situation comedy December Bride (1954–59), which led to the development of Pete and Gladys (1960–62), a spin-off focusing on the marriage of his character, Pete Porter. Morgan then starred in the police procedural Dragnet 1967 (1967–70), a revival of an earlier series that had featured his on-screen…

Austria: Ausgleich of 1867: …and became known as the December constitution, lasted until 1918. These laws granted equality before the law and freedom of press, speech, and assembly; they also protected the interests of the various nationalities, stating that

The Decemberists, American indie-rock group known for its highly stylized, literate songs. The band’s principal members were lead singer and guitarist Colin Meloy (b. October 5, 1974, Helena, Montana, U.S.), keyboardist and accordionist Jenny Conlee (b. December 12, 1971, Seattle, Washington),

Decembrist, any of the Russian revolutionaries who led an unsuccessful uprising on Dec. 14 (Dec. 26, New Style), 1825, and through their martyrdom provided a source of inspiration to succeeding generations of Russian dissidents. The Decembrists were primarily members of the upper classes who had

Decembrist, any of the Russian revolutionaries who led an unsuccessful uprising on Dec. 14 (Dec. 26, New Style), 1825, and through their martyrdom provided a source of inspiration to succeeding generations of Russian dissidents. The Decembrists were primarily members of the upper classes who had

Nicholas I: Ascent to the throne of Nicholas I: …in military formation to the Senate Square—now the Decembrist Square—in the heart of the capital. Although the rebellion had failed by nightfall, it meant that Nicholas I ascended the throne over the bodies of some of his subjects and in actual combat with the dreaded revolution.

decemviri, (Latin: “ten men”), in ancient Rome, any official commission of 10. The designation is most often used in reference to decemviri legibus scribundis, a temporary legislative commission that supplanted the regular magistracy from 451 to 449 bc. It was directed to construct a code of laws

history of film: The Hollywood studio system: …response to pressure from the Legion of Decency and public protest against the graphic violence and sexual suggestiveness of some sound films (the urban gangster films, for example, and the films of Mae West). The Legion had been established in 1933 by the American bishops of the Roman Catholic Church…

Alwin Nikolais: …the related concept of “decentralization,” in which the focal point could be anywhere on the dancer’s body or even outside the body. This was a departure from the traditional opinion that the “centre” of focus was the solar plexus. These theories were developed under Hanya Holm and were displayed…

devolution, the transfer of power from a central government to subnational (e.g., state, regional, or local) authorities. Devolution usually occurs through conventional statutes rather than through a change in a country’s constitution; thus, unitary systems of government that have devolved powers

Blockchain is changing the structure of organizations.If cryptocurrency stands on a horizon far off the traditional investment path, then investing in a virtual organization that supports crypto projects is even more “alternative” than your typical alternative asset. We’re not talking about public

information system: Computer crime and abuse: …followed by identity theft, an impersonation of the user to gain access to the user’s resources.

Irving Rapper: Heyday at Warner Brothers: …Davis, Rains, and Henreid on Deception, a florid melodrama that was among the director’s best pictures; it was based on Louis Verneuil’s play Monsieur Lamberthier. Davis played a music teacher whose marriage to a cellist (Henreid) is threatened by her former lover (Rains), an egotistical composer.

gaslighting: …elaborate and insidious technique of deception and psychological manipulation, usually practiced by a single deceiver, or “gaslighter,” on a single victim over an extended period. Its effect is to gradually undermine the victim’s confidence in his own ability to distinguish truth from falsehood, right from wrong, or reality from appearance,…

Deception Bay, bay and resort town, southeastern Queensland, Australia. The town of Deception Bay lies about 9 miles (14 km) southeast of Caboolture and 20 miles (32 km) north of Brisbane. The city of Redcliffe is located on the peninsula (Redcliffe Peninsula) that forms the southern limits of the

Deception Island, one of the South Shetland Islands, in the Drake Passage, off the Antarctic Peninsula. It is a sunken volcano, the crater of which, about 10 miles (16 km) in diameter, forms one of the best anchorages in the Antarctic. The harbour, known as Port Foster, has been the central port of

Dan Brown: After his third novel, Deception Point (2001), Brown returned to Langdon with The Da Vinci Code, a thriller that centres on art history, Christianity’s origins, and arcane theories. Attempting to solve the murder of the Louvre’s curator, Langdon encounters mysterious organizations (Opus Dei and the Priory of Sion), discusses…

cadence: A deceptive cadence begins with V, like an authentic cadence, except that it does not end on the tonic. Often the triad built on the sixth degree (VI, the submediant) substitutes for the tonic, with which it shares two of its three pitches. A deceptive cadence…

coloration: Optical functions: deceptive coloration: Deceptive coloration depends on four factors: the coloured organism, hereafter referred to as the organism; its model, which may be the background against which it is concealed; the spectral quality of the illumination; and the visual sensitivity and behaviour of the animal or…

Martin Luther: Excommunication: The ensuing bull of excommunication, Decet Romanum Pontificem (“It Pleases the Roman Pontiff”), was published on January 3, 1521. Martin Luther was formally declared a heretic. Ordinarily, those condemned as heretics were apprehended by an authority of the secular government and put to death by burning. In Luther’s case, however,…

Joseph Déchelette was a French archaeologist and author of an important work covering the entire field of the prehistory of France, Le Manuel d’archéologie préhistorique, celtique et gallo-romaine (1908–14; “Textbook of Prehistoric, Celtic, and Gallo-Roman Archaeology”). With his uncle, J.-G.

Henry Bauchau: His first novel, La Déchirure (1966; “The Tear”), is a multileveled narrative on the loss of his mother viewed against a backdrop of Belgian social change. Le Régiment noir (1972; “The Black Regiment”) follows an exiled European among African American soldiers in the American Civil War. Œdipe sur…

seawater: Density of seawater and pressure: …a pressure of about one decibar (0.1 atmosphere), the pressure in decibars is approximately equal to the depth in metres. (One decibar is one-tenth of a bar, which in turn is equal to 105 newtons per square metre.)

decibel (dB), unit for expressing the ratio between two physical quantities, usually amounts of acoustic or electric power, or for measuring the relative loudness of sounds. One decibel (0.1 bel) equals 10 times the common logarithm of the power ratio. Expressed as a formula, the intensity of a

metalogic: Discoveries about formal mathematical systems: …arrived at sharp concepts of decidability. In one sense, decidability is a property of sets (of sentences): that of being subject (or not) to mechanical methods by which to decide in a finite number of steps, for any closed sentence of a given formal system (e.g., of N), whether it…

Dick Francis: Later novels included Comeback (1991), Decider (1993), Come to Grief (1995), To the Hilt (1996), 10 Lb. Penalty (1997), Second Wind (1999), Shattered (2000), and Under Orders (2006). Late in life he began coauthoring novels with his son Felix, including Dead Heat

pregnancy: The uterus and the development of the placenta: …of cells known as the decidua basalis, the maternal component of the mature placenta; it is cast off when the placenta is expelled. The fetal part of the placenta—the villi and their contained blood vessels—is separated from the decidua basalis by a lakelike body of fluid blood. This pool was…

mammal: Implantation, gestation, and birth: …as “afterbirth” (a condition called deciduate) or may be resorbed by the female (nondeciduate). Placentas have been classified on the basis of the relationship between maternal and embryonic tissues. In the simplest nondeciduate placental arrangement, the chorionic villi are in contact with uterine epithelium (the inner surface layer). In the…

deciduous forest, vegetation composed primarily of broad-leaved trees that shed all their leaves during one season. Deciduous forest is found in three middle-latitude regions with a temperate climate characterized by a winter season and year-round precipitation: eastern North America, western

Emma Lucy Braun: Her classic book, Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America (1950), thoroughly describes the plants of the deciduous forest biome and the evolution of the forest community from the most recent ice age to the middle of the 20th century.

scrubland: Biological productivity: The dominant shrubs may be deciduous, losing their leaves for significant periods of time when moisture is in short supply; if they are evergreen their leaves are small and tough and total leaf area is relatively low. They also typically have a substantial proportion of their biomass (dry weight of…

human digestive system: The teeth: …as the deciduous, milk, or primary dentition, is acquired gradually between the ages of six months and two years. As the jaws grow and expand, these teeth are replaced one by one by the teeth of the secondary set. There are five deciduous teeth and eight permanent teeth in each…

plant development: Seasonal adaptations: …resting buds are formed, and deciduous trees lose their leaves. The resting bud consists of a short axis, with the stem apex surrounded by modified unexpanded leaves, which protect the stem, especially from drying. The cells show marked frost resistance, similar to that of the embryo of the seed. Corresponding…

Moonlight: …is bullied by Terrel (Patrick Decile). His mother has sunk deeper into addiction, and he continues to be cared for by Teresa, though his mentor Juan is dead. One night on the beach, Chiron has a sexual encounter with Kevin (now played by Jharrel Jerome). Terrel then manipulates Kevin…

Simon Stevin: …elementary and thorough account of decimal fractions and their daily use. Although he did not invent decimal fractions and his notation was rather unwieldy, he established their use in day-to-day mathematics. He declared that the universal introduction of decimal coinage, measures, and weights would be only a question of time.…

decimal system, in mathematics, positional numeral system employing 10 as the base and requiring 10 different numerals, the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. It also requires a dot (decimal point) to represent decimal fractions. In this scheme, the numerals used in denoting a number take

decimal system: …also requires a dot (decimal point) to represent decimal fractions. In this scheme, the numerals used in denoting a number take different place values depending upon position. In a base-10 system the number 543.21 represents the sum (5 × 102) + (4 × 101) + (3 × 100) +…

decimal system, in mathematics, positional numeral system employing 10 as the base and requiring 10 different numerals, the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. It also requires a dot (decimal point) to represent decimal fractions. In this scheme, the numerals used in denoting a number take

Jupiter: Radio emission: …their characteristic wavelengths—decametre radiation and decimetre radiation.

Děčín, city, northwestern Czech Republic, in the gorge of the Elbe (Labe) River and near the German border. Dominated by its 18th-century castle on a 165-foot (50-metre) crag, it is the economic and cultural centre of a scenic tourist region noted for its deep valleys and rock formations. Founded

data encryption: Conversely, decryption, or decipherment, is the process of converting ciphertext back into its original format. Manual encryption has been used since Roman times, but the term has become associated with the disguising of information via electronic computers. Encryption is a process basic to cryptology.

boxing: Ring, rules, and equipment: …may also end in a decision when the bout has gone the scheduled number of rounds and the scoring officials decide the winner. Several conditions can cause a bout to end in a draw: all three judges awarding identical scores to both contestants results in a draw, as does two…

decision theory, in statistics, a set of quantitative methods for reaching optimal decisions. A solvable decision problem must be capable of being tightly formulated in terms of initial conditions and choices or courses of action, with their consequences. In general, such consequences are not known

Lewis Allen: …filmed in West Germany, and Decision at Midnight (1963), a political thriller starring Martin Landau.

Budd Boetticher: Westerns: Decision at Sundown (1957) was more pedestrian, possibly because Kennedy was not involved with the script. However, Scott gave a memorable performance as a gunman seeking revenge against the man (John Carroll) who stole his wife. Buchanan Rides Alone (1958) had a semi-comical undertone, with…

Anatole Litvak: The Hollywood years: …was followed by the thriller Decision Before Dawn (1951), with Oskar Werner as a German prisoner of war who agrees to spy on the Nazis for the United States during World War II. Litvak, having returned to living in France in 1949, used authentic German locations to lend verisimilitude to…

government economic policy: The problem of time lags: The decision lag is the period between the time when the need for action is recognized and the time when action is taken. Although the recognition lag is presumably of about the same duration for both monetary and fiscal policies, the decision lag is usually considerably…

decision making, process and logic through which individuals arrive at a decision. Different models of decision making lead to dramatically different analyses and predictions. Decision-making theories range from objective rational decision making, which assumes that individuals will make the same

George W. Bush: Postpresidential activities: …2010 Bush published the memoir Decision Points, in which he defended the Iraq War, stated that he personally approved the waterboarding of a captured member of al-Qaeda, reasserted his belief that waterboarding does not constitute torture, and acknowledged the federal government’s slow response to Hurricane Katrina. In 2014 he issued…

decision problem, for a class of questions in mathematics and formal logic, the problem of finding, after choosing any question of the class, an algorithm or repetitive procedure that will yield a definite answer, “yes” or “no,” to that question. The method consists of performing successively a

decision problem, for a class of questions in mathematics and formal logic, the problem of finding, after choosing any question of the class, an algorithm or repetitive procedure that will yield a definite answer, “yes” or “no,” to that question. The method consists of performing successively a

statistics: Decision analysis: A decision strategy is a contingency plan that recommends the best decision alternative depending on what has happened earlier in the sequential process.

instinct: Tinbergen: hierarchy of motivation: …introduced at this time was decision theory, according to which an animal selects among alternative courses of action in accordance with assessments of present and past costs and benefits in a given situation.

decision theory, in statistics, a set of quantitative methods for reaching optimal decisions. A solvable decision problem must be capable of being tightly formulated in terms of initial conditions and choices or courses of action, with their consequences. In general, such consequences are not known

statistics: Decision analysis: A decision tree is a graphical device that is helpful in structuring and analyzing such problems. With the aid of decision trees, an optimal decision strategy can be developed. A decision strategy is a contingency plan that recommends the best decision alternative depending on what has…

Thea Musgrave: …culminating in the three-act opera The Decision (first performed 1967), a drama on the ordeal of a trapped miner told in abstract instrumental terms. She continued to write operas, often on historical or classical themes, among them The Voice of Ariadne (1974), Harriet, the Woman Called Moses (1984), Simón Bolívar…

competence, a person’s ability to make and communicate a decision to consent to medical treatment. Competence is thus central to the determination of consent and reflects the law’s concern with individual autonomy. A person’s decision regarding medical treatment must be respected when that person

information system: Decision support systems and business intelligence: …decision making, however indirectly, but decision support systems are expressly designed for this purpose. As these systems are increasingly being developed to analyze massive collections of data (known as big data), they are becoming known as business intelligence, or business analytics, applications. The two principal varieties of decision support systems…

Henri Cartier-Bresson: …and perhaps the best known, Images à la sauvette, contains what is probably Cartier-Bresson’s most comprehensive and important statement on the meaning, technique, and utility of photography. The title refers to a central idea in his work—the decisive moment—the elusive instant when, with brilliant clarity, the appearance of the subject…

Decius was a Roman emperor (249–251) who fought the Gothic invasion of Moesia and instituted the first organized persecution of Christians throughout the empire. Although Decius’s origins are not known, it is certain that he was a senator and a consul before acceding to the throne. About 245 the

playing cards: International deck: The most successful and universally recognized deck of cards is that based on a complement of 52, divided into four suits, each containing 13 ranks, so that each card is uniquely identifiable by suit and rank.

dock: …of two main parts: the deck and its supporting system. The deck is usually built of reinforced concrete, though timber may be used. The supporting system is an assembly of beams, girders, and bearing piles, framed together to form a series of bents or trestles. The framing material may be…

ship: Types of sails: …ships had to have clear decks amidships to permit the shifting of the sail and its boom; most of the deck space was thus monopolized by a single swinging sail. Large sails also required a sizable gang of men to raise and lower the sail (and, when reef ports were…

ship: Structural integrity: …keel, transverse frames, and cross-ship deck beams that join the frame ends—all supporting a relatively thin shell of deck, sides, and bottom. This structural scheme, which became prevalent with European ships during the Middle Ages, has continued into the age of steel shipbuilding. However, it has a significant drawback in…

Kaare Klint: His teak deck chair of 1933, for example, is unquestionably functional and is designed to provide the maximum amount of comfort, yet in itself a clean and beautiful piece.

ship: Crewing: …three distinct groups: (1) the deck department, which steered, kept lookout, handled lines in docking and undocking, and performed at-sea maintenance on the hull and nonmachinery components, (2) the engine department, which operated machinery and performed at-sea maintenance, and (3) the stewards department, which did the work of a hotel…

deck tennis, game for two or four players, designed for the limited space aboard ship and also played as a garden game. It combines lawn tennis and quoits. A rubber ring, or quoit, is thrown across a net. It must be caught using one hand and returned immediately with the same hand from the point of

Karl Klaus von der Decken was a German explorer in eastern Africa and the first European to attempt to scale Mount Kilimanjaro. Decken explored in the region of Lake Nyasa on his first expedition in 1860. The following year, together with a geologist, he visited the Kilimanjaro massif. Returning in

Zola Budd: Collision and Controversy: …collision with her idol—and rival—American Mary Decker (later Mary Decker Slaney). Earlier that year Budd had broken Decker’s world record in the 5,000 metres, setting up a much-anticipated showdown in the 3,000-metre race at the Olympics. Budd’s image, however, was tarnished before she ever stepped onto the track in Los…

Zola Budd: Collision and Controversy: …collision with her idol—and rival—American Mary Decker (later Mary Decker Slaney). Earlier that year Budd had broken Decker’s world record in the 5,000 metres, setting up a much-anticipated showdown in the 3,000-metre race at the Olympics. Budd’s image, however, was tarnished before she ever stepped onto the track in Los…

Lorenzo Valla: His Declamatio (Treatise of Lorenzo Valla on the Donation of Constantine), written in 1440, attacked the crude Latin of its anonymous author and from that observation argued that the document could not possibly have dated from the time of Constantine. As King Alfonso was at war…

complaint, in law, the plaintiff’s initial pleading, corresponding to the libel in admiralty, the bill in equity, and the claim in civil law. The complaint, called in common law a declaration, consists of a title, a statement showing venue or jurisdiction, one or more counts containing a brief

Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the [Female] Citizen, pamphlet by Olympe de Gouges published in France in 1791. Modeled on the 1789 document known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the [Male] Citizen (Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen), Gouges’s manifesto

Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet: The Gallican controversy. of Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet: …up its final statement, the Déclaration des quatre articles (“Declaration of Four Articles”), which was delivered, along with his famous inaugural sermon on the unity of the church, to the assembly of the French clergy in 1682. The articles asserted the king’s independence from Rome in secular matters and proclaimed…

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), foundational document of international human rights law. It has been referred to as humanity’s Magna Carta by Eleanor Roosevelt, who chaired the United Nations (UN) Commission on Human Rights that was responsible for the drafting of the document. After