tube anemone: One species, Cerianthus americanus, found in shallow waters from New England to Florida, grows to about 60 cm (24 inches) in length.

cnidarian: Annotated classification: Subclass Ceriantipatharia Black corals and tube anemones. Order Antipatharia Black coral. Large bushy colonies with thorny, hornlike axial skeleton formed by small polyps with 6 simple tentacles and 1 siphonoglyph. Mostly tropical and subtropical. Order Ceriantharia Tube

Cerignola, town, Puglia (Apulia) regione, southeastern Italy. It lies on high ground marking the southern limit of the Puglia Tableland, southeast of Foggia. On April 28, 1503, the Spaniards defeated the French below Cerignola and made the Kingdom of Naples a Spanish province. The town later passed

Cythera, island, southernmost and easternmost of the Ionian Islands, off the southern Peloponnesus (Pelopónnisos). It is an eparkhía (eparchy) of Attiki nomós (department), Greece. A continuation of the Taiyetos Range, the island has a mountainous interior, rising to 1,663 feet (507 metres). The

Cerinthus was a Christian heretic whose errors, according to the theologian Irenaeus, led the apostle John to write his New Testament Gospel. Cerinthus was probably born a Jew in Egypt. Little is known of his life save that he was a teacher and founded a short-lived sect of Jewish Christians with

gastropod: Classification: …Indian shore salt-spray zone (Cerionidae) or Andean mountains of South America and Eurasia (Clausiliidae). Superfamily Strophocheilacea Large helicoidal to elongated shells of South America (Strophocheilidae) or southwestern Africa (Dorcasiidae). Order

space debris: …European Ariane rocket collided with Cerise, a French microsatellite. Cerise was damaged but continued to function. The first collision that destroyed an operational satellite happened on February 10, 2009, when Iridium 33, a communications satellite owned by the American company Motorola, collided with Cosmos 2251, an inactive Russian military communications…

gastropod: Classification: Superfamily Cerithiacea Minute to large, generally elaborately sculptured shells, common in mud flats and mangroves, many species sand dwellers, with 1 group of families (Thiaridae, Pleuroceridae, Melanopsidae) especially abundant and varied in the Tennessee and Alabama river systems; 13 marine families, including worm shells

cerium (Ce), chemical element, the most abundant of the rare-earth metals. Commercial-grade cerium is iron-gray in colour, silvery when in a pure form, and about as soft and ductile as tin. It oxidizes in air at room temperature to form CeO2. The metal slowly reacts with water, and it quickly

poison: Local toxicities of common beta-particle emitters: …the isotopes strontium-90, iodine-131, and cerium-144 emit beta particles that are not distributed evenly in the body. Strontium-90 releases only beta particles, while iodine-131 and cerium-144 release both beta particles and gamma rays, but their toxicities are primarily caused by the beta particles. These radioisotopes produce toxicities in the tissues…

mental disorder: Development of physical and pharmacological treatments: …technique introduced by Italian psychiatrists Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini in 1938. Electroconvulsive treatment was more successful in alleviating states of severe depression than in treating symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychosurgery, or surgery performed to treat mental illness, was introduced by Portuguese neurologist António

Anton J. Cermak was an American politician and mayor of Chicago. He was killed by an assassin’s bullet that was intended for U.S. President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt. Cermak was born about 50 miles (80 km) from Prague but celebrated his first birthday in New York City, possibly at Castle

Anton J. Cermak was an American politician and mayor of Chicago. He was killed by an assassin’s bullet that was intended for U.S. President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt. Cermak was born about 50 miles (80 km) from Prague but celebrated his first birthday in New York City, possibly at Castle

CERN, international scientific organization established for the purpose of collaborative research into high-energy particle physics. Founded in 1954, the organization maintains its headquarters near Geneva and operates expressly for research of a “pure scientific and fundamental character.” Article

Eugene Cernan was an American astronaut who, as commander of Apollo 17 (December 7–17, 1972), was the last person to walk on the Moon. Cernan graduated from Purdue University with a degree in electrical engineering in 1956 and was commissioned in the U.S. Navy that same year. He made some 200

Eugene Cernan was an American astronaut who, as commander of Apollo 17 (December 7–17, 1972), was the last person to walk on the Moon. Cernan graduated from Purdue University with a degree in electrical engineering in 1956 and was commissioned in the U.S. Navy that same year. He made some 200

Eugene Cernan was an American astronaut who, as commander of Apollo 17 (December 7–17, 1972), was the last person to walk on the Moon. Cernan graduated from Purdue University with a degree in electrical engineering in 1956 and was commissioned in the U.S. Navy that same year. He made some 200

Chernivtsi, city, southwestern Ukraine, situated on the upper Prut River in the Carpathian foothills. The first documentary reference to Chernivtsi dates from about 1408, when it was a town in Moldavia and the chief centre of the area known as Bukovina. Chernivtsi later passed to the Turks and then

Chernogorsk, city, Khakassia republic, south-central Russia, situated just west of the port of Podkunino on the Yenisey River. The city is the centre of mining in the Minusinsk coal basin, which has been in operation since before 1917. Consumer-goods industries are also important. Chernogorsk

Luis Cernuda was a Spanish poet and critic, a member of the Generation of 1927, whose work expresses the gulf between what is wished and what can be attained. In 1925 Cernuda received a law degree from the University of Sevilla (Seville) and published several poems. In 1927 some of his poems were

Luis Cernuda was a Spanish poet and critic, a member of the Generation of 1927, whose work expresses the gulf between what is wished and what can be attained. In 1925 Cernuda received a law degree from the University of Sevilla (Seville) and published several poems. In 1927 some of his poems were

Cernunnos, in Celtic religion, an archaic and powerful deity, widely worshipped as the “lord of wild things.” Cernunnos may have had a variety of names in different parts of the Celtic world, but his attributes were generally consistent. He wore stag antlers and was sometimes accompanied by a stag

mackerel: …kg or more; and the cero, or painted mackerel (S. regalis), an abundant, spotted Atlantic fish reportedly about 120 cm long. Scomberomorus species are a favourite game fish, and their flesh is of excellent quality. They are taken in considerable numbers in the South Atlantic and in the Gulf of…

cereus: The common name cereus is also broadly applied to any number of “ceroid cacti,” which have elongated bodies; many such cacti are designated with scientific epithets that include the suffix “-cereus” (e.g., Hylocereus, Pachycereus, Selenicereus, and Stenocereus).

tachinid fly: …been reduced by the tachinid Ceromasia sphenophori from New Guinea; the coconut moth in Fiji has been controlled by the Malayan tachinid Ptychomyia remota; and Centeter cinerea was transplanted to the United States to check the destructive Japanese beetle. The caterpillars of the armyworm may be up to 90 percent…

London Marathon: Mexico’s Dionicio Cerón, Portugal’s Antonio Pinto, and Kenya’s Martin Lel share the record for most men’s victories, three, and Ingrid Kristiansen of Norway holds the women’s record with four marathon wins.

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Cerophytidae About 12 species in Europe and America; in hollow trees. Family Drilidae About 80 species, mainly in Europe; larvae prey on snails. Family Elateridae (click beetles) About 7,000 species; widely distributed; can leap

palm: Economic importance: …of wax (the wax palm, Ceroxylon; the carnauba wax palm). Leaves of the gebang palm are made into umbrellas and books; others provide material for rain capes, baskets, raffia (Raphia farinifera), hats, hammocks, and the fibre known as piassava.

Amazon basin: Amazon basin ecosystems: …in the basin is the Cerrado on Brazil’s central plateau. This vast grassland region encompasses some 2,000,000 square km (770,000 square miles) and covers one-fourth of the country’s land area. The savannas, palm swamps, grasslands, and forests of the Cerrado are home to 5 percent of the world’s species of…

Elbasan: Cërrik, a few miles to the southwest, has a petroleum refinery. Pop. (2001) 87,797; (2011) 78,703.

Fanny Cerrito was a ballerina noted for the brilliance, strength, and vivacity of her dancing, and one of the few women in the 19th century to achieve distinction as a choreographer. The daughter of an officer in the Neapolitan army, Cerrito was trained in the ballet school of the San Carlo opera

Fanny Cerrito was a ballerina noted for the brilliance, strength, and vivacity of her dancing, and one of the few women in the 19th century to achieve distinction as a choreographer. The daughter of an officer in the Neapolitan army, Cerrito was trained in the ballet school of the San Carlo opera

pre-Columbian civilizations: Chavín monuments and temples: Cerro Blanco is a massive platform of conical adobes and stones, supporting rooms with walls bearing Chavín decoration, including eyes and feline fangs, modeled in mud plaster in low relief and painted red and greenish yellow. Punkurí has a low, terraced platform with a wide…

Viña del Mar: The Cerro Castillo, summer palace of Chilean presidents, was erected on a coastal bluff. The city is linked by bus and rail with Santiago, the national capital, about 75 miles (120 km) southeast. In the mid-20th century Viña del Mar grew rapidly as a residential suburb…

pre-Columbian civilizations: Southern Veracruz: Cerro de las Mesas, lying in the plains of the Papaloápan River not far from the coast, is one of these hybrid sites. Dozens of earthen mounds are scattered over the surface in a seemingly haphazard manner, and the archaeological sequence is long and complex.…

Cerro de Pasco, mining city, located in the highlands of central Peru, northeast of Lima, to which it is connected by rail and highway. One of the world’s highest cities, it lies at an elevation of 14,232 feet (4,338 m). Rich silver ores were discovered nearby in 1630, and for about two centuries

Trinidad and Tobago: Relief and drainage: …3,084 feet (940 metres) at Mount Aripo (El Cerro del Aripo), the country’s highest peak. The Northern Range is the site of a large number of waterfalls, the most spectacular of which are the Blue Basin Falls and the Maracas Falls, both 298 feet (91 metres) high. On the southern…

Battle of Cerro Gordo, (April 1847), confrontation at a mountain pass about 60 miles (97 km) northwest of Veracruz, Mex., where the U.S. Army under General Winfield Scott first met serious resistance in the Mexican War. Advancing to the interior, Scott’s 8,500 men reached Plan del Río, a few miles

Potosí: …in the shadow of fabled Potosí Mountain (also called Cerro Rico [“Rich Mountain”]), which is honeycombed with thousands of mines. Legend attributes its name to potojchi or potocsi, a Quechua word meaning “deafening noise,” or “crash.”

Mount Roraima, giant flat-topped mountain, or mesa, in the Pakaraima Mountains of the Guiana Highlands, at the point where the boundaries of Brazil, Venezuela, and Guyana meet. About 9 miles (14 km) long and 9,094 feet (2,772 meters) high, it is the source of many rivers of Guyana, and of the

Cerro Sechín, pre-Columbian temple site in the present-day Casma Valley, of the north central coast of Peru, known for its unusual large stone sculptures. These carvings are in a style unlike anything else reported in Peru. The Cerro Sechín temple and sculptures presumably are quite early, although

Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO), astronomical observatory founded in 1965 in Chile as the southern branch of the Kitt Peak National Observatory. It is located on top of two mountains, Cerro Tololo, which is 7,200 feet (2,200 metres) high, and Cerro Pachon, which is 8,900 feet (2,700

Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre: …threw its support behind Colonel Luis M. Sánchez Cerro. After a hotly disputed election, Sánchez Cerro was inaugurated, and Haya de la Torre was jailed until Sánchez Cerro was assassinated in 1933.

Dina Boluarte: Political career: …2021 presidential election, party leader Vladimir Cerrón, was prevented from running because of his conviction on corruption charges, the party turned to Pedro Castillo, a union leader and former teacher, as its standard bearer. Boluarte was chosen as a vice presidential running mate. Like Boluarte, Castillo was a political novice…

Giorgio Armani: …training in the atelier of Nino Cerruti. In 1975, with the help of his friend and business partner Sergio Galeotti, Armani launched his own label of ready-to-wear for men and women.

mechanics of solids: The general theory of elasticity: …Boussinesq and the Italian mathematician Valentino Cerruti. The Prussian mathematician Leo August Pochhammer analyzed the vibrations of an elastic cylinder, and Lamb and the Prussian physicist Paul Jaerisch derived the equations of general vibration of an elastic sphere in the 1880s, an effort that was continued by many seismologists in…

Cersobleptes was the King of Thrace (360–342). He inherited a war with Athens and was opposed internally by two pretenders to the throne. To Athens he ceded the Thracian Chersonese (357); to the pretenders he relinquished western Thrace. He forged an alliance with Athens to oppose Macedonia, but

certiorari, in common-law jurisdictions, a writ issued by a superior court for the reexamination of an action of a lower court. Certiorari also is issued by an appellate court to obtain information on a case pending before it. The writ of certiorari was at first an original writ from England’s

Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey: …Aeneid, published in 1557 as Certain Bokes of Virgiles Aenaeis, was the first use in English of blank verse, a style adopted from Italian verse.

Convention on Cluster Munitions: …during a review of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, a series of protocols that limited the use of weapons deemed to be excessively injurious (such as lasers or incendiary weapons) or indiscriminate (land mines, UXO). Over the next two years a series of international meetings were convened to negotiate…

information theory: Historical background: …published a paper entitled “Certain Factors Affecting Telegraph Speed.” Nyquist realized that communication channels had maximum data transmission rates, and he derived a formula for calculating these rates in finite bandwidth noiseless channels. Another pioneer was Nyquist’s colleague R.V.L. Hartley, whose paper “Transmission of Information” (1928) established the first…

Julio Cortázar: …Stories), Un tal Lucas (1979; A Certain Lucas), and Queremos tanto a Glenda, y otros relatos (1981; We Love Glenda So Much, and Other Tales). Cortázar also wrote poetry and plays and published numerous volumes of essays.

Nishida Kitarō: Early life: In his memoirs, entitled “A Certain Professor’s Statement upon Retirement (from Kyōto Imperial University, December 1928),” he writes:

Arishima Takeo: Arishima received wider recognition with Aru onna. Yōko, the novel’s heroine, is totally unlike any previous heroine of modern Japanese fiction—strong-willed, decisive in her actions though capricious, and full of intense vitality. For the book’s earliest readers, her independence represented a rejection of women’s traditional place in Japanese society.

Lily Gladstone: Theater, film, and television roles: …the quiet and powerful drama Certain Women, based on three short stories by author Maile Meloy. In the film Gladstone plays Jamie, a lovelorn rancher living on her own who develops an attachment to a young lawyer (Stewart) who is teaching an adult education class. Gladstone joined the Oregon Shakespeare…

Sir Roger Twysden: …history, completed in 1655 as Certaine Considerations upon the Government of England, his major work and one of the first treatises dealing with the historical roots of English constitutional law and history. Released after 1647, he continued both his research of ancient records in London and his petitioning of Parliament…

epistemology: John Duns Scotus: …that can be known with certainty. First, there are things that are knowable simpliciter, including true identity statements such as “Cicero is Tully” and propositions, later called analytic, such as “Man is rational.” Duns Scotus claimed that such truths “coincide” with that which makes them true. One consequence of his…

epistemology: Knowledge and certainty: In his 1941 paper “Certainty,” Moore observed that the word certain is commonly used in four main types of idiom: “I feel certain that,” “I am certain that,” “I know for certain that,” and “It is certain that.” He pointed out that there is at least one use of…

Italian literature: The rise of vernacular literature: The Certame Coronario, a public poetry competition held in Florence in 1441 with the intention of proving that the spoken Italian language was in no way inferior to Latin, marked a definite change. In the second half of the century there were a number of works…

literary criticism: The Renaissance: Gascoigne’s “Certayne notes of Instruction” (1575), the first English manual of versification, had a considerable effect on poetic practice in the Elizabethan Age. Sidney’s Defence of Poesie (1595) vigorously argued the poet’s superiority to the philosopher and the historian on the grounds that his imagination is…

African literature: Portuguese: …founding of a new review, Certeza (“Certainty”), and with it came a new generation of poets, including António Aurélio Gonçalves, Aguinaldo Fonseca, António Nunes, Sérgio Frusoni, and Djunga, who infused Cape Verdean literature with a new, youthful spirit that retained a continued emphasis on life in the islands. This generation…

treecreeper: Formerly, the American treecreeper or brown creeper (C. americana) of North America was thought to be a subspecies of C. familiaris.

treecreeper: The best known is C. familiaris, a 13-cm- (5-inch-) long streaky brown-and-white bird found in woodlands across the Northern Hemisphere; it is known as the Eurasian treecreeper in Europe. Its tail is stiffened and serves as a prop against the tree. Its nest, a soft cup within a mass…

Certhiidae, songbird family, order Passeriformes, consisting of most of the tree creepers, small climbing birds found throughout woodlands of the Northern Hemisphere. Members range in size from 9.5 to 19 cm (3.5 to 7.5 inches) long. They have downcurved bills as long as, or longer than, the rest of

certificate of deposit (CD), a receipt from a bank acknowledging the deposit of a sum of money. Two common types are demand certificates of deposit and time certificates of deposit. Each bank sets its own CD interest rates and maturity dates (e.g., six months, one year, two years, five years), but

One or the other, or both, or neither?For more than a decade—throughout the 2010s, for example—savings accounts and certificates of deposit (CDs) were among the lowest-yielding assets out there. But after a series of rate hikes from the Federal Open Market Committee in 2022 and 2023, banks are

Germany: Preschool, elementary, and secondary: …natural science—for the Abitur or Reifezeugnis (“certificate of maturity”), the prerequisite for matriculation at a German university. The traditional structure of the German Gymnasium has mainly shifted from being built around a single branch of studies to offering a “reformed upper phase” with a choice of courses.

teacher education: Appointment procedures and probationary requirements: …sets its own requirements for certification, which inevitably do much to shape the content and organization of the teacher-education programs. The variety of such regulations often means that teachers who have received their education and training in one province or state are not qualified to teach in schools elsewhere without…

check: A certified check is a depositor’s check that has been guaranteed by the bank upon which it is drawn and is so stamped. Traveler’s checks are cashier’s checks sold to travellers that require two signatures by the payee. One signature is placed on the check in…

Abbas Kiarostami: Copie conforme (2010; Certified Copy) was Kiarostami’s first narrative feature film since Ten and the first he shot outside Iran. In Tuscany a gallery owner (played by Juliette Binoche, who appeared in Shīrīn) invites an art historian (William Shimell) to tour the countryside with her. However, the true…

postal system: United States: …and insurances services (1913); and certified mail (1955), which provides proof of posting for items without intrinsic value. In 1911 a postal savings system was inaugurated, reaching a peak of more than 4,000,000 accounts in 1947. A decline to less than 1,000,000 depositors caused the service to be discontinued in…

accounting: Disclosure and auditing requirements: …who bear the title of certified public accountant (CPA) in the United States and chartered accountant (CA) in the United Kingdom and many other countries with British-based accounting traditions. Their primary task is to investigate the company’s accounting data and methods carefully enough to permit them to give their opinion…

certiorari, in common-law jurisdictions, a writ issued by a superior court for the reexamination of an action of a lower court. Certiorari also is issued by an appellate court to obtain information on a case pending before it. The writ of certiorari was at first an original writ from England’s

Michael Cerularius was a Greek Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople from March 1043 to November 1058 who figured prominently in the events leading to the Schism of 1054, the formal severing of Eastern Orthodoxy from Roman Catholicism. Although Cerularius was educated for the civil service rather

Ōmura Satoshi: …identification in the mid-1970s of cerulenin, an antibiotic produced by a species of fungus. Ōmura found that cerulenin worked by inhibiting the biosynthesis of fatty acids. The compound subsequently became an important research tool.

blood: Plasma: …unique metal-binding proteins (transferrin and ceruloplasmin, respectively). Vitamin B12, an essential nutrient, is bound to a specific carrier protein. Although hemoglobin is not normally released into the plasma, a hemoglobin-binding protein (haptoglobin) is available to transport hemoglobin to the reticuloendothelial system should hemolysis (breakdown) of red cells occur. The serum…

earwax impaction: …the external auditory canal with earwax, or cerumen. Normally the wax produced by skin glands in the outer ear migrates outward. If the earwax is produced too rapidly, it may become hardened and accumulate, thus plugging the outer ear canal and preventing sound passage to the tympanic (eardrum) membrane. This…

cerussite, lead carbonate (PbCO3), an important ore and common secondary mineral of lead. It is formed by the chemical action of carbonated water on the mineral galena. Notable localities are Murcia, Spain; Tsumeb, Namib.; Broken Hill, N.S.W., Austl.; and Leadville, Colo., U.S. For detailed

clerihew: Another example is Bentley’s “Cervantes”:

Spain: Academies and institutes: …creation in 1991 of the Cervantes Institute. This government agency, modeled on the British Council and the German Goethe Institute, is responsible for promoting the study of Spanish language and culture abroad. In the early 21st century, the Cervantes Institute operated in more than 60 cities in some 30 countries…

Cervantes Prize, literary award established in 1975 by the Spanish Ministry of Culture; the prize was first awarded the following year. It is the most prestigious and remunerative award given for Spanish-language literature. The Cervantes Prize is presented to an author whose Castilian-language

Miguel de Cervantes was a Spanish novelist, playwright, and poet, the creator of Don Quixote (1605, 1615) and the most important and celebrated figure in Spanish literature. His novel Don Quixote has been translated, in full or in part, into more than 60 languages. Editions continue regularly to be

Miguel de Cervantes was a Spanish novelist, playwright, and poet, the creator of Don Quixote (1605, 1615) and the most important and celebrated figure in Spanish literature. His novel Don Quixote has been translated, in full or in part, into more than 60 languages. Editions continue regularly to be

human papillomavirus: Prevention and treatment: Another vaccine, Cervarix, was approved in 2009 for use in girls and young women age 9 to 25; it protects against HPV-16 and HPV-18.

X: The original members were singer Exene Cervenka (original name Christine Cervenka; b. February 1, 1956, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.), bassist and singer John Doe (original name John Nommensen Duchac; b. February 25, 1953, Decatur, Illinois), guitarist Billy Zoom (original name Ty Kindell; b. February 20, 1948, Savanna, Illinois), and drummer D.J.…

X: The original members were singer Exene Cervenka (original name Christine Cervenka; b. February 1, 1956, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.), bassist and singer John Doe (original name John Nommensen Duchac; b. February 25, 1953, Decatur, Illinois), guitarist Billy Zoom (original name Ty Kindell; b. February 20, 1948, Savanna, Illinois), and drummer D.J.…

Pascual Cervera y Topete was a Spanish admiral whose fleet was destroyed in battle off Cuba in the Spanish–American War (1898). A graduate of a naval cadet school, he engaged in operations off Morocco and in the Sulu Islands and the Philippines. Afterward he was on the West Indian station during

Caere, ancient city of Etruria, about 30 miles (50 km) northwest of Rome. Through its port, Pyrgi (present-day Santa Severa), the city became an important trading centre in close contact with Carthage, on the northern coast of Africa in what is now Tunisia. Its citizens are reported to have saved

Gino Cervi was an Italian character actor and manager best-known outside of Italy for his film portrayal of a small-town Communist mayor in the “Don Camillo” films. The son of a theatre critic, Cervi worked with various theatres for 15 years (1924–39) until he became the manager of Rome’s Teatro

cervical cancer, disease characterized by the abnormal growth of cells in the cervix, the region of the uterus that joins the vagina. Cervical cancer was once a common cause of cancer deaths in women, but fatalities have been greatly reduced since the development of the Pap smear in the 1940s.

contraception: Barrier devices: …cervix with a diaphragm or cervical cap (used with a spermicidal cream or jelly), or by inserting a female condom (vaginal pouch) or a vaginal sponge permeated with a spermicide. The vaginal sponge is less effective than other devices but can be used for 24 hours. Spermicides, which—as the name…

vertebral column: …abdominal organs, (2) an anterior cervical curve, which develops soon after birth as the head is raised, and (3) a lumbar curve, also anterior, which develops as the child sits and walks. The lumbar curve is a permanent characteristic only of humans and their bipedal forebears, though a temporary lumbar…

ectopic pregnancy: Ovarian ectopic pregnancy and cervical ectopic pregnancy are relatively rare conditions. In ovarian pregnancy, the ovum is fertilized before its discharge from the follicle, resulting in the ovum’s implantation in or on the ovary. Ovarian pregnancies typically abort early, and the most common symptom is abdominal pain, with minor…

cervical erosion, ulceration of the lining of the uterine cervix made evident by bright red or pink spots around its opening. The cervix is the part of the uterus (womb) whose tip projects into the upper region of the vagina. In the earliest stage of erosion, patches of mucous membrane are shed

cell: Errors in differentiation: …of the uterine cervix, called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), may progress to cervical cancer. It can be detected by cervical smear cytology tests (Pap smears).

human nervous system: The spinal cord: …into the following segments: 8 cervical (C), 12 thoracic (T), 5 lumbar (L), 5 sacral (S), and 1 coccygeal (Coc). Spinal nerve roots emerge via intervertebral foramina; lumbar and sacral spinal roots, descending for some distance within the subarachnoid space before reaching the appropriate foramina, produce a group of nerve…

human nervous system: Cervical plexus: Cervical levels C1–C4 are the main contributors to the group of nerves called the cervical plexus; in addition, small branches of the plexus link C1 and C2 with the vagus nerve, C1 and C2 with the hypoglossal nerve, and C2–C4 with the accessory…

rib: Remnants of cervical ribs secondarily fused to cervical vertebrae (the uppermost part of the vertebral column) are represented by part of the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae.

cervical spondylosis, degenerative disease of the neck vertebrae, causing compression of the spinal cord and cervical nerves. Prolonged degeneration of the cervical spine results in a narrowing of the spaces between vertebrae, forcing intervertebral disks out of place and thus compressing or

Caudata: Bones and cartilage: There is one cervical vertebra with a characteristic projection called the odontoid process and two large facets for articulation with the skull. There may be from 11 (Ambystoma talpoideum) to 60 (Amphiuma) dorsal, or trunk, vertebrae, all but the last 1 or 2 usually bearing ribs. Most salamanders…