Georg Raphael Donner was a sculptor whose works marked the transition from the Baroque to the Neoclassical style. While studying for the priesthood in Heiligenkreutz, Donner met the sculptor Giovanni Giuliani and was encouraged to take up sculpture, working in Giuliani’s studio and later entering

Donner party: …pioneers—named for the expedition’s captain, George Donner—who became stranded en route to California in late 1846. The party was trapped by exceptionally heavy snow in the Sierra Nevada, and, when food ran out, some members of the group reportedly resorted to cannibalism of those already dead. It was the worst…

Richard Donner was an American film director who emerged in the 1980s as one of Hollywood’s most reliable makers of action blockbusters, most notably the Lethal Weapon films. Donner acted in Off-Broadway productions before moving to California, where he began directing industrial films and

Donner party, group of American pioneers—named for the expedition’s captain, George Donner—who became stranded en route to California in late 1846. The party was trapped by exceptionally heavy snow in the Sierra Nevada, and, when food ran out, some members of the group reportedly resorted to

Bonanno crime family: …films The Godfather (1972) and Donnie Brasco (1997). Joseph Bonanno’s autobiography, A Man of Honor, was released in 1983, making him the first boss to break the Mafia’s code of silence and write about his dealings. Other notable books include Honor Thy Father (1971), a nonfiction work by Gay Talese…

Drew Barrymore: …in the sci-fi cult classic Donnie Darko (2001), which starred Jake Gyllenhaal as a troubled teenage boy who talks to an oversized rabbitlike creature. Barrymore’s other films included the comic thriller Confessions of a Dangerous Mind (2002), the environmentally themed drama Big Miracle (2012), and the romantic comedies 50 First

Paolo Uccello was a Florentine painter whose work attempted uniquely to reconcile two distinct artistic styles—the essentially decorative late Gothic and the new heroic style of the early Renaissance. Probably his most famous paintings are three panels representing the Battle of San Romano (c.

Irish literature: The 21st century: …writers of note have been Emma Donoghue, whose harrowing novel Room (2010) was made into an acclaimed feature film in 2015, and Claire Keegan, whose best-known works include the short story “Foster” (2010) and the novella Small Things Like These (2021). The latter confronts Ireland’s shameful legacy of the Magdalene…

dopant: …or arsenic, which are called donor atoms, and the semiconductor is classed as n-type (n for negative, because the charge carriers are electrons, which are negatively charged particles). Doping with atoms such as boron or indium, which have only three electrons available, creates a positively charged site, or “hole,” in…

acid–base reaction: Reactions of Lewis acids: …bond is termed semipolar or coordinate, as in the reaction of boron trifluoride with ammonia:

Hans Memling: …including a pendant with the donor’s portrait (as in the Madonna and Martin van Nieuwenhove). Many devotional diptychs (two-panel paintings) such as this were painted in 15th-century Flanders. They consist of a portrait of the “donor”—or patron—in one panel, reverently gazing at the Madonna and Child in the other. Such…

Hans Memling: …including a pendant with the donor’s portrait (as in the Madonna and Martin van Nieuwenhove). Many devotional diptychs (two-panel paintings) such as this were painted in 15th-century Flanders. They consist of a portrait of the “donor”—or patron—in one panel, reverently gazing at the Madonna and Child in the other. Such…

Set up your own charitable “foundation.”Donor-advised funds (DAF) have surged in popularity over the past few years, according to data compiled by Giving USA. These vehicles allow people to receive an immediate charitable tax deduction while spreading their donations out over time. Are you a

José Donoso was a Chilean novelist and short-story writer who was important in the development of the Latin American new novel. He used dark surrealism, black comedy, and social satire to explore the lives of decaying aristocrats in a morally disintegrating society. After studying at the

Donostia–San Sebastián, city, capital of Guipúzcoa provincia (province), northeastern Basque Country comunidad autónoma(autonomous community), north-central Spain. It is a fashionable seaside resort at the mouth of the canalized Urumea River on the Bay of Biscay, east of Bilbao and near the French

Donostia–San Sebastián, city, capital of Guipúzcoa provincia (province), northeastern Basque Country comunidad autónoma(autonomous community), north-central Spain. It is a fashionable seaside resort at the mouth of the canalized Urumea River on the Bay of Biscay, east of Bilbao and near the French

Donoughmore Commission, committee sent by the British government to Ceylon in 1927 to examine the Ceylonese constitution and to make recommendations for its revision. The commission’s recommendations, reluctantly accepted by Ceylonese political leaders, served as the basis for the new constitution

Donovan is a Scottish singer-songwriter who had consistent commercial success with his playful pop songs in the mid- to late 1960s. Looking and sounding like Bob Dylan, Donovan emerged in 1965 as a folksinger with “Catch the Wind.” As the musical landscape became more kaleidoscopic, Donovan adapted

Frank Capra: Early life and work: …was the comedic murder mystery The Donovan Affair (1929). Flight (also released in 1929) was notable for Capra’s insistence on staging and filming all of its aerial action without tricks or special effects.

granuloma inguinale: Encapsulated bacilli called Donovan bodies (Calymmatobacterium granulomatis) occur in smears from the lesions or in biopsy material and are thought to be the cause of the disease. Granuloma inguinale is treated with streptomycin or with broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Dorothy Lamour: …Show on Earth (1952), and Donovan’s Reef (1963). She had roles in some 60 films in all, made guest appearances in television series, and also toured in stage shows such as Hello, Dolly! and a one-woman show comprising songs, reminiscences, and a question-and-answer session. Lamour’s autobiography, My Side of the…

Anne Donovan was an American basketball player who is often credited with revolutionizing the centre position in women’s basketball. She later had a successful coaching career. As a 6-foot 8-inch (2.03-metre) college freshman, Donovan faced high expectations when she entered Old Dominion University

Landon Donovan is an American professional football (soccer) player, widely regarded as the greatest American male player in the history of the sport. Donovan was a star player in high school in Redlands, California, and in 1998 he joined the U.S. national under-17 (U-17) team. His success in U-17

weight throw: In 1914 P. Donovan (United States) set a world record for throwing the 56-pound weight for height with a distance of 5.17 metres (16.96 feet). By the second half of the 20th century, there no longer was any international competition in weight throwing, and performances did not…

William J. Donovan was an American lawyer, soldier, and diplomat who directed (1942–45) the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) during World War II. Donovan began the practice of law in Buffalo in 1907. In 1916 he served in the New York National Guard on the Mexican border and in World War I he

William J. Donovan was an American lawyer, soldier, and diplomat who directed (1942–45) the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) during World War II. Donovan began the practice of law in Buffalo in 1907. In 1916 he served in the New York National Guard on the Mexican border and in World War I he

William J. Donovan was an American lawyer, soldier, and diplomat who directed (1942–45) the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) during World War II. Donovan began the practice of law in Buffalo in 1907. In 1916 he served in the New York National Guard on the Mexican border and in World War I he

granuloma inguinale: …bacilli called Donovan bodies (Calymmatobacterium granulomatis) occur in smears from the lesions or in biopsy material and are thought to be the cause of the disease. Granuloma inguinale is treated with streptomycin or with broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Mark Donskoy was a motion-picture writer and director best known for a trilogy based on the autobiography of the Russian proletarian novelist Maxim Gorky. In 1926 Donskoy began his cinema career as a scriptwriter and assistant director. He soon became a director of lyrical and personal films that

Mark Donskoy was a motion-picture writer and director best known for a trilogy based on the autobiography of the Russian proletarian novelist Maxim Gorky. In 1926 Donskoy began his cinema career as a scriptwriter and assistant director. He soon became a director of lyrical and personal films that

Donus was the pope from 676 to 678. Elected (August 676) to succeed Adeodatus II, Donus ended a schism created by Archbishop Maurus of Ravenna (whose plan was to make Ravenna ecclesiastically independent) by receiving the obedience of Maurus’ successor Reparatus. Donus is said to have dispersed the

doughnut, a small ring of sweet leavened dough that has been fried or sometimes baked. The term doughnut may also be used more broadly to refer to foods such as long johns, pączki, bear claws, crullers, and others that resemble doughnuts in form or composition—i.e., are either ring-shaped or

France: Rural society: …the designation of “squire” (or donzel, in the south) for those of noble birth awaiting or postponing the expensive dubbing (adoubement). At the upper extreme, a noble elite, the barons, achieved recognition in administration and law.

Kurosawa Akira: Films of the 1950s: Macbeth, and Donzoko (1957; The Lower Depths) was from Maxim Gorky’s drama: each of these films is skillfully Japanized. Throne of Blood, which reflects the style of the sets and acting of the Japanese Noh play and uses not a word of the original text, has been called the…

Miles Davis: Legacy: His final album, Doo-Bop (1992), was released posthumously.

doo-wop, style of rhythm-and-blues and rock-and-roll vocal music popular in the 1950s and ’60s. The structure of doo-wop music generally featured a tenor lead vocalist singing the melody of the song with a trio or quartet singing background harmony. The term doo-wop is derived from the sounds made

Duars, region of northeastern India, at the foot of the east-central Himalayas. It is divided by the Sankosh River into the Western and Eastern Duars. Both were ceded by Bhutan to the British at the end of the Bhutan War (1864–65). The Eastern Duars, in western Assam state, comprises a level plain

frustration-aggression hypothesis: Background and assumptions: Leonard Doob, Neal Miller, O.H. Mowrer, and Robert Sears—in an important monograph, Frustration and Aggression (1939), in which they integrated ideas and findings from several disciplines, especially sociology, anthropology, and psychology. Their work was notable for its eclectic use of

the Doobie Brothers, American rock band whose shift from Southern rock and blues-inspired compositions toward a commercially appealing soft rock sound resulted in its relevance and popularity throughout the 1970s and early 1980s. The band was formed in San Jose, California, in 1970 by

Blechnaceae: …species of Blechnum (deer fern), Doodia (hacksaw fern), and Woodwardia (chain fern) are cultivated as ornamentals in gardens, greenhouses, conservatories, and homes.

doodle, absent-minded scrawl or scribble, usually executed in some unexpected place, such as the margin of a book or manuscript or a blotting pad when the doodler is preoccupied with some other activity, such as attending a meeting or lecture. The word is supposed to have gained currency because of

V-1 missile, German jet-propelled missile of World War II, the forerunner of modern cruise missiles. More than 8,000 V-1s were launched against London from June 13, 1944, to March 29, 1945, with about 2,400 hitting the target area. A smaller number were fired against Belgium. The rockets were

antlion, (family Myrmeleontidae), any of a group of insects (order Neuroptera) that are named for the predatory nature of the larva, which trap ants and other small insects in pits dug into the ground. Antlions are found throughout the world, primarily in dry, sandy regions. The antlion larva digs

Mayim Bialik: Early life as a child actor: …and 2018–19), MacGyver (1985–92), and Doogie Howser, M.D. (1989–93).

Green Day: …released Green Day’s major-label debut, Dookie, in 1994. The album carried the band’s catchy pop-punk sound and Armstrong’s apathetic lyrics into the mainstream, earning a Grammy Award for best alternative music performance and selling more than 15 million copies worldwide.

Finley Peter Dunne: …who created the homely philosopher Mr. Dooley.

Finley Peter Dunne: …who created the homely philosopher Mr. Dooley.

Thomas Anthony Dooley was a "jungle doctor" whose lectures and books recounted his efforts to supply medical aid to peoples of less developed countries, mainly in Southeast Asia. A graduate of St. Louis University medical school (M.D. 1953), he was serving with the U.S. Navy as a medical officer

Bill Doolin was a Western outlaw who led a gang through robberies in Oklahoma and east Texas, 1892–95. A member of the Dalton brothers gang, he alone missed the bloody ambush of the Coffeyville, Kan., bank robbery (Oct. 5, 1892); his horse had pulled lame long before reaching town. Thereafter, he

Bill Doolin was a Western outlaw who led a gang through robberies in Oklahoma and east Texas, 1892–95. A member of the Dalton brothers gang, he alone missed the bloody ambush of the Coffeyville, Kan., bank robbery (Oct. 5, 1892); his horse had pulled lame long before reaching town. Thereafter, he

Pixies: In 1989 the group released Doolittle, its most revered album, which built upon the Pixies’ existing formula and perfected the stop-and-start dynamics that would perhaps become its greatest legacy to later alternative bands, especially Nirvana. Bossanova, a surf music-inspired variation on the earlier albums, followed in 1990. By this time,…

Doolittle Raid, (April 18, 1942), during World War II, U.S. Army Air Forces bombing raid on Tokyo and other Japanese cities. Lieut. Col. James H. Doolittle led 16 B-25 bombers from the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier Hornet in a spectacular surprise attack that caused little damage but boosted Allied

Eliza Doolittle, fictional character, a Cockney flower girl who is transformed into a woman of poise and polish in George Bernard Shaw’s play Pygmalion (performed 1913; filmed 1938; adapted as the stage musical My Fair Lady, 1956; filmed

H.D. was an American poet, known initially as an Imagist. She was also a translator, novelist-playwright, and self-proclaimed “pagan mystic.” Hilda Doolittle’s father was an astronomer, and her mother was a pianist. She was reared in the strict Moravian tradition of her mother’s family. From her

James H. Doolittle was an American aviator and army general who led an air raid on Tokyo and other Japanese cities four months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Doolittle was educated at Los Angeles Junior College (1914–16) and the University of California School of Mines (1916–17). As an

James H. Doolittle was an American aviator and army general who led an air raid on Tokyo and other Japanese cities four months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Doolittle was educated at Los Angeles Junior College (1914–16) and the University of California School of Mines (1916–17). As an

James H. Doolittle was an American aviator and army general who led an air raid on Tokyo and other Japanese cities four months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Doolittle was educated at Los Angeles Junior College (1914–16) and the University of California School of Mines (1916–17). As an

Doom, first-person shooter electronic game released in December 1993 that changed the direction of almost every aspect of personal computer (PC) games, from graphics and networking technology to styles of play, notions of authorship, and public scrutiny of game content. The authors of Doom were a

Irukandji jellyfish, any of at least 16 species of box jellyfish (class Cubozoa) known for their transparency, small size, and highly venomous stings. The group is distributed primarily in the warm waters along the northern coasts of Australia, especially in the Coral Sea along Queensland, with

Grant Morrison: …notably in Animal Man and Doom Patrol. Morrison used Animal Man as a way to discuss animal rights, Doom Patrol as a forum to explore issues of madness and disability, and both to continue the postmodern deconstruction of the superhero genre. However, it was in 1989, with Arkham Asylum (art…

Camilo Castelo Branco: …work, Amor de perdição (1862; Doomed Love), the story of a love thwarted by family opposition that eventually led the hero to crime and exile. It is the typical expression of the view of life with which Castelo Branco came to be identified—a view in which passion is the irresistible…

William Alexander, 1st earl of Stirling: His last important poetical work, Doomes-day, or, The Great Day of the Lords Judgement (1614), caused King James to choose him to collaborate in translating the Psalms.

Ragnarök: …the Gods”), in Scandinavian mythology, the end of the world of gods and men. The Ragnarök is fully described only in the Icelandic poem Völuspá (“Sibyl’s Prophecy”), probably of the late 10th century, and in the 13th-century Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson (d. 1241), which largely follows the Völuspá. According…

Doomsday Clock, symbolic clock adopted by atomic scientists to show how close human beings are considered to be to a global catastrophe, with midnight standing for annihilation, or “doomsday.” Metaphorically, the clock’s minute hand moves closer to or farther from midnight, depending on the level

Bob Lilly: …of the Dallas Cowboys’ “Doomsday Defense,” he helped the team win its first Super Bowl title (1972).

Thwaites Glacier, segment of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) that drains parts of Ellsworth Land in Antarctica into Pine Island Bay in the Amundsen Sea. The Thwaites Glacier has the world’s widest glacial interface with the ocean, extending roughly 75 miles (120 km), and the collapse of this

doomsday machine, hypothetical device that would automatically trigger the nuclear destruction of an aggressor country or the extinction of all life on Earth in the event of a nuclear attack on the country maintaining the device. The former type of device might automatically launch a large number

Svalbard Global Seed Vault, secure facility built into the side of a mountain on Spitsbergen, the largest of the Svalbard islands (a Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean), that is intended to safeguard the seeds of the world’s food plants in the event of a global crisis. The site was chosen

Doon De Mayence, hero baron of the medieval epic poems in Old French known as chansons de geste, which together form the core of the Charlemagne legends. Doon’s story is told in a chanson belonging to a cycle called Geste de Doon de Mayence. This cycle tells of Charlemagne’s rebellious barons and

Lorna Doone, fictional heroine of the historical romance Lorna Doone (1869) by R.D. Blackmore. The novel is set in 17th-century Exmoor, a remote area of Devon, England, and concerns a virtuous and somewhat mysterious young woman who has been raised by bandits who abducted her when she was

Doonesbury, American newspaper comic strip chronicling the lives of a large group of characters, mostly a set of college friends, over the years. Doonesbury’s humour has been noted for its explicitly political content. The strip’s namesake is Mike Doonesbury, who serves as an everyman for America’s

Bhutan: The emergence of Bhutan: La-Pha was succeeded by Doopgein Sheptoon, who consolidated Bhutan’s administrative organization through the appointment of regional penlops (governors of territories) and jungpens (governors of forts). Doopgein Sheptoon exercised both temporal and spiritual authority, but his successor confined himself to only the spiritual role and appointed a minister to exercise…

door, barrier of wood, stone, metal, glass, paper, leaves, hides, or a combination of materials, installed to swing, fold, slide, or roll in order to close an opening to a room or building. Early doors, used throughout Mesopotamia and the ancient world, were merely hides or textiles. Doors of

Kishore Kumar: …also directed several productions, including Door gagan ki chhaon mein (1964) and Door ka rahi (1971). In contrast to the lighthearted films in which he typically participated as an actor, singer, or composer, the films that Kumar directed were often tragedies.

Seamus Heaney: In this book and Door into the Dark (1969), he wrote in a traditional style about a passing way of life—that of domestic rural life in Northern Ireland. In Wintering Out (1972) and North (1975), he began to encompass such subjects as the violence in Northern Ireland and contemporary…

Kishore Kumar: …ki chhaon mein (1964) and Door ka rahi (1971). In contrast to the lighthearted films in which he typically participated as an actor, singer, or composer, the films that Kumar directed were often tragedies.

Enid Bagnold: …Squire (1938; also published as The Door of Life), which conveys the mood of expectancy in a household awaiting the birth of a child, and The Loved and Envied (1951), a study of a woman facing the approach of old age. As a playwright, Bagnold achieved great success with The…

Door Peninsula, area of land, eastern Wisconsin, U.S. Lying between Green Bay and Lake Michigan, Door Peninsula is about 80 miles (130 km) long and 25 miles (40 km) wide at its base and tapering northeastward. It is crossed southeast-northwest by a waterway at Sturgeon Bay. The peninsula includes

metalwork: England: …are found with massive iron hinges, the bands worked in rich ornamental designs of scrollwork, varying from the plain hinge band, with crescent, to the most elaborate filling of the door. Examples exist at Skipwith and Stillingfleet in Yorkshire, many in the eastern counties, others in Gloucester, Somerset, and the…

marketing: Direct selling: …industry consisting of companies selling door-to-door, office-to-office, or at private-home sales meetings. The forerunners in the direct-selling industry include The Fuller Brush Company (brushes, brooms, etc.), Electrolux (vacuum cleaners), and Avon (cosmetics). In addition, Tupperware pioneered the home-sales approach, in which friends and neighbours gather in a home where Tupperware…

India: Media and publishing: …name Doordarshan, later changed to Doordarshan India (“Television India”). Television and educational programming are transmitted via the Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system. The country’s first Hindi-language cable channel, Zee TV, was established in 1992, and this was followed by other cable and satellite services.

Karel Doorman was a Dutch rear admiral who commanded a combined American, British, Dutch, and Australian naval force against a Japanese invasion fleet in the Java Sea during World War II. Intended to halt the Japanese naval invasion of the Netherlands East Indies, the Battle of the Java Sea ended

Karel Doorman was a Dutch rear admiral who commanded a combined American, British, Dutch, and Australian naval force against a Japanese invasion fleet in the Java Sea during World War II. Intended to halt the Japanese naval invasion of the Netherlands East Indies, the Battle of the Java Sea ended

Tournai, municipality, Wallonia Region, southwestern Belgium. It lies along the Schelde (Scheldt, or Escaut) River, northwest of Mons. Tournai has changed hands many times. As Turnacum, it was important in Roman times. Seized by the Salic Franks in the 5th century, it was the birthplace of the

Aldous Huxley: …victims of demonic possession, and The Doors of Perception (1954), a book about Huxley’s experiences with the hallucinogenic drug mescaline. His last novel, Island (1962), is a utopian vision of a Pacific Ocean society.

the Doors, American band that, with a string of hits in the late 1960s and early ’70s, was the creative vehicle for singer Jim Morrison, one of rock music’s mythic figures. The members were Morrison (in full James Douglas Morrison; b. December 8, 1943, Melbourne, Florida, U.S.—d. July 3, 1971,

Oliver Stone: Kennedy, and The Doors, a stylish account of the rise and fall of the titular American rock band. For JFK Stone used actual footage of from the Zapruder film as well as recreated scenes in a way that some say added to the conspiracy furor surrounding the…

doorstop, usually decorative and invariably heavy object used to prevent doors from swinging shut. Doorstops came into use about 1775 following the introduction of the rising butt, a type of hinge designed to close a door automatically. Many stops took the form of famous persons, such as Napoleon,

Huari: …on Huari pottery is the Doorway God, a stylized, anthropomorphic figure often represented in front view with a rectangular face and rayed headdress. This motif is also found at Tiwanaku. Huari architecture features large enclosures constructed of stone masonry. Monumental temple sculpture is naturalistic and depicts both male and female…

Muttiah Muralitharan: …of delivery, nicknamed the “doosra,” in which the ball turns away from a right-handed batsman, prompted still further allegations of throwing in 2004; however, in early 2005 the ICC modified the rules to allow Muralitharan’s unusual arm movement.

gas: Thermal diffusion: …the aid of the chemist F.W. Dootson to verify it experimentally.

Nugaaleed Valley, river valley, northeastern Somalia. It is a shallow valley, long and broad, with an extensive network of seasonal watercourses. The valley’s principal watercourses, the Nugaaleed and the more westerly Dheere, fill briefly during and after rainstorms (April to June) and drain into

pessimism: …Brunner, and the Dutch neo-Calvinists Herman Dooyeweerd and D.H.T. Vollenhoven). Perhaps the most uncompromisingly pessimistic system ever developed is that of the existentialist philosopher Martin Heidegger, for whom death, nothingness, and anxiety were central topics of interest and for whom the highest possible act of human freedom was a coming…

dopamine: …intermediate compound from dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) during the metabolism of the amino acid tyrosine. It is the precursor of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. Dopamine also functions as a neurotransmitter—primarily by inhibiting the transmission of nerve impulses—in the substantia nigra, basal ganglia, and

dopamine, a nitrogen-containing organic compound formed as an intermediate compound from dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) during the metabolism of the amino acid tyrosine. It is the precursor of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. Dopamine also functions as a neurotransmitter—primarily by

essential tremor: …in a gene known as DRD3 (dopamine receptor 3; formerly designated ETM1, or essential tremor 1). The DRD3 gene encodes a protein called dopamine receptor D3. This receptor binds dopamine, a neurotransmitter that normally inhibits the transmission of nerve impulses in the brain, thereby

antiparkinson drug: Dopamine-receptor agonists: Dopamine-receptor agonists work by binding to dopamine receptors on dopaminergic neurons (the neurons that normally synthesize and use dopamine) in the neurotransmitter’s absence. Stimulation of the receptors increases dopaminergic activity in the brain, thereby lessening the severity of parkinsonism symptoms. Examples of dopamine-receptor…

nervous system: Dopamine: There are two types of dopaminergic receptors, called the D1 and the D2. The former catalyzes the synthesis of cAMP, and the latter inhibits its synthesis. These reactions then regulate calcium and potassium channels in the postsynaptic membrane. Dopaminergic receptors also exist on the presynaptic membrane. The neurotransmitter is terminated…

dopant, any impurity deliberately added to a semiconductor for the purpose of modifying its electrical conductivity. The most commonly used elemental semiconductors are silicon and germanium, which form crystalline lattices in which each atom shares one electron with each of its four nearest

superconductivity: Thermal properties of superconductors: …only carbon is present) or fullerides (if doped). They have superconducting transition temperatures higher than those of the classic superconductors. It is not yet known whether these compounds are fundamentally similar to the cuprate high-temperature superconductors.