Chatham, port, Medway unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Kent, southeastern England. The port lies along the River Medway just above its confluence with the River Thames, on the southeastern periphery of Greater London. Chatham is continuous with the communities of Rochester

Paul Anka: …Mornin’ Comes,” a duet with Peter Cetera. Anka toured and continued to release compilations and concert recordings throughout the 1980s and ’90s. A successful Spanish-language album, Amigos, was released in 1996.

demand curve: …relationship is contingent on certain ceteris paribus (other things equal) conditions remaining constant. Such conditions include the number of consumers in the market, consumer tastes or preferences, prices of substitute goods, consumer price expectations, and personal income. A change in one or more of these conditions causes a change in…

Cetshwayo was the last great king of the independent Zulus (reigned 1872–79), whose strong military leadership and political acumen restored the power and prestige of the Zulu nation, which had declined during the reign of his father, Mpande (Panda). As absolute ruler of a rigidly disciplined army

Croatia: Drainage: In Dalmatia the Krka and Cetina rivers are of particular importance because of their hydroelectric potential and because they flow into the Adriatic Sea.

Gutierre de Cetina was a Spanish poet, author of “Ojos claros serenos” (“Clear, Serene Eyes”), one of the most frequently anthologized poems in the Spanish language. Cetina was a soldier and spent most of his life traveling, visiting Italy, Germany, and Mexico. Influenced by the poet Garcilaso de

Cetinje, city, Montenegro, historical capital of Montenegro. It lies 2,198 feet (670 metres) above sea level on the Cetinje plateau, surrounded by peaks and at the foot of Mount Lovćen (5,738 feet [1,749 metres]). The city’s name derives from the river, the Cetina (or Cetinja). The monastery at

sauropod: …evolved into several major subgroups: Cetiosauridae, Brachiosauridae (including Brachiosaurus), Camarasauridae (including Camarasaurus), Diplodocidae (including Diplodocus and Apatosaurus), and Titanosauridae. The smaller sauropods reached a length of up

dinosaur: The first finds: …a single large tooth, and Cetiosaurus, which he named from an incomplete skeleton composed of very large bones. Having carefully studied most of these fossil specimens, Owen recognized that all of these bones represented a group of large reptiles that were unlike any living varieties. In a report to the…

Southeast Asian arts: 11th century to the present: …important, however, are the buildings—called cetiyas—that combine the attributes of stupa and shrine. These have a history and a line of evolution of their own, which can be traced from the Pyu stupa to the huge structural temple. The typical stupa, derived from the early medieval Indian form, is a…

Chetnik, member of a Serbian nationalist guerrilla force that formed during World War II to resist the Axis invaders and Croatian collaborators but that primarily fought a civil war against the Yugoslav communist guerrillas, the Partisans. After the surrender of the Yugoslav royal army in April

flower chafer, (subfamily Cetoniinae), any of a group of beetles in the family Scarabaeidae (insect order Coleoptera) that are distributed worldwide and are brilliantly coloured, with the majority of the iridescent species occurring in the tropics. Most measure less than 12 mm (0.5 inch), although

ostariophysan: Annotated classification: Family Cetopsidae (whalelike catfishes) Body naked, lacking bony plates. South America. 7 genera, 23 species. Family Callichthyidae (callichthyid armoured catfishes) 2 longitudinal series of overlapping bony plates. Herbivorous aquarium fishes. South and Central America. 8 genera, about 177 species.

chondrichthyan: Annotated classification: Family Cetorhinidae (basking sharks) 2 dorsal fins, the 1st well in advance of pelvics; lunate caudal fin; gill openings extending around sides almost meeting at throat. Hundreds of minute teeth. Ovoviviparous. Embryonic development undescribed. Size at birth probably 1.5–1.8 metres (5–6 feet); maximum size to 13–14…

basking shark, (Cetorhinus maximus), huge, slow-swimming shark of the family Cetorhinidae. Named for its habit of floating or slowly swimming at the surface, the basking shark is found predominantly in coastal areas in temperate regions of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It is one of the largest

cetacean: Annotated taxonomy: †Family Cetotheriidae (cetotheres) About 30 genera. Middle Oligocene to Lower Pliocene. North and South America and Europe. †Suborder Archaeoceti (archaeocetes, or zeuglodonts) At least 24 genera. Anterior and posterior teeth differentiated; total teeth not exceeding 44, the basic number in

cetacean: Annotated taxonomy: †Family Cetotheriidae (cetotheres) About 30 genera. Middle Oligocene to Lower Pliocene. North and South America and Europe. †Suborder Archaeoceti (archaeocetes, or zeuglodonts) At least 24 genera. Anterior and posterior teeth differentiated; total teeth not exceeding 44, the basic number in

Iceland moss, (Cetraria islandica), fruticose (branched, bushy) lichen with an upright thallus usually attached in one place. It varies in colour from deep brown to grayish white and may grow to a height of 7 cm (3 inches). The trough-shaped branches fork into flattened lobes that are edged with

Beltane, festival held on the first day of May in Ireland and Scotland, celebrating the beginning of summer and open pasturing. Beltane is first mentioned in a glossary attributed to Cormac, bishop of Cashel and king of Munster, who was killed in 908. Cormac describes how cattle were driven between

Cetshwayo was the last great king of the independent Zulus (reigned 1872–79), whose strong military leadership and political acumen restored the power and prestige of the Zulu nation, which had declined during the reign of his father, Mpande (Panda). As absolute ruler of a rigidly disciplined army

Kosovo: Cultural milieu: …when University of Pristina professor Anton Çetta and other activists led an antivendetta campaign. The practice resurfaced, however, amid the political instability following the 1998–99 conflict.

Sète, town and a principal French Mediterranean commercial port, Hérault département, Occitanie région, southern France, southwest of Montpellier. It occupies the lower slopes and foot of the isolated Mont Saint-Clair, which lies on a tongue of land between the Mediterranean Sea and the large

Tahar Ben Jelloun: …aveuglante absence de lumière (2001; This Blinding Absence of Light), a harrowing account of the life of a Moroccan political prisoner that was partially inspired by Ben Jelloun’s own 18-month detainment in an army camp in the late 1960s, won the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award in 2004.

Ceṭṭi, group of castes widespread in southern India, roughly corresponding to the Banias, a similar group of merchant castes in the north. They specialize primarily in the mercantile trades, as bankers, moneylenders, pawnbrokers, shopkeepers, and merchants. They employ a special trade jargon, which

Cetus, constellation in the southern sky, at about 2 hours right ascension and 10° south in declination. The brightest star, Deneb Kaitos (from the Arabic for “tail of the whale”), has a visual magnitude of 2.04. The most famous star in Cetus is Mira Ceti, or Omicron Ceti, the first known variable

pancreatic cancer: Treatment: …drugs such as cetuximab (Erbitux), a monoclonal antibody that binds to EGFR and thus prevents kinase activation and cell division, are being developed and tested in clinical trials for pancreatic cancer.

cetyl alcohol, [CH3(CH2)15OH], a solid organic compound that was one of the first alcohols to be isolated from fats. Cetyl alcohol was discovered in 1817 by the French chemist Michel Chevreul. When he heated a sample of spermaceti (a solid wax formed by the cooling of sperm whale oil) with caustic

Ceuta, Spanish exclave, military post, and free port on the coast of Morocco, at the Mediterranean entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar. Ceuta is an autonomous city administered by Spain. Ceuta, Melilla (also an exclave), and other tiny islets along the coast of North Africa constitute the

Ceva’s theorem, in geometry, theorem concerning the vertices and sides of a triangle. In particular, the theorem asserts that for a given triangle ABC and points L, M, and N that lie on the sides AB, BC, and CA, respectively, a necessary and sufficient condition for the three lines from vertex to

Giovanni Ceva was an Italian mathematician, physicist, and hydraulic engineer best known for the geometric theorem bearing his name concerning straight lines that intersect at a common point when drawn through the vertices of a triangle. Most details of Ceva’s early life are known only through his

Giovanni Ceva was an Italian mathematician, physicist, and hydraulic engineer best known for the geometric theorem bearing his name concerning straight lines that intersect at a common point when drawn through the vertices of a triangle. Most details of Ceva’s early life are known only through his

Tommaso Ceva was a Jesuit mathematician and poet, who was the younger brother of Giovanni Ceva. In 1663 Tommaso Ceva entered the Society of Jesus at the Brera College in Milan and soon became a professor of rhetoric and mathematics, teaching at Brera for more than 40 years. Ceva’s only mathematical

Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata: …Río de la Plata—Pedro de Cevallos—arrived in Montevideo with a large force of men and ships. Cevallos pushed the Portuguese back and organized a new government in Buenos Aires before being supplanted by another viceroy just a few months after taking office. The viceroys following Cevallos—Juan José de Vértiz y…

Kazakhstan: Kazakhstan to c. 1700 ce: In 1723 Dga’-ldan’s successor, Cevang Rabtan, was again on the attack. Aided by Swedish officers who had been Russian prisoners at the Battle of Poltava (1709) and found their way to these distant parts, the Dzungars launched a devastating invasion of the eastern Kazakh lands. The memory of this…

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Daily life and social customs: …national dish of ćevapi, or ćevapčići. These small rolls of seasoned ground meat, typically a mixture of beef and lamb, are grilled and usually served in a bread pocket. The plums that grow in the country are often made into thick jam or slivovitz, a popular brandy.

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Daily life and social customs: …national dish of ćevapi, or ćevapčići. These small rolls of seasoned ground meat, typically a mixture of beef and lamb, are grilled and usually served in a bread pocket. The plums that grow in the country are often made into thick jam or slivovitz, a popular brandy.

Orhan Pamuk: …later published his first novel, Cevdet Bey ve oğulları (“Cevdet Bey and His Sons”), a sweeping history of an Istanbul family during and after the establishment of the Turkish republic. He followed it with Sessiz ev (1983; Silent House), relying on multiple narrators to shape the story of a family…

Ahmed Cevdet Paşa was a statesman and historian, a major figure in 19th-century Turkish letters. Cevdet went to Istanbul at the age of 17 to complete his education at a religious college. In 1844/45 he was appointed qadi (judge) and then became the juridical adviser to the grand vizier (Ottoman

Cévennes, mountain range of southern France containing peaks over 5,000 feet (1,525 m) and forming the southeastern rim of the Massif Central, overlooking the lower valley of the Rhône River and the plain of Languedoc. A part of the Atlantic-Mediterranean watershed, its Mediterranean slope is riven

Cévennes National Park, nature reserve located in the départements of Lozère and Gard, southern France. The park, created in 1970, occupies 353 square miles (913 square km) of the Cévennes and Causses regions southeast of the Massif Central. It is dominated by calcareous (limestone) plateaus, the

ceviche, dish of South American origin comprising raw fish or shellfish marinated in citrus juice. The great fishing cultures of the world often consume raw fish, a culinary custom made possible by the freshness of the catch. So it is that in Norway salmon is often eaten straight from the fjord,

vitamin C, water-soluble, carbohydrate-like substance that is involved in certain metabolic processes of animals. Although most animals can synthesize vitamin C, it is necessary in the diet of some, including humans and other primates, in order to prevent scurvy, a disease characterized by soreness

Chewa, Bantu-speaking people living in the extreme eastern zone of Zambia, northwestern Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Mozambique. They share many cultural features with their Bemba kinsmen to the west. Their language, Chewa, is also called Chichewa, Nyanja, or Chinyanja and is important in Malawi. The

Ceyhan River, river, southern Turkey, rising in the Nurhak Mountains of the Eastern Taurus range, northeast of Elbistan. It flows southeast past Elbistan, where it is fed by the Harman Deresi and numerous other small streams. It then turns south, is joined by the Aksu on the outskirts of

Ceyhan River, river, southern Turkey, rising in the Nurhak Mountains of the Eastern Taurus range, northeast of Elbistan. It flows southeast past Elbistan, where it is fed by the Harman Deresi and numerous other small streams. It then turns south, is joined by the Aksu on the outskirts of

Sri Lanka, island country lying in the Indian Ocean and separated from peninsular India by the Palk Strait. It is located between latitudes 5°55′ and 9°51′ N and longitudes 79°41′ and 81°53′ E and has a maximum length of 268 miles (432 km) and a maximum width of 139 miles (224 km). Proximity to the

cinnamon, (Cinnamomum verum), bushy evergreen tree of the laurel family (Lauraceae) and the spice derived from its bark. Cinnamon is native to Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon), the neighbouring Malabar Coast of India, and Myanmar (Burma) and is also cultivated in South America and the West Indies. The

Matura diamond, colourless variety of the gemstone zircon

Ceylon ironwood, (Mesua ferrea), tropical tree (family Calophyllaceae), cultivated in tropical climates for its form, foliage, and fragrant flowers. The plant is native to the wet evergreen forests of India, Indochina, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon), and Sumatra. It

Sri Lanka: Growth of nationalist power: …in 1919 to form the Ceylon National Congress, which united Sinhalese and Tamil organizations. In a series of proposals for constitutional reforms, the Congress called for an elected majority in the legislature, control of the budget, and partial control of the executive branch.

Sri Lanka: Ethnic composition: …Tamil segment comprises two groups—Sri Lankan Tamils (long-settled descendants from southeastern India) and Indian Tamils (recent immigrants from southeastern India, most of whom were migrant workers brought to Sri Lanka under British rule). Slightly more than one-eighth of the total population belongs to the former group. Muslims, who trace…

Li Ye: …he composed his main work, Ceyuan haijing (1248; “Sea Mirror of Circle Measurements”), which contains 170 problems based on one geometric diagram of a circular city wall circumscribed by a right-angled triangle. Each problem involves two men walking along various roads within the town in order to see one another…

kingfisher: euryzona), the Sulawesi kingfisher (Ceyx fallax), the brown-winged kingfisher (Pelargopsis amauropterus), and some of the paradise kingfishers (Tanysiptera) of New Guinea.

Paul Cézanne was a French painter, one of the greatest of the Post-Impressionists, whose works and ideas were influential in the aesthetic development of many 20th-century artists and art movements, especially Cubism. Cézanne’s art, misunderstood and discredited by the public during most of his

bat: Orientation: …or the frequency may be constant (CF) during part of the pulse, followed by a brief FM sweep; either FM or CF pulses may have high harmonic content. The pulse duration varies with the species and the situation. During cruising flight the pulses of the greater false vampire bat (Megaderma…

californium (Cf), synthetic chemical element of the actinoid series of the periodic table, atomic number 98. Not occurring in nature, californium (as the isotope californium-245) was discovered (1950) by American chemists Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., Albert Ghiorso, and Glenn T.

cystic fibrosis (CF), an inherited metabolic disorder, the chief symptom of which is the production of a thick, sticky mucus that clogs the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract. Cystic fibrosis was not recognized as a separate disease until 1938 and was then classified as a childhood

Major League Soccer: United, Montreal Impact, New England Revolution (based near Boston), New York City FC, New York Red Bulls, Orlando City SC, Philadelphia Union, Toronto FC. Western Conference: Colorado Rapids (based near Denver in Commerce City, Colorado), FC Dallas, Houston Dynamo,

electron tube: Crossed-field amplifiers: Crossed-field amplifiers (CFA) share several characteristics with magnetrons. Both contain a cylindrical cathode coaxial with an RF structure, and each of these tubes constitutes a diode in which a magnetic field is established perpendicular to an electric field between the cathode and the…

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), astronomical research institution headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S., on the campus of Harvard University. The CfA was created in 1973 by reorganizing the Harvard College Observatory and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under

Burkina Faso: Finance: Burkina Faso’s currency is the CFA (Communauté Financière Africaine) franc, which has been officially pegged to the euro. It is issued by the Central Bank of West African States, an agency of the West African Economic and Monetary Union, which consists of eight countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau,…

Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (CFAT), American education research and policy centre, established (1905) in New York, New York, as the Carnegie Foundation with a $10 million gift by the steel magnate Andrew Carnegie. In 1906, under the leadership of its first president,

chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), any of several organic compounds composed of carbon, fluorine, and chlorine. When CFCs also contain hydrogen in place of one or more chlorines, they are called hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs. CFCs are also called Freons, a trademark of the E.I. du Pont de Nemours &

American football: Football in Canada: …top clubs formed their own Canadian Football Council (CFC) in 1956, dropping the name rugby altogether. The CFC became the Canadian Football League (CFL) in 1958 and withdrew from the CRU, with the four privately owned eastern clubs becoming the Eastern Football Conference in 1959 and the five community-run Western…

chlorofluorocarbon: Some of these compounds, especially trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) and dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), found use as aerosol-spray propellants, solvents, and foam-blowing agents. They are well suited for these and other applications because they are nontoxic and nonflammable and can be readily converted from a liquid to a gas and vice versa.

chlorofluorocarbon: …compounds, especially trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) and dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), found use as aerosol-spray propellants, solvents, and foam-blowing agents. They are well suited for these and other applications because they are nontoxic and nonflammable and can be readily converted from a liquid to a gas and vice versa.

Del Monte Foods: …canners merged under the name California Fruit Canners Association. In 1916 CFCA drew in two more canners and a food brokerage house, incorporated itself as California Packing Corporation, or Calpak, and began marketing its products under the Del Monte brand. The new company then operated more than 60 canneries, some…

Republic of the Congo: Transportation and telecommunications: The major Congo-Ocean Railway line runs for about 320 miles (520 km) from Brazzaville west through Nkayi and Loubomo to Pointe-Noire. There is also a 175-mile (280-km) branch line from Favre north to Mbinda on the Gabon border. These railways offer important transshipment services for neighbouring countries,…

Vogue: History: In 2003 she and the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) jointly inaugurated the CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund, which offered financial support and business mentoring to the “next generation” of American fashion designers.

French Democratic Confederation of Labour, French trade union federation that evolved from the French Confederation of Christian Workers (Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens, or CFTC). Drawing some of its principles from the Roman Catholic church when it was founded in 1919, the CFTC

20th-century international relations: From skepticism to reality: In the Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty, the NATO and Soviet sides each pledged to limit themselves to 20,000 battle tanks and 20,000 artillery tubes, 6,800 combat aircraft, 30,000 other armoured combat vehicles, and 2,000 attack helicopters. The CSCE member states signed the Charter of Paris for…

fluorescent lamp: In newer, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), in which the fluorescent tube is coiled into a shape similar to an incandescent bulb, the ballast is nested into the cup at the base of the bulb assembly and is made of electronic components that reduce or eliminate the buzzing…

Canadian Football League (CFL), major Canadian professional gridiron football organization, formed in 1956 as the Canadian Football Council, created by the Western Interprovincial Football Union (WIFU) and the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union (IRFU). Though the IRFU still referred to their

College Football Playoff, annual series of three U.S. college football postseason bowl games (2014– ) that determines the national champion of the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS; formerly known as Division I-A) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). (Read Walter Camp’s 1903

Total SA, French oil company that ranks as one of the world’s major petroleum corporations. It engages in the exploration, refining, transport, and marketing of petroleum and petrochemical products. The firm also pursues business interests in coal mining, nuclear energy, and alternative energy

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) is a U.S. government agency established by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (also called the Dodd-Frank Act) in the wake of the 2007–08 financial crisis. The role of the CFPB is to review the practices of

Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), independent nonpartisan think tank and publisher that promotes understanding of international relations and foreign policy. The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) was founded in 1921. It does not take policy positions but instead sponsors discussion, analysis,

myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), condition characterized by persistent debilitating fatigue that has no identifiable cause. ME/CFS is a remarkably complex illness and remains incompletely understood. These factors complicate its accurate diagnosis and have raised

chemical bonding: Crystal field theory: …Δ and is called the crystal field splitting energy (CFSE). This energy is the parameter that is used to correlate a variety of spectroscopic, thermodynamic, and magnetic properties of complexes.

Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), agency of the U.S. federal government charged with regulating commodity and financial futures and options contracts and markets. The CFTC protects market users and the public from fraud, manipulation, and abusive practices related to sales of these

French Confederation of Christian Workers, French labour-union federation that was founded in 1919 by Roman Catholic workers who opposed both the syndicalist and communist movements of the day. The confederation, based on Catholic social and anti-Marxist principles, rejected the theory of class

biological determinism: Multifaceted diseases: …the defective gene, known as CFTR, from both parents. More than 1,000 mutation sites have been identified in CFTR, and most have been related to different manifestations of the disease. However, individuals with the same genotype can show remarkably different phenotypes. Some will show early onset, others later onset; in…

nucleic acid: Methylation: …found in key genes at CG dinucleotides.

CG-4, the principal U.S.-built glider of World War II. It was used in airborne operations to deliver assault troops to their objectives in formed groups and to deliver weapons, light artillery pieces, and vehicles too bulky or heavy to be dropped by parachute. It was also used to deliver supplies.

CG-4, the principal U.S.-built glider of World War II. It was used in airborne operations to deliver assault troops to their objectives in formed groups and to deliver weapons, light artillery pieces, and vehicles too bulky or heavy to be dropped by parachute. It was also used to deliver supplies.

chronic granulomatous disease, a group of rare inherited diseases characterized by the inability of certain white blood cells called phagocytes to destroy invading microorganisms. Individuals born with this defect are vulnerable to many bacterial and fungal infections, particularly Staphylococcus

in vitro fertilization: Preimplantation genetic diagnosis: Another technique, known as comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), may be used in conjunction with PGD to identify chromosomal abnormalities. CGH is more sensitive than FISH and is capable of detecting a variety of small chromosomal rearrangements, deletions, and duplications. It may also be useful in reducing the chance of…

common gateway interface (CGI), a standard that allows external applications located on personal computers or other devices to interact with information servers on the Internet. Developed in the 1990s, CGI is still used, but other methods such as PHP scripts are also utilized. CGI programs are

computer animation, form of animated graphics using computers that replaced both “stop-motion” animation of scale-model puppets and hand-drawn animation of drawings. Efforts to lessen the labour and costs of animation have led to simplification and computerization. Computers can be used in every

General Italian Confederation of Labour , Italy’s largest trade-union federation. It was organized in Rome in 1944 as a nationwide labour federation to replace the dissolved Fascist syndicates. Its founders, who included communists, social democrats, and Christian Democrats, intended it to be the

PDE-5 inhibitor: …that causes the formation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP); cGMP in turn causes the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum to relax, allowing blood to flow into the penis and produce an erection. PDE-5 breaks down cGMP, and so the PDE-5 inhibitors, by blocking the action of the enzyme, maintain…

International System of Units: Adopted by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 1960, it is abbreviated SI in all languages.

Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), U.S. satellite, one of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) “Great Observatories” satellites, which is designed to identify the sources of celestial gamma rays. In operation from 1991 to 1999, it was named in honour of Arthur Holly Compton,

viscosity: …of kinematic viscosity in the centimetre-gram-second (CGS) system, called the stokes in Britain and the stoke in the U.S., is named for the British physicist Sir George Gabriel Stokes. The stoke is defined as one centimetre squared per second.

General Confederation of Labour, major labour-union federation in Argentina. The CGT was formed in 1930. Its leadership was contested by socialist, anarchist, and syndicalist factions from 1935 until the early 1940s, when it came under the control of Juan Perón, an ambitious Cabinet minister. When

General Confederation of Labour, French labour union federation. Formed in 1895, the CGT united in 1902 with the syndicalist-oriented Federation of Labour Exchanges (Fédération des Bourses du Travail). In its early years the CGT was racked by ideological divisions between socialist, syndicalist

General Confederation of Labour–Workers’ Force, French labour-union federation that is most influential among white-collar civil servants and clerical workers. It was formed in 1948 after a split within the General Confederation of Labour (Confédération Générale du Travail, or CGT). In 1947 the

General Confederation of Labour: …unions responded by forming the Unitary General Confederation of Labour (Confédération Générale du Travail Unitaire; CGTU), whose politics came to be dominated by Moscow. The CGTU rejoined the CGT in 1936 when communist parties and unions formed popular fronts with socialist organizations in joint opposition of fascism. By supporting the…

continuum hypothesis, statement of set theory that the set of real numbers (the continuum) is in a sense as small as it can be. In 1873 the German mathematician Georg Cantor proved that the continuum is uncountable—that is, the real numbers are a larger infinity than the counting numbers—a key

Korean art: Painting: Cho Sŏk-chin, and Ch’ae Yong-sin were among the more active professional painters. Their paintings were mannered and exhibited an academic style lacking individuality. They painted many excellent portraits of Korean dignitaries in a style that blended the indigenous with European-style shading.