Korean literature: Modern literature: 1910 to the end of the 20th century: …literary movement was launched by Ch’oe Namsŏn and Yi Kwangsu. In 1908 Ch’oe published the poem “Hae egeso pada ege” (“From the Sea to Children”) in Sonyŏn (“Children”), the first literary journal aimed at producing cultural reform. Inspired by Lord Byron’s Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Ch’oe celebrates in clean masculine diction…

Ch’oe Si-hyŏng was the second leader of the Korean apocalyptic antiforeign Tonghak (Ch’ŏndogyo) religion, who helped organize the underground network that spread the sect after the 1864 execution of its founder, Ch’oe Che-u, for fomenting rebellion. After Ch’oe Che-u’s death, Ch’oe Si-hyŏng took

North Korea: Economy of North Korea: …a mass-mobilization measure called the Ch’ŏllima (“Flying Horse”) movement that was patterned on China’s Great Leap Forward of 1958–60. Subsequently, in the early 1960s, programs were instituted in agricultural and industrial management, called respectively the Ch’ongsan-ni Method and Taean Work System. In the late 1990s the country adopted the official…

Yalu River: The Yalu rises in Tian Lake (known in Korean as Ch’ŏn Lake), a body of water of indeterminate depth on top of Mount Baitou (Mount Paektu), on the Chinese–North Korean border, at an elevation of about 9,000 feet (2,700 meters) above sea level. Winding southward as far as Hyesan,…

Ch’ŏndogyo, (“Eastern Learning”), indigenous Korean religion that combines elements of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, shamanism, and Roman Catholicism. There is no concept of eternal reward in Ch’ŏndogyo, because its vision is limited to bringing righteousness and peace to the world. Toward this

Ch’ŏngch’ŏn River, river, central North Korea. It rises in the Chŏgyu Mountains about 75 miles (120 km) northwest of the city of Hamhŭng. The Ch’ŏngch’ŏn flows generally southwest for about 125 miles (200 km) past the cities of Hŭich’ŏn, Kujang, and Anju, draining an area of rich agricultural

Ch’ŏngch’ŏn River, river, central North Korea. It rises in the Chŏgyu Mountains about 75 miles (120 km) northwest of the city of Hamhŭng. The Ch’ŏngch’ŏn flows generally southwest for about 125 miles (200 km) past the cities of Hŭich’ŏn, Kujang, and Anju, draining an area of rich agricultural

Korean literature: Later Chosŏn: 1598–1894: …as well as Kim Ch’ŏng-T’aek’s Ch’ŏnggu yŏngŏn (“Songs of Green Hills”)—contained poems that had previously been transmitted only orally as well as songs that had in the past been recorded in book form. These collections also included new works by contemporary authors and, overall, contributed greatly to the elevation of…

Seoul: City site: Likewise, the Cheonggye Stream—a small tributary of the Han that drains the old city center but was covered over by streets and expressways in the mid-20th century—has been uncovered and restored; once a focus of everyday activities for many residents, it is now a river park and…

Ch’ŏngjin, city, capital of North Hamgyŏng do (province), northeastern North Korea. The city is situated along Kyŏngsŏng Bay, facing the East Sea (Sea of Japan). Before it became an open port in 1908, Ch’ŏngjin was a small fishing village. During the later stages of the Japanese occupation of Korea

Cheongju, city, North Chungcheong do (province), central South Korea. An old inland rural city, it is now the political and economic center of the province. After the city was connected to Seoul by highway in 1970, it developed rapidly. Rice, barley, beans, and cotton are produced within the

Ch’ŏndogyo: …altar in a ritual called ch’ŏngsu. They are instructed to meditate on God, offer prayers (kido) upon leaving and entering their homes, dispel harmful thoughts (e.g., of greed and lust), and worship God in church on Sundays.

Daigak Guksa: …Buddhist priest who founded the Ch’ŏnt’ae sect of Buddhism.

Chu, one of the most important of the small states contending for power in China between 770 and 223 bce. Originally one of the duke states under the Xi (Western) Zhou dynasty (1046–771 bce), Chu rose in the mid-8th century bce around the present province of Hubei, in the fertile valley of the

Matteo Ricci: Mission to China: …friend of the Confucian scholar Qu Taisu. Ricci taught him the rudiments of mathematics, receiving in return an introduction into the circles of the mandarins (high civil or military officials of the Chinese empire) and of the Confucian scholars. Noting that Ricci wore the habit of a Buddhist monk (which…

Chuci, compendium of ancient Chinese poetic songs from the southern state of Chu during the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 bce). The poems were collected in the 2nd century ce by Wang Yi, an imperial librarian during the latter part of the Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce). Many of the poems are attributed to

Qu Yuan was one of the greatest poets of ancient China and the earliest known by name. His highly original and imaginative verse had an enormous influence over early Chinese poetry. Qu Yuan was born a member of the ruling house of Chu, a large state in the central valley of the Yangtze River (Chang

Quzhou, city, western Zhejiang sheng (province), China. Quzhou has been a natural transportation centre since ancient times, being situated on the upper stream of the Fuchun River—there known as the Changshan River—at its confluence with the Wuxi River. Natural routes lead westward into Jiangxi

Qufu, city, Shandong sheng (province), eastern China. It lies 70 miles (110 km) south of Jinan. In ancient times Qufu was the capital of the small independent state of Lu, which flourished from the 6th to the 4th century bce. It was established as a county-level city in 1986. Qufu is best known as

Chumbi Valley, valley in the eastern Great Himalaya Range of the southern Tibet Autonomous Region, China. It is situated on a small south-pointing protuberance of territory between Bhutan (east) and Sikkim state, India (west). Formed by the passage of the Amo (Torsa) River, which rises below Tang

Kim Chŏng-hui was the best-known Korean calligrapher of the 19th century. Kim was born into a family of artists and government officials. As a young man he accompanied his father on a trip to Peking, where he became friendly with many of the leading Chinese scholars of the day. Returning to Korea,

chuanqi, a form of traditional Chinese operatic drama that developed from the nanxi in the late 14th century. Chuanqi alternated with the zaju as the major form of Chinese drama until the 16th century, when kunqu, a particular style of chuanqi, began to dominate serious Chinese drama. Highly

Daoism: Internal developments: …Liu Deren (1142); and the Quanzhen (“Perfect Realization”) sect, founded in 1163 by Wang Chongyang (Wang Zhe). This last sect came to the favourable attention of the Mongols, who had taken over in the North, and its second patriarch, Qiu Changqun, was invited into Central Asia to preach to Genghis…

Quanzhou, port and city, eastern coastal Fujian sheng (province), China. It is situated on the north bank of the Jin River, at the head of the river’s estuary, facing the Taiwan Strait. Pop. (2002 est.) city, 497,723; (2007 est.) urban agglom., 1,463,000. A Quanzhou prefecture was established there

Chinese literature: May Fourth period: …the smaller Chuangzao She (“Creation Society”), on the other hand, were followers of the “Romantic” tradition who eschewed any expressions of social responsibility by writers, referring to their work as “art for art’s sake.” In 1924, however, the society’s leading figure, Guo Moruo, converted to Marxism, and the Creation…

pottery: Coloured glazes: …Chinese as “blown red” (chui hong). It was certainly used as a monochrome in early Ming times and possibly even earlier, and is the direct ancestor of the showy flambé glazes (yao bian) of the Qianlong period that are often vividly streaked with unreduced copper blue.

Chunqiu, the first Chinese chronological history, said to be the traditional history of the vassal state of Lu, as revised by Confucius. It is one of the Five Classics (Wujing) of Confucianism. The name, actually an abbreviation of “Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter,” derives from the old custom of

Kao-hsiung: …King Ning-ching (Ningjing), and the Ch’un-ch’iu (Chunqiu; Spring and Autumn) Pagodas are major tourist attractions. Feng-shan (Fengshan), administrative seat of the former county, is linked by railway to Chi-lung (Jilong, or Keelung) in northeastern Taiwan. The National Sun Yat-sen University was founded in 1980 at Kao-hsiung.

Spring and Autumn period, (770–476 bce), in Chinese history, the period during the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 bce)—specifically the first portion of the Dong (Eastern) Zhou—when many vassal states fought and competed for supremacy. It was named for the title of a Confucian book of chronicles, Chunqiu,

Chuncheon, city and provincial capital, Gangwon do (province), northern South Korea. It is in the basin formed by the confluence of the Han and Soyang rivers. During the Korean War (1950–53), Chuncheon sustained heavy damage, but after the war it was reconstructed as a modern city. The city is a

Chongqing, city (shi) and provincial-level municipality (zhixiashi), southwest-central China. The leading river port, transportation hub, and commercial and industrial centre of the upper Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) basin, the city is located some 1,400 miles (2,250 km) from the sea, at the

Chongzhen was the reign name (nianhao) of the 16th and last emperor (reigned 1627–44) of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The Chongzhen emperor ascended the throne at the age of 16 on the death of his brother, the Tianqi emperor (reigned 1620–27), and tried to revive the deteriorating Ming government.

Chongming Island, large island in the mouth of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang), Shanghai municipality, China. The island has been formed through the accumulation of silt the river has carried down from its middle and upper course. It was first mentioned in the 7th century ad, when it seems to have

South Chungcheong, do (province), west-central South Korea. Facing the Yellow Sea to the west, it is bounded on the north by Gyeonggi province, on the east by North Chungcheong province, and on the south by North Jeolla province. Daejeon—administratively designated a metropolitan city with

North Chungcheong, do (province), central South Korea. The only province of South Korea with no seacoast, it is bordered by the provinces of Gangwon (north), North Gyeongsang (east), North Jeolla (southwest), South Chungcheong (west), and Gyeonggi (northwest). Its capital is Cheongju. The province

Tongyeong, city and port, South Gyeongsang do (province), southeastern South Korea. The city was created in 1995 when Chungmu city was combined with Tongyeong county. Until it was made a municipality in 1955, Chungmu was called Tongyeong, deriving its name from Tongjeyeong, which in Old Korean

Kim Chŏng-hui: …unique style known as the ch’usa, which has continued to be one of the major calligraphic styles in Korea.

Ch’usŏk, Korean holiday celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month to commemorate the fall harvest and to honour one’s ancestors. Similar to Thanksgiving Day in the United States, the Harvest Moon Festival, as it is also known, is one of the most popular holidays in Korea. The day begins

Cho Sok is a noted Korean painter of the Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1910) famous for his depiction of birds. A scholar by training, Cho was offered numerous official posts but always declined, preferring to spend his days painting. Magpies were his favourite subject, so much so that almost any painting

Korean music: Court instrumental music: Processional military music (ch’wit’a) begins in the style seen in ancient drawings, with drums, gongs, and accompanying conch shell and straight trumpets, in addition to a “barbarian” oboe with a conical body. This ensemble is followed by a softer one with the more typical Korean hourglass drum (changgo)…

methanol (CH3OH), the simplest of a long series of organic compounds called alcohols, consisting of a methyl group (CH3) linked with a hydroxy group (OH). Methanol was formerly produced by the destructive distillation of wood. The modern method of preparing methanol is based on the direct

Cabrini-Green: In 2000 the Chicago Housing Authority (CHA) began demolishing Cabrini-Green buildings as part of an ambitious and controversial plan to transform all of the city’s public housing projects; the last of the buildings was torn down in 2011.

Western dance: Dance contests and codes: …Latin-American rumba, samba, calypso, and cha-cha-cha. What was left of the social barriers existing in 1900 between the exclusive and the popular dancing establishments was swept away.

Dakota Johnson: Later films: …credits from that year include Cha Cha Real Smooth, in which she plays the single mother of an autistic son; Persuasion, based on the Jane Austen novel; and Am I OK?, a dramedy about a woman on a path of self-discovery. In Daddio (2023), which is largely set in a…

wind instrument: Trumpets: …found in China, where the zhajiao adds a shallow and flat mouthpiece to the same basic design. Another long trumpet of Rome was the cornu, which was curved to a G-shape for portability and braced crosswise for carrying over the shoulder.

Poch’ŏngyo: …religion was subsequently assumed by Cha’ Kyŏng-sŏk, an early associate of Kang. During the March 1 independence movement of 1919, Cha’ and 30,000 of the religion’s adherents were imprisoned by the Japanese. Cha’ escaped two years later and established Pohwagyo (“Religion of Universal Enlightenment”), which was registered with the government…

Orlando Cepeda is a Puerto Rican professional baseball player who became one of the first new stars to emerge when major league baseball arrived on the U.S. West Coast in 1958. Cepeda grew up surrounded by baseball: his father, Pedro (“Perucho”) Cepeda, was a power-hitting shortstop who was known

Western dance: Dance contests and codes: …Latin-American rumba, samba, calypso, and cha-cha-cha. What was left of the social barriers existing in 1900 between the exclusive and the popular dancing establishments was swept away.

Western dance: Dance contests and codes: …Latin-American rumba, samba, calypso, and cha-cha-cha. What was left of the social barriers existing in 1900 between the exclusive and the popular dancing establishments was swept away.

cha-shitsu, small Japanese garden pavilion or room within a house, specifically designed for the tea ceremony. Ideally, the cha-shitsu, or tea house, is separated from the house and is approached through a small garden called a roji (“dewy path”), the first step in breaking communication with the

Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadayev was an intellectual and writer whose ideas of Russian history precipitated the controversy between the opposing intellectual camps of Slavophiles and Westernizers. In his early years Chaadayev was an army officer and a liberal. During the 1820s he experienced a

Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadayev was an intellectual and writer whose ideas of Russian history precipitated the controversy between the opposing intellectual camps of Slavophiles and Westernizers. In his early years Chaadayev was an army officer and a liberal. During the 1820s he experienced a

chaat, a traditional savory snack sold by street vendors in India that originated in the country’s northern region and is now popular throughout South Asia and at Indian restaurants worldwide. Chaat is an umbrella term for a wide range of roadside foods that usually feature some kind of fried dough

Qamdo, mountainous area in the far eastern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, western China. It borders the provinces of Qinghai, Yunnan, and Sichuan to the north, east, and southeast, respectively. Myanmar (Burma) and the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh lie to the south. In Qamdo the great

Jacques Chaban-Delmas was a French politician, president of the National Assembly, and premier. Delmas was educated in political science and law and worked as a journalist before joining the army in 1938. As one of the early members of the Résistance (joined December 1940), he used Chaban as his

Jacques Chaban-Delmas was a French politician, president of the National Assembly, and premier. Delmas was educated in political science and law and worked as a journalist before joining the army in 1938. As one of the early members of the Résistance (joined December 1940), he used Chaban as his

platinum group: History: …produced by the French physicist P.F. Chabaneau in 1789; it was fabricated into a chalice that was presented to Pope Pius VI. The discovery of palladium was claimed in 1802 by the English chemist William Wollaston, who named it for the asteroid Pallas. Wollaston subsequently claimed the discovery of another…

Khabarovsk, kray (region), far eastern Russia. The kray includes the Yevreyskaya (Jewish) autonomous oblast (province). Its focus is the basin of the lower Amur River, flanked by the Sikhote-Alin mountains (south) and by the complex of mountains (north) dominated by the Bureya Range and a series of

Khabarovsk, city and administrative centre of Khabarovsk kray (territory), far eastern Russia. Khabarovsk lies along the Amur River just below its confluence with the Ussuri. The town was named after the Russian explorer E.P. Khabarov, who made several expeditions to the Amur River basin in the

chabazite, common hydrated sodium and calcium aluminosilicate mineral, (Ca,Na2)Al2Si4O12·6H2O, in the zeolite family. Its brittle, glassy, white or flesh-red, rhombohedral crystals often are found in cavities in basalt or andesite, as in Trentino, Italy; Northern Ireland; Melbourne, Australia; and

Chablis, classic white wine of France, made from chardonnay grapes grown in strictly delimited areas surrounding the village of Chablis and along the Serein River in the district of Yonne in northern Burgundy. Chablis is noted for its distinctively dry, full-bodied, somewhat acidic character and a

Michael Chabon is an American novelist and essayist known for his elegant deployment of figurative language and adventurous experiments with genre conceits. His narratives are frequently suffused with references to world mythology and to his own Jewish heritage. Chabon was the elder of two

Rohan Family: …transferred in 1648 to the house of Chabot, thereafter called Rohan-Chabot; but the titles of prince de Guémenée (said to date from 1570) and of duc de Montbazon (first created in 1588) remained with the Rohans, who later also obtained those of prince de Soubise (1667) and of duc de…

Philippe de Chabot, seigneur de Brion was the grand admiral of France under Francis I, whose favour raised him from the petty nobility of Poitou to glory and the vicissitudes of power. As well as the seigniory of Brion, he held the titles of comte de Charny and comte de Buzançois. A companion of

Chabrias was a mercenary who fought with distinction for the Athenians against various enemies and for the kings of Cyprus and Egypt. Chabrias defeated the Spartans in 388 and again in 378, when Athens joined Thebes against Sparta. On the latter occasion he invented a new defensive technique: he

Emmanuel Chabrier was a French composer whose best works reflect the verve and wit of the Paris scene of the 1880s and who was a musical counterpart of the early Impressionist painters. In his youth Chabrier was attracted to both music and painting. While studying law in Paris from 1858 to 1862, he

Emmanuel Chabrier was a French composer whose best works reflect the verve and wit of the Paris scene of the 1880s and who was a musical counterpart of the early Impressionist painters. In his youth Chabrier was attracted to both music and painting. While studying law in Paris from 1858 to 1862, he

Claude Chabrol was a French motion-picture director, scenarist, and producer who was France’s master of the mystery thriller. After attending the School of Political Science at the University of Paris, he was a critic and public relations man for Twentieth Century-Fox’s French office. Le Beau Serge

Chac, Mayan god of rain, especially important in the Yucatán region of Mexico where he was depicted in Classic times with protruding fangs, large round eyes, and a proboscis-like nose. Like other major Mayan gods, Chac also appeared as four gods, the Chacs. The four gods were associated with the

Henry Moore: Travel and further artistic influences: …plaster cast of a limestone Chac Mool—a Mayan representation of the rain spirit, depicted as a male reclining figure with its knees drawn up together, its staring head at a right angle to its body, and its hands holding on its stomach a flat dish for sacrifices. Moore became fascinated…

Battle of Chacabuco, (Feb. 12, 1817), in the Latin American wars of independence, a victory won by South American patriots over Spanish royalists north of Santiago, Chile. It began the expulsion of the Spaniards from Chile, completed the next year at the Battle of Maipú. After Argentine

Chacao, city, northwestern Miranda state, northern Venezuela. The city is situated in a valley in the central highlands. It was formerly a commercial centre in an agricultural area producing coffee, corn (maize), sugarcane, and fruit. With the growth of the national capital, it has become a

Taubaté: The city includes Chácara do Visconde, birthplace of the writer Monteiro Lobato, now a historical museum, and it is the seat of a university (1976). It has a professional football (soccer) club and stadium. Pop. (2010) 278,686.

Latin American dance: The Southern Cone: …the gaucho dances include the chacarrera and gato (couple dances based on the fandango) and malambo (a man’s solo dance with improvised footwork).

caccia: …a 14th-century French genre, the chace, a setting of a text in three-part canon. The English catch, a 17th-century type of round, may derive its name from caccia.

William Somerville: …of his best-known poems, especially The Chace (1735). That poem, written in Miltonic blank verse, traces the history of hunting up to the Norman Conquest of England (1066) and gives incidental information on kennel design, hare hunting, stag hunting, otter hunting, the breeding and training of dogs, and dog diseases…

Rosa Chacel was a leading mid-20th-century Spanish woman novelist and an accomplished essayist and poet who, as a member of the Generation of 1927, balanced her dense narrative style with surrealist imagery and psychological insights. Chacel studied painting and sculpture in Madrid, but ill health

Virgin Islands: The people of the Virgin Islands: The Chachas of St. Thomas form a distinct ethnic unit apart from the other islanders. They are descended from French Huguenots who a century ago came from Saint-Barthélémy—a West Indian island the French purchased from Sweden in 1877, after holding it themselves from 1648 to 1784.…

Western dance: Dance contests and codes: …Latin-American rumba, samba, calypso, and cha-cha-cha. What was left of the social barriers existing in 1900 between the exclusive and the popular dancing establishments was swept away.

chachalaca, any of several small birds of the curassow family. See

Chachapoyas, town, northern Peru. It lies at 7,657 feet (2,334 m) above sea level in the cool Utcubamba River valley. A site of ancient settlement, it is the oldest Spanish town east of the Andes. Founded in 1538 as San Juan de la Frontera de los Chachapoyas (“Saint John of the Frontier of the

Oceanic art and architecture: New Britain: …most remarkable came from the Chachet (northwestern Baining), who constructed figures up to 40 feet high for daytime mourning ceremonies. The Chachet figures had essentially tubular bodies with rudimentary arms and legs and tall heads with gaping mouths and painted eyes. Among other Baining groups, the best-known type of mask…

Chachi, Indians of the coastal lowlands of western Ecuador, one of the few aboriginal groups left in the region. The Chachi speak a Chibchan language somewhat related to the language of the neighbouring Tsáchila people. Like the Tsáchila, the Chachi believe themselves to be descended from peoples

Tashkent, capital of Uzbekistan and the largest city in Central Asia. Tashkent lies in the northeastern part of the country. It is situated at an elevation of 1,475 to 1,575 feet (450 to 480 metres) in the Chirchiq River valley west of the Chatkal Mountains and is intersected by a series of canals

Chachoengsao, town, south-central Thailand, about 25 miles (40 km) east of Bangkok. It is a port on the Bang Pakong River. On the railway between Bangkok and the Cambodian border, Chachoengsao is connected by a coastal road to Trat (southeast) and is a site of Buddhist pilgrimage. Rice cultivation

ostariophysan: Annotated classification: Family Chacidae (squarehead catfishes) Head broad, long, depressed, mouth terminal, wide. Eastern India to Borneo. 1 genus, 3 species. Family Malapteruridae (electric catfishes) Rayed dorsal fin lacking; spines lacking. Electric organs. Food fishes. Size to 1.2 metres (about 4 feet), 23 kg (50 pounds). Africa.

chacma, species of baboon

chacma, species of baboon

Chaco, provincia (province), northeastern Argentina. It is located between the northwestern Argentine highlands and the Paraná River and is bounded on part of the east by Paraguay. Resistencia, in the southeast on the Paraná, is the provincial capital. The province is mostly low hardwood forest

chaparral, scrubland plant communities composed of broad-leaved evergreen shrubs, bushes, and small trees usually less than 2.5 metres (about 8 feet) tall—the characteristic vegetation of coastal and inland mountain areas of southwestern North America. Chaparral is largely found in regions of

Gran Chaco, lowland alluvial plain in interior south-central South America. The name is of Quechua origin, meaning “Hunting Land.” Largely uninhabited, the Gran Chaco is an arid subtropical region of low forests and savannas traversed by only two permanent rivers and practically unmarked by roads

Argentina: The Gran Chaco: …where the Pampas begin, the Chaco Austral (“Southern Chaco”). The Gran Chaco in Argentina descends in flat steps from west to east, but it is poorly drained and has such a challenging combination of physical conditions that it remains one of the least-inhabited parts of the country. It has a…

Chaco Boreal, region of distinctive vegetation occupying about 100,000 square miles (259,000 square km) in northwestern Paraguay, southeastern Bolivia, and northern Argentina. The region is part of the vast arid lowland known as the Gran Chaco. The Chaco Boreal’s land is flat and is marked by

Chaco Culture National Historical Park, area of Native American ruins in northwestern New Mexico, U.S. It is situated some 45 miles (70 km) south of Bloomfield and about 55 miles (90 km) northeast of Gallup. The park was established in 1907 as Chaco Canyon National Monument and was redesignated and

Argentina: The Gran Chaco: …River is known as the Chaco Central. Argentines have named the area southward to latitude 30° S, where the Pampas begin, the Chaco Austral (“Southern Chaco”). The Gran Chaco in Argentina descends in flat steps from west to east, but it is poorly drained and has such a challenging combination…

Chaco Culture National Historical Park, area of Native American ruins in northwestern New Mexico, U.S. It is situated some 45 miles (70 km) south of Bloomfield and about 55 miles (90 km) northeast of Gallup. The park was established in 1907 as Chaco Canyon National Monument and was redesignated and

Bolivia: The Chaco War and military rule: …the younger literate veterans—the so-called Chaco generation—at the total failure of Bolivian arms. Charging that the traditional politicians and the international oil companies had led Bolivia into its disastrous war, the returning veterans set up rival socialist and radical parties and challenged the traditional political system.

Chaco: Chaco National Park (37,000 acres [15,000 hectares]) in northeastern Chaco province includes extensive savannas and palm forests.

Chaco War: …treaty was arranged by the Chaco Peace Conference, which included Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Uruguay, and the United States. It was signed in Buenos Aires on July 21, 1938. Paraguay gained clear title to most of the disputed region, but Bolivia was given a corridor to the Paraguay River and…

Chaco War, (1932–35), costly conflict between Bolivia and Paraguay. Hostile incidents began as early as 1928 over the Chaco Boreal, a wilderness region of about 100,000 square miles (259,000 square km) north of the Pilcomayo River and west of the Paraguay River that forms part of the Gran Chaco.