Toni Collette: …such as Shaft (2000) and Changing Lanes (2002), Collette won accolades for the gravitas she brought to ancillary characters in About a Boy (2002) and The Hours (2002).

American literature: New directions: In The Changing Light at Sandover (1982), James Merrill, previously a polished lyric poet, made his mandarin style the vehicle of a lighthearted personal epic, in which he, with the help of a Ouija board, called up the shades of all his dead friends, including the…

Zadie Smith: Other works and honors: … (2007) and published essay collections Changing My Mind (2009), Feel Free (2018), and Intimations (2020). Grand Union, a volume of her short stories, was released in 2019. Smith also wrote the play The Wife of Willesden, which debuted in London in 2021. The work is a reimagining of The Wife…

Lindsay Anderson: Contractor (1969), Home (1970), and The Changing Room (1971). His subsequent films included O Lucky Man! (1973), In Celebration (1974), Britannia Hospital (1982), and The Whales of August (1987). His later stage productions included Storey’s The March on Russia (1989).

Native American literature: Plains: …resembles the Navajo myth of Changing Woman, the Sun’s mistress who bore the children Monster-Slayer and Child-Born-of-Water. This concept of change into an astral body is quite widespread in the Plains. In a Cheyenne version of the Dog Husband story, the mother and her children go to the sky and…

Battle of the Chosin Reservoir, campaign early in the Korean War, part of the Chinese Second Offensive (November–December 1950) to drive the United Nations out of North Korea. The Chosin Reservoir campaign was directed mainly against the 1st Marine Division of the U.S. X Corps, which had

changgo, hourglass-shaped (waisted) drum used in much of Korea’s traditional music. It is about 66 cm (26 inches) long and has two heads stretched over hoops; one of them is struck with a hand and the other with a stick. An early Japanese variant of the changgo is the san no tsuzumi, used in

Chakma, largest of the indigenous populations of Bangladesh, also settled in parts of northeastern India and in Myanmar (Burma). Their Indo-Aryan language has its own script, but the Chakma writing system has given way, for the most part, to Bengali script. The earliest history of the Chakma people

Jingdezhen, city, northeastern Jiangxi sheng (province), southeastern China. Situated on the south bank of the Chang River, it was originally a market town called Changnanzhen and received its present name in 1004, the first year of the Jingde era during the Song dynasty (960–1279). Throughout the

Shango, major deity of the religion of the Yoruba of southwestern Nigeria. He also figures in the religion of the Edo people of southeastern Nigeria, who refer to him as Esango, and in the religion of the Fon people of Benin, who call him Sogbo or Ebioso. Like all of the Yoruba gods (orishas),

Changsha, city and capital of Hunan sheng (province), China. It is on the Xiang River 30 miles (50 km) south of Dongting Lake and has excellent water communications to southern and southwestern Hunan. The area has long been inhabited, and Neolithic sites have been discovered in the district since

Changsha, city and capital of Hunan sheng (province), China. It is on the Xiang River 30 miles (50 km) south of Dongting Lake and has excellent water communications to southern and southwestern Hunan. The area has long been inhabited, and Neolithic sites have been discovered in the district since

Changshu, city in southern Jiangsu sheng (province), China. Changshu is situated in the coastal plain some 22 miles (35 km) north of Suzhou, and it first became an independent county in 540 ce under the Nan (Southern) Liang dynasty (502–557). From Sui times (581–618) it was a subordinate county

Kang Youwei was a Chinese scholar, a leader of the Reform Movement of 1898 and a key figure in the intellectual development of modern China. During the last years of the empire and the early years of the republic he sought to promote Confucianism as an antidote against “moral degeneration” and

changsŭng, (Korean: “long life”), wooden or stone pole carved with a human face and placed at the entrance (and sometimes to the north, south, east, and west) of a Korean village or temple to frighten away evil spirits. Among rice-growing peasants, it is believed to be a guardian deity who can

Mount Everest: Geology and relief: The peak of Changtse (24,803 feet [7,560 metres]) rises to the north. Khumbutse (21,867 feet [6,665 metres]), Nuptse (25,791 feet [7,861 metres]), and Lhotse (27,940 feet [8,516 metres]) surround Everest’s base to the west and south.

Changzhi, city in southeastern Shanxi sheng (province), China. It is situated in the Lu’an plain—a basin surrounded by the western highlands of the Taihang Mountains, watered by the upper streams of the Zhuozhang River. It is a communication centre; to the northeast a route and a railway via

Changzhou, city, southern Jiangsu sheng (province), China. It was a part of the commandery (jun; a military district) of Kuaiji under the Qin (221–206 bce) and Han (206 bce–220 ce) dynasties and, after 129 ce, a part of Wu Commandery. It first became an independent administrative unit under the Xi

Chaniá, city, dímos (municipality), port, and capital of Chaniápereferiakí enótita (regional unit), on the northwestern coast of Crete, Greece. It was the capital of Crete from 1841 to 1971. The city lies along the southeastern corner of the Gulf of Khaniá and occupies the neck of the low, bulbous

Sangam literature, the earliest writings in the Tamil language, thought to have been produced in three chankams, or literary academies, in Madurai, India, from the 1st to the 4th century ce. The Tolkappiyam, a book of grammar and rhetoric, and eight anthologies (Ettuttokai) of poetry were

Cozumel: Chankanaab National Park, just south of San Miguel, has a museum, botanic garden, and archaeological park. Cruise ships dock regularly at a pier south of San Miguel. Cozumel has regular ferry service from Playa del Carmen and Puerto Morelos. An international airport is located 2…

Chankillo, archaeological site erected between 200 and 300 bce in the desert of the Sechín River basin in the Ancash region of Peru. The site is about 9 miles (14 km) from the Pacific coast and consists of a hilltop building complex encircled by thick, gated walls, a row running north-south of 13

electronics: Using MOSFETs: …layer of electron-rich material, the channel, connects the source and drain electrically and permits current to flow between them when the drain is biased positively with respect to the source. The amount of current is controlled by the gate voltage. Without gate voltage, no current flows, because the p-n junction…

streambed, any long, narrow, sloping depression on land that is shaped by flowing water. Streambeds can range in width from a few feet for a brook to several thousand for the largest rivers. The channel may or may not contain flowing water at any time; some carry water only occasionally. Streambeds

communication: Linear models: …information source, a transmitter, a channel of transmission, a receiver, and a destination—all arranged in linear order. Messages (electronic messages, initially) were supposed to travel along this path, to be changed into electric energy by the transmitter, and to be reconstituted into intelligible language by the receiver. In time, the…

WarnerMedia: Warner: …were sold in 1986 to Turner Broadcasting System, which in turn merged with Time Warner Inc. in 1996.) Television also presented new opportunities for Warner Brothers, where the hit series Maverick (1957) and 77 Sunset Strip (1958) were made. In 1967 Jack Warner sold his remaining stake in the company…

telecommunications media: Transmission media and the problem of signal degradation: In communications media, channel attenuation is typically expressed in decibels (dB) per unit distance. Attenuation of zero decibels means that the signal is passed without loss; three decibels means that the power of the signal decreases by one-half. The plot of channel attenuation as the signal frequency is…

drum: …as corbina, whiting, weakfish, and channel bass. Many members of the family are food or game fishes. Among the better-known species are the channel bass, or red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), a large, reddish species of the western Atlantic Ocean; the white seabass (Atractoscion nobilis) of the eastern Pacific; the freshwater…

ostariophysan: Importance: Culture of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is an important industry in the southern United States. Numerous ostariophysans provide sport fishers with recreation and food; several, such as the mahseers (several species of Tor) of Asia and the dorado (Salminus maxillosus) of South America, rank among the world’s…

Channel Country, pastoral region situated primarily in southwestern Queensland, Australia, but extending slightly into northeastern South Australia and northwestern New South Wales. The region’s area of 60,000 square miles (155,000 square km) includes flat alluvial terrain that is drained by the

telecommunication: Channel encoding: As described in Source encoding, one purpose of the source encoder is to eliminate redundant binary digits from the digitized signal. The strategy of the channel encoder, on the other hand, is to add redundancy to the transmitted signal—in this case so that…

Channel Islands, island chain extending some 150 miles (240 km) along, and about 12–70 miles (20–115 km) off, the Pacific coast of southern California. The islands form two groups. The Santa Barbara group, to the north, is separated from the mainland by the Santa Barbara Channel and includes San

Channel Islands, archipelago in the English Channel, west of the Cotentin peninsula of France, at the entrance to the Gulf of Saint-Malo, 80 miles (130 km) south of the English coast. The islands are dependencies of the British crown (and not strictly part of the United Kingdom), having been so

Ventura: Channel Islands National Park is located 14 miles (23 km) offshore in the Santa Barbara Channel. Inc. town, 1866; city, 1906. Pop. (2010) 106,433; Oxnard–Thousand Oaks–Ventura Metro Area, 823,318; (2020) 110,763; Oxnard–Thousand Oaks–Ventura Metro Area, 843,843.

semiconductor device: Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors: …key device parameters is the channel length, L, which is the distance between the two n+-p junctions, as indicated in Figure 9. When the MOSFET was first developed, in 1960, the channel length was longer than 20 micrometres (μm). Today channel lengths less than 1 μm have been fabricated in…

marketing: Place: …said to be following a channel of distribution. For example, the channel of distribution for many food products includes food-processing plants, warehouses, wholesalers, and supermarkets. By using this channel, a food manufacturer makes its products easily accessible by ensuring that they are in stores that are frequented by those in…

Television in the United States: The new technologies: …in the practice of “channel surfing.” Viewer choice and control increased dramatically with these technologies and would increase even more profoundly in the new century.

Channel Tunnel, rail tunnel between England and France that runs beneath the English Channel. The Channel Tunnel, 50 km (31 miles) long, consists of three tunnels: two for rail traffic and a central tunnel for services and security. The tunnel runs between Folkestone, England, and Sangatte (near

Channel Tunnel: …Rail Link (CTRL), also called High Speed 1, was opened to connect the Channel Tunnel with London, facilitating even greater movement of international passenger traffic between mainland Europe and the United Kingdom. The high-speed railway runs 108 km (67 miles) and crosses under the Thames. Its trains can reach speeds…

Earth exploration: Seismic refraction methods: …transmitted through low-velocity layers (channel waves) or along the surface of a borehole (tube waves). Under certain circumstances (e.g., oblique incidence on an interface), waves can change from one mode to another.

English Channel, narrow arm of the Atlantic Ocean separating the southern coast of England from the northern coast of France and tapering eastward to its junction with the North Sea at the Strait of Dover (French: Pas de Calais). With an area of some 29,000 square miles (75,000 square km), it is

D’Entrecasteaux Channel, inlet of the Tasman Sea, extending northeast for about 35 miles (55 km) between Bruny Island (east) and the southeast coast of mainland Tasmania, Australia, to merge with the River Derwent estuary. It was sighted in 1642 by the Dutch navigator Abel Janszoon Tasman and was

Channel–Port aux Basques, town on the southwestern tip of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is the terminal for car ferries across Cabot Strait from North Sydney, Nova Scotia, and is the connecting point for the 570-mile (917-km) semicircular final stage of the Trans-Canada

valley: Misfit streams: …ways known collectively as the Channeled Scabland was formed. Because preglacial valleys were filled to overspilling, this process is really an example of stream overfitness. Numerous diagnostic landforms, including great cataracts, characterize the Channeled Scabland.

New Age movement: Realizing the New Age: Two transformative tools, channeling and the use of crystals, were identified with the New Age movement as it peaked in the 1980s. Many New Agers discovered their psychic abilities and became known as channels. Either consciously or in a trance, they claimed to establish contact with various preternatural…

channeling, in solid-state physics, the directionally selective penetration of crystalline solids by a beam of atoms. The effect was predicted in 1912 by the German physicist Johannes Stark but was not confirmed until 1960. The directions in which penetration is greatest characteristically are

fluting and reeding: Sometimes channeling, slightly resembling fluting, is found on Norman pillars, an instance of which is found in the crypt of Canterbury Cathedral, Kent, Eng. Exactly the same kind of ornament occurs frequently in Germany—e.g., in the crypt of Roda Rolduc, near Aachen, which, it has been…

conch: …these clam eaters are the channeled conch (B. canaliculatum) and the lightning conch (B. contrarium), both about 18 cm long and common on the Atlantic coast of the United States. Another melongenid is the Australian trumpet, or baler (Syrinx aruanus), which may be more than 60 cm long—the largest living…

channeling, in solid-state physics, the directionally selective penetration of crystalline solids by a beam of atoms. The effect was predicted in 1912 by the German physicist Johannes Stark but was not confirmed until 1960. The directions in which penetration is greatest characteristically are

Karl Deisseroth: …light-sensitive ion channel known as channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), which occurs naturally in algae, could act as an optical switch in mammalian neurons. The neurons, genetically engineered to express ChR2 on their surface, could be turned on when exposed to a flash of blue light, enabling very rapid and precise control over…

snakehead, any of a number of species of freshwater fish of the family Channidae, found in Africa and Asia. Snakeheads, long-bodied and more or less cylindrical in cross section, have large mouths and long, single dorsal and anal fins; they range from about 10 to 90 cm (4 to 36 inches) long.

Carol Channing was an American actress and singer known for her comically outsize performances, gravelly voice, and animated features. Channing was raised in San Francisco. After modeling and teaching dance in high school, she enrolled at Bennington College in Vermont. Though she ultimately dropped

Carol Channing was an American actress and singer known for her comically outsize performances, gravelly voice, and animated features. Channing was raised in San Francisco. After modeling and teaching dance in high school, she enrolled at Bennington College in Vermont. Though she ultimately dropped

Edward Channing was an American historian best remembered for a monumental study of his country’s development from ad 1000 through the American Civil War (1861–65). Channing, a son of the poet William Ellery Channing (1817–1901), was associated throughout his career with Harvard University, where

Edward Channing was an American historian best remembered for a monumental study of his country’s development from ad 1000 through the American Civil War (1861–65). Channing, a son of the poet William Ellery Channing (1817–1901), was associated throughout his career with Harvard University, where

Grease: Summary: …by the sharp-tongued Rizzo (Stockard Channing); the group exclusively socializes with the T-Birds.

Walter Channing was a U.S. physician and one of the founders of the Boston Lying-In Hospital (1832). He was the first to use ether as an anesthetic in obstetrics and the first professor of obstetrics at Harvard University (1815). A graduate in medicine (1809) of the University of Pennsylvania,

William Ellery Channing was an American author and moralist, a Congregationalist and, later, Unitarian clergyman. Known as the “apostle of Unitarianism,” Channing was a leading figure in the development of New England Transcendentalism and of organized attempts in the U.S. to eliminate slavery,

Burkina Faso: European exploration and colonization: …French officers Paul Voulet and Charles Paul Louis Chanoine (also known as Julien Chanoine) defeated the morho naba Boukari-Koutou (Wobogo) of Mossi in 1896 and then proceeded to overrun the Gurunsi lands. The Gurma accepted a French protectorate in 1897, and in that same year the lands of the Bobo…

Burkina Faso: European exploration and colonization: …French officers Paul Voulet and Charles Paul Louis Chanoine (also known as Julien Chanoine) defeated the morho naba Boukari-Koutou (Wobogo) of Mossi in 1896 and then proceeded to overrun the Gurunsi lands. The Gurma accepted a French protectorate in 1897, and in that same year the lands of the Bobo…

Burkina Faso: European exploration and colonization: …French officers Paul Voulet and Charles Paul Louis Chanoine (also known as Julien Chanoine) defeated the morho naba Boukari-Koutou (Wobogo) of Mossi in 1896 and then proceeded to overrun the Gurunsi lands. The Gurma accepted a French protectorate in 1897, and in that same year the lands of the Bobo…

milkfish, (Chanos chanos), silvery marine food fish that is the only living member of the family Chanidae (order Gonorhynchiformes). Fossils of this family date from as far back as the Cretaceous Period (145.5 million to 65.5 million years ago). The milkfish is often collected when young and raised

tea ceremony, time-honoured institution in Japan, rooted in the principles of Zen Buddhism and founded upon the reverence of the beautiful in the daily routine of life. It is an aesthetic way of welcoming guests, in which everything is done according to an established order. The ceremony takes

China: The Chinese Revolution (1911–12): …the Chinese dynastic revolution called chanrang, which means the peaceful shift in rule from a decadent dynasty to a more-virtuous one.) But events turned against him, and the presidency was given to Sun Yat-sen, who had been appointed provisional president of the republic by the National Assembly. In February 1912…

chanson, (French: “song”), French art song of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The chanson before 1500 is preserved mostly in large manuscript collections called chansonniers. Dating back to the 12th century, the monophonic chanson reached its greatest popularity with the trouvères of the 13th

chanson à personnages, medieval French song in the form of a dialogue, often between a husband and a wife, a knight and a shepherdess, or lovers parting at dawn. Specific forms of such chansons include the pastourelle and the

Charles Van Lerberghe: …Belgium, to write his masterpiece, La Chanson d’Ève. The predominantly free-verse poems of that volume, influenced by Italian painting, offer up a set of allegorical tableaux in which Eve appears as a primal poet symbolizing universal values. These poems were further publicized when Gabriel Fauré, one of the premier composers…

chanson de geste, any of the Old French epic poems forming the core of the Charlemagne legends. More than 80 chansons, most of them thousands of lines long, have survived in manuscripts dating from the 12th to the 15th century. They deal chiefly with events of the 8th and 9th centuries during the

French literature: The chansons de geste: …of poems that include the Chanson de Guillaume (“Song of William”). The epics in the Geste de Doon de Mayence deal with rebellious vassals, among them Raoul de Cambrai, in a gripping story of injustice and strained loyalties. The fanciful 13th-century Huon de Bordeaux (Huon of the Horn), which introduces…

La Chanson de Roland, Old French epic poem that is probably the earliest (c. 1100) chanson de geste and is considered the masterpiece of the genre. The poem’s probable author was a Norman poet, Turold, whose name is introduced in its last line. The poem takes the historical Battle of Roncesvalles

Jehan Bodel: …1199), nine fabliaux (1190–97), La Chanson des Saisnes (before 1200; “Song of the Saxons”), Le Jeu de Saint Nicolas (performed c. 1200), and Les Congés (1202; “Leave-Takings”), his poignant farewell to his friends, a lyrical poem of 42 stanzas.

chanson de toile, an early form of French lyric poetry dating from the beginning of the 12th century. The poems consisted of short monorhyme stanzas with a refrain. Chanson de toile is derived from the Old French phrase chançon de toile, literally, “linen

Jean Richepin: His first book of poetry, La Chanson des gueux (“Song of the Poor”), was published in 1876. Local authorities responded to its coarse language by sentencing him to a month in prison.

chant royal, fixed form of verse developed by French poets of the 13th to the 15th century. Its standard form consisted in the 14th century of five stanzas of from 8 to 16 lines of equal measure, without refrain, but with an identical rhyme pattern in each stanza and an envoi using rhymes from the

Henri Duparc: Two of them, “Soupir” and “Chanson triste,” were later incorporated in his collection of songs, written between 1868 and 1884, including eight with orchestral accompaniment. In these songs, Duparc enlarged the French song into a scena, or opera-like scene, and brought to it a poetic sense of musical prosody and…

chanson: …in large manuscript collections called chansonniers.

plainsong, the Gregorian chant (q.v.) and, by extension, other similar religious chants. The word derives from the 13th-century Latin term cantus planus (“plain song”), referring to the unmeasured rhythm and monophony (single line of melody) of Gregorian chant, as distinguished from the measured

La Marseillaise, French national anthem, composed in one night during the French Revolution (April 24, 1792) by Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle, a captain of the engineers and amateur musician. After France declared war on Austria on April 20, 1792, P.F. Dietrich, the mayor of Strasbourg (where

Olympe Bhêly-Quénum: …is unjustly accused of adultery; Le Chant du lac (1965; “The Song of the Lake”), which illustrated the modern conflict between educated Africans and their superstitious countrymen; and L’Initié (1979; “The Initiate”), the protagonist of which is a French-trained doctor who is also an initiate of a faith-healing cult. A…

Jean Giono: …Le Chant du monde (1934; Song of the World), which, like most of his work, was the protest of a sensitive man against modern civilization. In 1939 Giono spent two months in jail for pacifist activities. In 1945 he was held captive by a communist band of Resistance fighters who…

George Balanchine: The American years: …Le Chant du rossignol (The Song of the Nightingale) for the Ballet Russe in 1925. A long series of Stravinsky–Balanchine ballets followed; some of them were composed in collaboration. In 1972, a year after Stravinsky’s death, the New York City Ballet staged a Stravinsky Festival. Ten years later, in…

Alain Resnais: ” Le Chant du styrène (1959; “The Song of Styrene”), written by author and critic Raymond Queneau, nominally publicizing the versatility of the plastic polystyrene, became a meditation on the transformation of matter from amorphous nature into bright, banal household implements.

Australian literature: Literature from 1970 to 2000: …and attracted widespread notice with The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith (1972). Nearly all his novels explore the intersection of history and the individual life and contemplate just what kind of effect the insignificant individual can have on events of some moment. When Schindler’s Ark (1982), which is centrally about just…

chant royal, fixed form of verse developed by French poets of the 13th to the 15th century. Its standard form consisted in the 14th century of five stanzas of from 8 to 16 lines of equal measure, without refrain, but with an identical rhyme pattern in each stanza and an envoi using rhymes from the

chant royal: …of this form, and his Chant royal chrétien, with its refrain “Santé au corps et Paradis à l’âme” (“Health to the body and Paradise to the soul”), was famous. The 17th-century fabulist Jean de La Fontaine was the last exponent of the chant royal before its eclipse. Revived in the…

Chanthaburi, town, eastern Thailand. Chanthaburi is a commercial centre near the mouth of the Chanthaburi River, serving the region’s pepper, rubber, fruit, and coffee plantations. The Chanthaburi Range is to the north, and the Gulf of Thailand is about 15 miles (25 km) to the south. Pop. (2000

Saint Jane Frances of Chantal ; canonized 1767; feast day August 21) was a French cofounder of the Visitation Order. In 1592 she married Baron de Chantal, who was killed in a hunting accident (1601), leaving her with four children. In 1604 she heard St. Francis de Sales preach the Lent at Dijon and

surf music: instrumental songs, among them the Chantays (“Pipeline”), the Ventures (“Walk—Don’t Run”), and the Surfaris (whose “Wipe Out” featured the most identifiable drum solo in rock history). Surfing culture also flourished on the beaches of Australia, giving rise not only to an Australian version of surf music but also to…

Chanticleer: …as Edmond Rostand’s verse drama Chantecler (1910), which is set in a barnyard and features a boastful rooster.

Chanticleer, character in several medieval beast tales in which human society is satirized through the actions of animals endowed with human characteristics. Most famous of these works is a 13th-century collection of related satirical tales called Roman de Renart, whose hero is Reynard the Fox. The

chantefable, a medieval tale of adventure told in alternating sections of sung verse and recited prose. The word itself was used—and perhaps coined—by the anonymous author of the 13th-century French work Aucassin et Nicolette in its concluding lines: “No cantefable prent fin” (“Our chantefable is

bagpipe: …of the melody pipe, or chanter, while the remaining pipes, or drones, sound single notes tuned against the chanter by means of extendable joints. The sound is continuous; to articulate the melody and to reiterate notes the piper employs gracing—i.e., rapidly interpolated notes outside the melody, giving an effect of…

cantor, in Judaism and Christianity, an ecclesiastical official in charge of music or chants. In Judaism the cantor, or ḥazzan, directs liturgical prayer in the synagogue and leads the chanting. He may be engaged by a congregation to serve for an entire year or merely to assist at the ceremonies of

feudalism: Modern critiques: …time of the French historian Louis Chantereau Le Febvre (1588–1658), questions were raised concerning the extent to which the feudal construct oversimplified and distorted the historical realities it was intended to capture. Chantereau Le Febvre denounced as futile the attempts of his contemporaries to deduce general rules from uncertain principles.…

chanterelle, Highly prized, fragrant, edible mushroom (Cantharellus cibarius) in the order Cantharellales (phylum Basidiomycota). It is bright yellow in colour and is found growing on forest floors in summer and autumn. Its similarity to the poisonous jack-o-lantern (Clitocybe illudens, order

shanty, also spelled Chantey, or Chanty (from French chanter, “to sing”), English-language sailors’ work song dating from the days of sailing ships, when manipulating heavy sails, by means of ropes, from positions on the deck constituted a large part of a sailor’s work. The leader, or shantyman,

Chanthaburi, town, eastern Thailand. Chanthaburi is a commercial centre near the mouth of the Chanthaburi River, serving the region’s pepper, rubber, fruit, and coffee plantations. The Chanthaburi Range is to the north, and the Gulf of Thailand is about 15 miles (25 km) to the south. Pop. (2000

Chanthakuman was the ruler of the Lao kingdom of Luang Prabang who was confronted by increasingly serious local, regional, and international threats to his state’s survival. Chanthakuman was the second son of King Mangthaturat, and succeeded his elder brother Suk Soem (Souka-Seum) in 1852 as a

Chanthakuman was the ruler of the Lao kingdom of Luang Prabang who was confronted by increasingly serious local, regional, and international threats to his state’s survival. Chanthakuman was the second son of King Mangthaturat, and succeeded his elder brother Suk Soem (Souka-Seum) in 1852 as a

Chanticleer, character in several medieval beast tales in which human society is satirized through the actions of animals endowed with human characteristics. Most famous of these works is a 13th-century collection of related satirical tales called Roman de Renart, whose hero is Reynard the Fox. The