Khmer literature: Classical literature: The cbap are didactic poems that were written by monks and used for moral instruction. The earliest surviving examples date from the 17th century, although the genre is believed to be considerably older. They were usually short, the shortest being only 29 stanzas, and passages from…

Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), caucus in the Congress of the United States consisting of several dozen African American members of the House of Representatives and the Senate. It was established in 1971 amid a surge in Black congressional representation that followed the adoption of the Voting

blood count, laboratory test that determines the number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and white blood cells (leukocytes) in a given volume of blood. The readings vary with sex, age, physiological state, and general health, but the blood of a normal individual contains on average 5,000,000 red

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), public broadcasting service over AM and FM radio networks and television networks in English and French, two national cable television channels, and shortwave radio, among other media in Canada. Advertising sales and, primarily, annual appropriations from

Convention on Biological Diversity, international treaty designed to promote the conservation of biodiversity and to ensure the sustainable use and equitable sharing of genetic resources. Work on the treaty concluded in Nairobi in May 1992 with the adoption of the Nairobi Final Act by the Nairobi

common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR), principle of international environmental law establishing that all states are responsible for addressing global environmental destruction yet not equally responsible. The principle balances, on the one hand, the need for all states to take

Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC), governmental regulating body for the Indian filmmaking industry. Popularly known as the Censor Board, the CBFC was set up under the Cinematograph Act of 1952. Its purpose is to certify, by means of screening and rating, the suitability of feature films,

CBGB: New York City’s proto-punk new wave was a downtown thing, crawling out of the damp stonework in yet-to-be-gentrified Soho and the Lower East Side well before the trendy clothing stores and art galleries arrived. The first generation of musicians emerged from the rubble left by…

New York City’s proto-punk new wave was a downtown thing, crawling out of the damp stonework in yet-to-be-gentrified Soho and the Lower East Side well before the trendy clothing stores and art galleries arrived. The first generation of musicians emerged from the rubble left by the collapse of the

CBGB: New York City’s proto-punk new wave was a downtown thing, crawling out of the damp stonework in yet-to-be-gentrified Soho and the Lower East Side well before the trendy clothing stores and art galleries arrived. The first generation of musicians emerged from the rubble left by…

20th-century international relations: Nicaragua and El Salvador: …to counter with its 1982 Caribbean Basin Initiative, an Alliance for Progress confined to the islands. Grenada, a tiny island that had won independence from Britain in 1974, initially came under the control of Sir Eric Gairy, whose policies and conduct verged on the bizarre. In March 1979, Gairy was…

Donald Trump: Health care: The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) initially estimated that the plan would reduce the federal deficit by $337 billion over 10 years as compared with current law but would also increase the number of uninsured people by 24 million over the same period. The bill immediately faced…

Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), the first grain futures exchange in the United States, organized in Chicago in 1848. The Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) began as a voluntary association of prominent Chicago grain merchants. By 1858 access to the trading floor, known as the “pit,” was limited to

isomerism: Enantiomers: …one possible result would be bromochlorofluoroiodomethane (CBrClFI). The mirror images of this molecule are not superimposable. There are definitely two enantiomers of this molecule.

CBS Corporation, major American mass-media company that operates the CBS national television network and that includes the Simon & Schuster publishing groups and the Showtime cable network, among other holdings. The company was incorporated in 1927 as United Independent Broadcasters, Inc. Its name

construction: Use of reinforced concrete: …Kevin Roche in the 35-story CBS Building (1964) in New York City, and the system was further developed by Khan in the 221-metre (725-foot) Shell Oil Building (1967) in Houston.

CBS Corporation, major American mass-media company that operates the CBS national television network and that includes the Simon & Schuster publishing groups and the Showtime cable network, among other holdings. The company was incorporated in 1927 as United Independent Broadcasters, Inc. Its name

Katie Couric: …debuted as anchor of the CBS Evening News with Katie Couric; she was the first solo female anchor of such a program. Although her first broadcast brought in double the usual number of viewers, the program subsequently struggled in the ratings. In addition to serving as anchor and managing editor…

CBS Corporation, major American mass-media company that operates the CBS national television network and that includes the Simon & Schuster publishing groups and the Showtime cable network, among other holdings. The company was incorporated in 1927 as United Independent Broadcasters, Inc. Its name

Katie Couric: …debuted as anchor of the CBS Evening News with Katie Couric; she was the first solo female anchor of such a program. Although her first broadcast brought in double the usual number of viewers, the program subsequently struggled in the ratings. In addition to serving as anchor and managing editor…

CBS Corporation: Developments in the late 20th and early 21st centuries: CBS Radio operated scores of radio stations throughout the top markets in the United States and broadcast play-by-play coverage of many of the country’s leading professional sports franchises. In 2017, however, CBS Radio was acquired by Entercom Communications. Collegiate sports are the centre of the…

Sony: Diversification and downturn: In 1988 it bought CBS Records Group from CBS Inc. (now CBS Corporation), thus acquiring the world’s largest record company, and the next year it purchased Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc. The Columbia acquisition, the largest to that time of an American company by a Japanese firm, ignited a controversy…

Television in the United States: The Kennedy-Nixon debates: CBS Reports (begun 1959 and irregularly scheduled) was the most celebrated. In 1960 Edward R. Murrow, the respected pioneer of broadcast journalism, was the chief correspondent on Harvest of Shame, a CBS Reports documentary about the plight of migrant farm labourers. Beautifully photographed, powerfully argued,…

Simon Rattle: …to music director) of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO). His work there established the orchestra’s reputation, as well as his own. In 1987 he was made Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). While still with the CBSO in 1992, Rattle also became the principal guest…

cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), a common form of psychotherapy used to help people become aware of and to change their inaccurate or negative patterns of thinking. Unlike many traditional psychotherapies, cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is not directed at uncovering the origins of a person’s

Creative Commons (CC), global nonprofit organization dedicated to expanding the number of creative and academic works available for open sharing. The organization provides free licensing and public-domain tools that allow content creators to grant copyright permissions for the use of their works.

Spain: Labour and taxation: …and the Workers’ Commissions (Confederación Sindical de Comisiones Obreras; CC.OO.), which is affiliated with the Communist Party and is also structured by sectional and territorial divisions. Other unions include the Workers’ Syndical Union (Unión Sindical Obrera; USO), which has a strong Roman Catholic orientation; the Independent Syndicate of Civil…

full-cell process: …solutions of compounds such as chromated copper arsenate (CCA), ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA), and copper azole (CA-B). Creosote, PCP, and CCA are used on heavy structural members such as railroad ties, utility poles, marine pilings, and bridge timbers; ACZA and CA-B are used on common structural lumber.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), one of U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s earliest New Deal programs, established to relieve unemployment during the Great Depression by providing national conservation work primarily for young unmarried men. Projects included planting trees, building flood

Agricultural Adjustment Administration: In addition, the Commodity Credit Corporation, with a crop loan and storage program, was established to make price-supporting loans and purchases of specific commodities.

World Customs Organization (WCO), intergovernmental organization established as the Customs Co-operation Council (CCC) in 1952 to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of customs administrations worldwide. In 1948 a study group of the Committee for European Economic Cooperation, a precursor of

Conservative Congregational Christian Conference (CCCC), U.S.-based evangelical Congregational denomination established in Chicago in 1948. Its founders were theologically conservative members of the General Council of Congregational Christian Churches (also known as the Congregational Christian

CCD, Semiconductor device in which the individual semiconductor components are connected so that the electrical charge at the output of one device provides the input to the next device. Because they can store electrical charges, CCDs can be used as memory devices, but they are slower than RAMs.

cleidocranial dysostosis, rare congenital, hereditary disorder characterized by collarbones that are absent or reduced in size, skull abnormalities, and abnormal dentition. The shoulders may sometimes touch in front of the chest, and certain facial bones are underdeveloped or missing. Cranial

calcite compensation depth (CCD), in oceanography, the depth at which the rate of carbonate accumulation equals the rate of carbonate dissolution. The input of carbonate to the ocean is through rivers and deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The CCD intersects the flanks of the world’s oceanic ridges, and

colony collapse disorder (CCD), disorder affecting honeybee colonies that is characterized by sudden colony death, with a lack of healthy adult bees inside the hive. Although the cause is not known, researchers suspect that multiple factors may be involved. The disorder appears to affect the adult

Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), left-wing political party prominent in Canada from the 1930s to the 1960s. Founded at Calgary, Alta., on Aug. 1, 1932, by a federation of various farmer, labour, and socialist parties in western Canada plus one labour union (the Canadian Brotherhood of

Tskhinvali, city, north-central Georgia, on the Bolshaya Liakhvi River. It is the leading city of an area populated by a Caucasian people known as Ossetes, or Ossetians. Tskhinvali is the capital of the breakaway region of South Ossetia. In the late 1980s Tskhinvali became the centre of a

consumer confidence: …in the United States, the Consumer Confidence Index (CCI), is based on a monthly survey of 5,000 households that is conducted by the Conference Board, an independent research association. The CCI is closely watched by businesses, the Federal Reserve, and investors.

telephone: Out-of-band signaling: …AT&T and became known as common channel interoffice signaling, CCIS. CCIS was first installed in the Bell System in 1976.

fax: Analog telephone facsimile: In 1974 the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) issued its first worldwide fax standard, known as Group 1 fax. Group 1 fax machines were capable of transmitting a one-page document in about six minutes with a resolution of 4 lines per mm using an analog signal…

telephone: Out-of-band signaling: …system was standardized internationally as CCITT-6 signaling; within North America, CCITT-6 was modified by AT&T and became known as common channel interoffice signaling, CCIS. CCIS was first installed in the Bell System in 1976.

telephone: Out-of-band signaling: …America, CCITT-7 was implemented as Signaling System 7, or SS7.

cholecystokinin (CCK), a digestive hormone released with secretin when food from the stomach reaches the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). Cholecystokinin and pancreozymin were once considered two separate hormones because two distinct actions had been described: the release of enzymes

organized labour: Establishment of industrial unionism: …Canadian nationalism, to create the Canadian Congress of Labour (CCL) in affiliation with the American CIO. Only during World War II, however, did organizational realities begin to catch up with these superstructural developments. Although stirred by events south of the border, the Canadian movement did not experience a comparable surge…

Tanzania: Tanzania under Nyerere: …ASP under the title of Revolutionary Party (Chama cha Mapinduzi; CCM) early in 1977 was a hopeful sign but was followed by demands for greater autonomy for Zanzibar. This trend was checked for a short while when Ali Hassan Mwinyi succeeded Jumbe in 1984 and became president of the joint…

atmosphere: Condensation: The concentration of cloud condensation nuclei in the lower troposphere at a supersaturation of 1 percent ranges from about 100 per cubic centimetre (approximately 1,600 per cubic inch) in size in oceanic air to 500 per cubic centimetre (8,000 per cubic inch) in the atmosphere over a continent.…

City University of New York, The: …the CUNY colleges is the City College of New York, founded as the all-male Free Academy in 1847 by the New York City Board of Education, under the auspices of politician and diplomat Townsend Harris. It was chartered as a college in 1866. During the first half of the 20th…

Chinese Communist Party (CCP), political party of China. Since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the CCP has been in sole control of that country’s government. The CCP was founded as both a political party and a revolutionary movement in 1921 by revolutionaries such as Li

Christianity: Property, poverty, and the poor: …of Churches (WCC) established the Commission for the Churches’ Participation in Development (CCPD). Initially involved in development programs and the provision of technical services, the CCPD focus shifted to the psychological and political character of the symbiosis of development and underdevelopment. This focus was endorsed at the 1975 WCC Assembly…

illicit antiquities: International responses: legislation is the 1983 Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act (CCPIA, or CPIA), which allows the U.S. government to respond to requests from other states party to the UNESCO convention to impose import restrictions on certain classes of archaeological or ethnographic material. Import restrictions apply even if material is…

AIDS: Reported cures: …in a gene known as CCR5.

World War II: Allied strategy and controversies, 1940–42: …created the machinery of the Combined Chiefs of Staff, where the British Chiefs of Staff Committee was to be linked continuously, through delegates in Washington, D.C., with the newly established U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff Organization, so that all aspects of the war could be studied in concert. It was…

telephone: Out-of-band signaling: …of interoffice signaling, known as common channel signaling (CCS), was developed. In CCS an “out-of-band” circuit (that is, a separate circuit from that used to establish the voice connection) is dedicated to serve as a data link, carrying address information and certain other information signals between the microprocessors employed in…

carbon capture and storage (CCS), the process of recovering carbon dioxide from the fossil-fuel emissions produced by industrial facilities and power plants and moving it to locations where it can be kept from entering the atmosphere in order to mitigate global warming. Carbon capture and storage

closed-circuit television (CCTV), system that uses video cameras to send television signals to a specific limited viewership. Unlike broadcast television, closed-circuit television (CCTV) does not openly transmit its signal to the public but rather between set points that are decided by the

Rem Koolhaas: …the headquarters for Beijing’s state-owned China Central Television (CCTV; 2004–08). The CCTV building, noted for its angular-loop shape, is the centrepiece of a complex including the Koolhaas-designed CCTV Television Cultural Centre, which was under construction when it was severely damaged by fire in 2009. The building was restored and completed…

cadmium (Cd), chemical element, a metal of Group 12 (IIb, or zinc group) of the periodic table. atomic number 48 atomic weight 112.414 melting point 321 °C (610 °F) boiling point 765 °C (1,409 °F) specific gravity 8.65 at 20 °C (68 °F) oxidation state +2 electron configuration [Kr]4d105s2

Córdoba Durchmusterung (CD), star catalog giving positions and apparent magnitudes of 613,959 stars more than 22° south of the celestial equator. Compiled at the National Observatory of Argentina at Córdoba and completed in 1932, the catalog serves as a supplement to the Bonner Durchmusterung of

certificate of deposit (CD), a receipt from a bank acknowledging the deposit of a sum of money. Two common types are demand certificates of deposit and time certificates of deposit. Each bank sets its own CD interest rates and maturity dates (e.g., six months, one year, two years, five years), but

conduct disorder (CD), behavior disorder characterized by a pattern of aggression toward others, a lack of concern for others, and a disregard for rules, laws, and social norms. Conduct disorder is most often diagnosed in preadolescents and adolescents ages 10 to 19, and it affects roughly 2 to 4

compact disc (CD), a molded plastic disc containing digital data that is scanned by a laser beam for the reproduction of recorded sound and other information. Since its commercial introduction in 1982, the audio CD has almost completely replaced the phonograph disc (or record) for high-fidelity

Iván Duque: …the presidential candidate of the Democratic Centre (Centro Democrático; CD), the political party Uribe founded in 2014.

candela (cd), unit of luminous intensity in the International System of Units (SI), defined as the luminous intensity in a given direction of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 1012 hertz and has a radiant intensity in that same direction of 1683 watt per steradian (unit

cord, unit of volume for measuring stacked firewood. A cord is generally equivalent to a stack 4 × 4 × 8 feet (128 cubic feet), and its principal subdivision is the cord foot, which measures 4 × 4 × 1 feet. A standard cord consists of sticks or pieces 4 feet long stacked in a 4 × 8-foot rick. A

galaxy: Interactions between cluster members: …type of galaxy called a cD galaxy. These objects are somewhat similar in structure to S0 galaxies (see above S0 galaxies), but they are considerably larger, having envelopes that extend out to radii as large as one million light-years. Many of them have multiple nuclei, and most are strong sources…

Is it time to ladder certificates of deposit?The Federal Open Market Committee has raised rates by five percentage points in its 2022–23 rate-hike regime, and expectations are that it’ll keep its benchmark rate relatively high for the foreseeable future. That’s good news for savers, and rates paid

electronic dance music: Early 2000s: …Pioneer in 2001, was a compact-disc player that mimicked a vinyl turntable more closely and successfully than previous models had. FinalScratch, unveiled that year and on the market in early 2002, made it possible to play digital files on a traditional turntable through the use of a specially encoded record.…

electronic dance music: Early 2000s: The CD-J 1000, issued by Pioneer in 2001, was a compact-disc player that mimicked a vinyl turntable more closely and successfully than previous models had. FinalScratch, unveiled that year and on the market in early 2002, made it possible to play digital files on a traditional…

CD-ROM: …type of CD became available: CD-Recordable, or CD-R. These discs differ from regular CDs in having a light-sensitive organic dye layer which can be “burned” to produce a chemical “dark” spot, analogous to an ordinary CD’s pits, that can be read by existing CD and CD-ROM players. Such CDs are…

CD-ROM: …type of CD became available: CD-Recordable, or CD-R. These discs differ from regular CDs in having a light-sensitive organic dye layer which can be “burned” to produce a chemical “dark” spot, analogous to an ordinary CD’s pits, that can be read by existing CD and CD-ROM players. Such CDs are…

CD-ROM, type of computer memory in the form of a compact disc that is read by optical means. A CD-ROM drive uses a low-power laser beam to read digitized (binary) data that has been encoded in the form of tiny pits on an optical disk. The drive then feeds the data to a computer for processing. The

CD-ROM, type of computer memory in the form of a compact disc that is read by optical means. A CD-ROM drive uses a low-power laser beam to read digitized (binary) data that has been encoded in the form of tiny pits on an optical disk. The drive then feeds the data to a computer for processing. The

James P. Allison: …his laboratory there, he identified CD28 as a necessary costimulatory signaling molecule required for T-cell activation. He and colleagues also found that a molecule known as CTLA-4 opposed CD28 and played a critical role in the downregulation of immune responses. When injected into tumours in mice, CTLA-4 antibody, designed to…

Alzheimer disease: Genetic variants: …cellular uptake of substances); and CD2AP, which encodes a protein that interacts with the cell membrane and may have a role in endocytosis.

immune system: Function of the T-cell receptor: …group of molecules called the CD3 complex, or simply CD3, which is also necessary for T-cell activation. These molecules are agents that help transduce, or convert, the extracellular binding of the antigen and receptor into internal cellular signals; thus, they are called signal transducers. Similar signal transducing molecules are associated…

immune system: Function of the T-cell receptor: …group of molecules called the CD3 complex, or simply CD3, which is also necessary for T-cell activation. These molecules are agents that help transduce, or convert, the extracellular binding of the antigen and receptor into internal cellular signals; thus, they are called signal transducers. Similar signal transducing molecules are associated…

Alzheimer disease: Genetic variants: Examples include CD33, which encodes a cell surface protein of the same name; PICALM, which encodes a protein involved in endocytosis (the cellular uptake of substances); and CD2AP, which encodes a protein that interacts with the cell membrane and may have a role in endocytosis.

AIDS: Life cycle of HIV: …their surfaces a protein called CD4. Helper T cells play a central role in normal immune responses by producing factors that activate virtually all the other immune system cells. Those include B lymphocytes, which produce antibodies needed to fight infection; cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which kill cells infected with a virus;…

AIDS: Life cycle of HIV: That measurement, called the CD4 count, provides a good indication of the status of the immune system. Physicians also measure the amount of virus in the bloodstream—i.e., the viral load—which provides an indication of how fast the virus is replicating and destroying helper T cells.

helper T cell, type of white blood cell that serves as a key mediator of immune function. Helper T cells play a central role in normal immune responses by producing factors that activate virtually all the other immune system cells. These cells include B cells, which produce antibodies needed to

immune system: Function of the T-cell receptor: …on their surfaces the coreceptor CD8, which recognizes class I MHC molecules. These accessory receptors add strength to the bond between the T cell and the target cell.

Jaap de Hoop Scheffer: …a candidate for the right-of-centre Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and was elected to the House of Representatives (Second Chamber) of the States General, the national legislature. He became the party’s spokesman on foreign policy as well as refugee policy and European justice matters.

Communications Decency Act (CDA), legislation enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1996 primarily in response to concerns about minors’ access to pornography via the Internet. In 1997 federal judges found that the indecency provisions abridged the freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment to

Sanford I. Weill: …the Commercial Credit division of Control Data Corporation in 1986. It was not an auspicious rebirth of an empire, as the small division was a faltering reject of its parent company. Weill, however, displayed a talent for rebuilding such organizations through cost cutting and employee motivation, and two years later…

Liberia: Return to peace: …star George Weah of the Congress for Democratic Change (CDC) in the second round of polling. She became the first woman to be elected head of state in Africa. Sirleaf focused on rebuilding the country’s economy and infrastructure, both of which had been devastated by decades of conflict and instability.…

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, headquartered in Atlanta, whose mission is centred on preventing and controlling disease and promoting environmental health and health education in the United States. Part of the Public

Seymour Cray: …led the design of the CDC 1604, one of the first computers to replace vacuum tubes with smaller transistors. He later helped create the CDC 6600, which, at the time of its debut in 1964, was the fastest computer in the world, able to execute three million floating-point operations per…

supercomputer: Historical development: In 1964 Cray’s CDC 6600 replaced Stretch as the fastest computer on Earth; it could execute three million floating-point operations per second (FLOPS), and the term supercomputer was soon coined to describe it.

childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD), a rare neurobiological disorder characterized by the deterioration of language and social skills and by the loss of intellectual functioning following normal development throughout at least the initial two years of life. The disorder was first described in

Children’s Defense Fund, nonprofit agency that advocates for children’s rights. The Children’s Defense Fund pursues policies and programs that provide health care to children, reduce the impact of poverty on children, protect children from abuse and neglect, and provide children with educational

metabolic disease: Congenital disorders of glycosylation: Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG; formerly known as carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome) are recently described diseases that affect the brain and many other organs. The primary biochemical defects of CDG are in the N-glycosylation pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic…

diabetes insipidus: Types and causes: …gland) for storage, is called central diabetes insipidus. This condition may be caused by trauma, such as brain or pituitary surgery, and diseases, such as brain tumours, pituitary tumours, or granulomatous infiltration (formation of grainlike lumps that are associated with certain diseases, including tuberculosis and sarcoidosis). When a result of…

Paul Nurse: …family of key enzymes, the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which participate in many cell functions. By 2001 about a half dozen other CDKs were identified in humans.

post-traumatic stress disorder: …type of regulatory enzyme) called CDK5 (cyclin-dependent kinase 5). Normally, CDK5 works with other proteins in nerve cells to regulate brain development, and its absence has been shown to facilitate the elimination of memories associated with fear. In people with PTSD, the elevated levels of CDK5 may interfere with and…

melanoma: Causes and symptoms: …tumour suppressor gene known as CDKN2A, which produces a kinase involved in regulating the cell cycle and cell division. CDKN2A variants have been associated with cutaneous malignant melanoma, an inherited form of the disease.

Committee for the Defense of Legitimate Rights, Sunnite Muslim group opposed to the ruling Saud dynasty in Saudi Arabia. The group was founded in 1992 and consists largely of academics and lower-level Muslim clergy. It considers itself a pressure group for peaceful reform and for improving human

Kyoto Protocol: Background and provisions: …the international program called the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which encouraged developed countries to invest in technology and infrastructure in less-developed countries, where there were often significant opportunities to reduce emissions. Under the CDM, the investing country could claim the effective reduction in emissions as a credit toward meeting its…

mobile telephone: Development of cellular systems: …spectrum multiple access known as code-division multiple access (CDMA)—a technique that, like the original TIA approach, combined digital voice compression with digital modulation. (For more information on the techniques of information compression, signal modulation, and multiple access, see telecommunications.) The CDMA system offered 10 to 20 times the capacity of…

livestreaming: Technological considerations: …distributed to viewers via a content delivery network (CDN; also called content distribution network). The CDN, which consists of a network of geographically dispersed proxy servers and data centres, caches (temporarily saves) the partitioned video segments on its network. Thus, rather than a network request from a viewer’s device having…