Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage (1469) led to the unification of Spain, of which they were the first monarchs. Although employed earlier, the appellation Católicos was formally conferred on them in a bull published by Pope Alexander VI in 1494, in

Belgium: Period of Catholic government: …flooded with American grain, the Catholic Party became the champion of the rural classes by promising to protect agriculture. It also espoused the cause of the nascent Flemish movement that sought to expand opportunities for Flemish-speaking Belgians in a country until then dominated by a French-speaking upper bourgeoisie.

Counter-Reformation, in the history of Christianity, the Roman Catholic efforts directed in the 16th and early 17th centuries both against the Protestant Reformation and toward internal renewal. The Roman Catholic Church responded to the Protestant challenge by purging itself of the abuses and

Lord George Gordon: …secure the repeal of the Catholic Relief Act of 1778. He led a mob that marched on the houses of Parliament on June 2, 1780, to present a petition against the act. The ensuing riot lasted a week, causing great property damage and nearly 500 casualties. For his part in…

Dublin: Education: The Catholic Relief Act (1793) enabled Catholics to take degrees but not to have full standing. All such religious exclusions were dropped in 1873. Nevertheless, Trinity remained almost exclusively Protestant until the Roman Catholic Church’s ban on attending was lifted in 1970.

Counter-Reformation, in the history of Christianity, the Roman Catholic efforts directed in the 16th and early 17th centuries both against the Protestant Reformation and toward internal renewal. The Roman Catholic Church responded to the Protestant challenge by purging itself of the abuses and

Australia: The postwar years: This was known as the Catholic Social Movement, and it had considerable influence.

Catholic University of Leuven: …it as a French-language, Roman Catholic university.

the Catholic University of America, private coeducational institution of higher learning in Washington, D.C., U.S. The university is affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church. It comprises 12 faculties or schools, including the Columbus School of Law, the Benjamin T. Rome School of Music, and the

Yvonne Farrell and Shelley McNamara: …of neighbouring buildings on the University College Dublin campus, the Spatial Dynamics Lab features unique applications of brick, concrete, and wood. Brick “fins” on one facade, for example, act as shades for a row of windows and create visual interest.

Catholic Worker Movement: During the war the Catholic Worker maintained a strict pacifist position, but many young persons associated with the movement entered the armed services, and most of the houses of hospitality went out of existence. The movement never regained its prewar influence but did survive as a vital force in…

Catholic Worker Movement, Roman Catholic lay movement in the United States and Canada, emphasizing personal reform, radical agrarianism, absolute pacifism, and the personal practice of the principles in Jesus’ Sermon on the Mount. The movement was founded in 1933 by Dorothy Day (1897–1980) at the

Catholic Youth Organization (CYO), an agency of the Roman Catholic Church organized at the level of the diocese and serving youth in its religious, recreational, cultural, and social needs. The first Catholic Youth Organization (CYO), a boys’ athletic program, was founded in Chicago in 1930 by

catholic, (from Greek katholikos, “universal”), the characteristic that, according to ecclesiastical writers since the 2nd century, distinguished the Christian Church at large from local communities or from heretical and schismatic sects. A notable exposition of the term as it had developed during

Celtic literature: The three major periods of Breton literature: …century, when there appeared the Catholicon of Jean Lagadeuc, a Breton–Latin–French dictionary printed in 1499, and Quiquer de Roscoff’s French–Breton dictionary and conversations (printed 1616).

catholicos, (“universal” bishop), in Eastern Christian Churches, title of certain ecclesiastical superiors. In earlier times the designation had occasionally been used, like archimandrite and exarch, for a superior abbot; but the title eventually came to denote a bishop who, while head of a major

Cathy Guisewite: …created the long-running comic strip Cathy (1976–2010).

Ken Loach: One of the productions, Cathy Come Home (1966), explored the disintegration of a working-class family and examined the intertwined issues of unemployment and homelessness. In doing so, it helped bring the discussion of homelessness into the British mainstream. In 2000 Cathy Come Home was ranked second by the British…

Cathy Freeman’s silver medal in the 400-metre run at the 1996 Games in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S., introduced this rising star from Australia to the Olympic world. Her international fame grew when she became the first Aboriginal woman to take a world athletics title, winning the 400 metres at the 1997

the Everly Brothers: …Is Dream” (1958), and “Cathy’s Clown” (1960).

humanism: Chapman, Jonson, and Shakespeare: …to the humanistic tradition in Catiline (1611), a tragedy in which Cicero’s civic eloquence is portrayed in heroic terms.

Catiline was an aristocrat in the late Roman Republic who turned demagogue and made an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the republic while Cicero was a consul (63). Catiline served under Pompey’s father in the Social War of 89 and acquired an unsavoury reputation as a zealous participant in

Henrik Ibsen: First plays and directing: This work, Catilina (1850; Catiline), grew out of the Latin texts Ibsen had to study for his university examinations. Though not a very good play, it showed a natural bent for the theatre and embodied themes—the rebellious hero, his destructive mistress—that would preoccupy Ibsen as long as he lived.…

Sallust: …monograph, Bellum Catilinae (43–42 bc; Catiline’s War), deals with corruption in Roman politics by tracing the conspiracy of Catiline, a ruthlessly ambitious patrician who had attempted to seize power in 63 bc after the suspicions of his fellow nobles and the growing mistrust of the people prevented him from attaining…

Catania, city, eastern Sicily, Italy, in the broad plain of Catania on the Ionian seacoast, south of Mount Etna. The city was founded in 729 bce by Chalcidians (settlers from Chalcis in the Greek island of Euboea) from Naxos, 50 miles (80 km) north. It acquired importance in the 5th century bce

Chocó: …Río San José; and the Catio inhabit the eastern portions of the Atrato valley.

Catió, town located on the southern coast of Guinea-Bissau. The surrounding area is covered with mangrove forests and swamps and has a monsoonal climate with an annual precipitation of about 100 inches (2,500 mm). Catió is a market centre for cash crops, including rice, coconuts, and oil palm

cation, atom or group of atoms that bears a positive electric charge. See

amphibole: Chemical composition: …between titanium and other C-type cations. Aluminum can partially substitute for silicon in the tetrahedral (T) site. Partial substitution of fluorine (F), chlorine, and oxygen for hydroxyl (OH) in the hydroxyl site is also common. The complexity of the amphibole formula has given rise to numerous mineral names within the…

chemoreception: Taste: …sweet taste, as well as receptors preferentially tasting salt and receptors preferentially tasting bitter substances. The taste receptor cells of other animals can often be characterized in similar ways to those of humans, because all animals have the same basic needs in selecting food. In addition, some organisms have other…

separation and purification: Chromatography: In a cation-exchange resin all the sites are negatively charged, so that only positive ions can be separated; an anion-exchange resin has positively charged sites. Ion-exchange chromatography has become one of the most important methods for separating proteins and small oligonucleotides.

soap and detergent: Cationic detergents, which produce electrically positive ions in solution. Nonionic detergents, which produce electrically neutral colloidal particles in solution. Ampholytic, or amphoteric, detergents, which are capable of acting either as anionic or cationic detergents in solution depending on the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of the…

pharmaceutical industry: Modified-release dosage forms: For example, a cationic, or positively charged, drug can be bound to an anionic, or negatively charged, resin. The resin can be incorporated into tablets, capsules, or liquids. As the resin passes through the small intestine, the drug is released slowly.

papermaking: Preparation of stock: …the modified type known as cationic starch. When dispersed in water, this starch assumes a positive surface charge. Because fibre normally assumes a negative surface charge, there is an affinity between the cationic starch and the fibre.

catkin, elongated cluster of single-sex flowers bearing scaly bracts and usually lacking petals. Catkins may be erect or pendulous and are often somewhat inconspicuous. Many trees bear catkins, including willows, birches, and oaks. Wind carries pollen from male to female catkins or from male

Elizabeth Catlett was an American-born Mexican sculptor and printmaker renowned for her intensely political art. Catlett, a granddaughter of enslaved people, was born into a middle-class Washington family; her father was a professor of mathematics at Tuskegee Institute. After being disallowed

Elizabeth Catlett was an American-born Mexican sculptor and printmaker renowned for her intensely political art. Catlett, a granddaughter of enslaved people, was born into a middle-class Washington family; her father was a professor of mathematics at Tuskegee Institute. After being disallowed

George Catlin was an American artist and author, whose paintings of Native American scenes constitute an invaluable record of Native American culture in the 19th century. Catlin practiced law for a short time but in 1823 turned to portrait painting, in which he was self-taught. After achieving

catnip, (Nepeta cataria), herb of the mint family (Lamiaceae), noted for its aromatic leaves, which are particularly exciting to cats. Catnip is commonly grown by cat owners for their pets, and the dried leaves are often used as a stuffing for cat playthings. The herb is native to Eurasia and is

Pixar: …team of computer scientists, including Ed Catmull, contributed to the emerging field of computer graphics. In 1979 Catmull was hired by Lucasfilm Ltd., the California-based production company of filmmaker George Lucas, to lead its nascent computer division, and several of his NYIT colleagues followed him there. Aiming to improve graphics…

catnip, (Nepeta cataria), herb of the mint family (Lamiaceae), noted for its aromatic leaves, which are particularly exciting to cats. Catnip is commonly grown by cat owners for their pets, and the dried leaves are often used as a stuffing for cat playthings. The herb is native to Eurasia and is

Robert R. Livingston was an early American leader who served as a delegate to the Continental Congress, first secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs (1781–83), and minister to France (1801–04). Born into a wealthy and influential New York family, Livingston was admitted to the bar in 1770.

Joseph Addison: The Tatler and The Spectator: …this period was his tragedy Cato. Performed at Drury Lane on April 14, 1713, the play was a resounding success—largely, no doubt, because of the political overtones that both parties read into the play. To the Whigs Cato seemed the resolute defender of liberty against French tyranny, while the Tories…

Étienne Dolet: His first publication, Cato Christianus (“The Christian Cato”), was a profession of his creed as a Christian moralist. Cato was followed by Dolet’s translations and editions of classical authors, Erasmus, the New Testament and Psalms, and Rabelais.

Cato Institute, a private U.S.-based nonprofit organization devoted to public-policy research, founded in 1974. One of the most influential libertarian think tanks in the United States, it supports peace, individual liberty, limited government, and free markets. Its headquarters are in Washington,

beheading: In 1820 the Cato Street Conspirators, led by Arthur Thistlewood, became the last persons to be beheaded by ax in England. Having plotted to murder members of the government, they were found guilty of high treason and hanged, and their corpses were then decapitated.

Marcus Porcius Cato was a Roman statesman, orator, and the first Latin prose writer of importance. He was noted for his conservative and anti-Hellenic policies, in opposition to the phil-Hellenic ideals of the Scipio family. Cato was born of plebeian stock and fought as a military tribune in the

Marcus Porcius Cato was a Roman statesman, orator, and the first Latin prose writer of importance. He was noted for his conservative and anti-Hellenic policies, in opposition to the phil-Hellenic ideals of the Scipio family. Cato was born of plebeian stock and fought as a military tribune in the

Marcus Porcius Cato was a great-grandson of Cato the Censor and a leader of the Optimates (conservative senatorial aristocracy) who tried to preserve the Roman Republic against power seekers, in particular Julius Caesar. On the death of his parents, Cato was brought up in the house of his uncle

Marcus Porcius Cato was a Roman statesman, orator, and the first Latin prose writer of importance. He was noted for his conservative and anti-Hellenic policies, in opposition to the phil-Hellenic ideals of the Scipio family. Cato was born of plebeian stock and fought as a military tribune in the

Marcus Porcius Cato was a great-grandson of Cato the Censor and a leader of the Optimates (conservative senatorial aristocracy) who tried to preserve the Roman Republic against power seekers, in particular Julius Caesar. On the death of his parents, Cato was brought up in the house of his uncle

Publius Valerius Cato, teacher, scholar, and poet associated, like Catullus, with the Neoteric, or New Poets, movement. Valerius Cato went to Rome from Cisalpine Gaul (present-day northern Italy, especially the Po Valley). He was often mentioned by other members of the Neoteric movement, which

lepidopteran: Protection against danger: When moths such as the underwing moths (Catocala) are disturbed, they move the cryptic forewings to expose bright patches of colour on the upper surface of the hind wings. When butterflies such as the morphos, hairstreaks, and anglewings are disturbed, they take flight, exposing brightly coloured upper wing surfaces. Regardless…

Cape Catoche, cape on the Caribbean Sea, on a bar off the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, in the northeastern part of the Yucatán Peninsula (q.v.). Cape Catoche is said to have been the first Mexican land visited by Spaniards, in 1517. It is separated from western Cuba, approximately 150 miles (240

Gertrude Caton-Thompson was an English archaeologist who distinguished two prehistoric cultures in the Al-Fayyūm depression of Upper Egypt, the older dating to about 5000 bc and the younger to about 4500 bc. While a student at the British School of Archaeology in Egypt (1921–26), Caton-Thompson and

Catonsville, village, Baltimore county, north-central Maryland, U.S., a southwestern suburb of Baltimore. It was founded before 1729 and was known as Johnnycake for a local inn specializing in that type of cornbread. The present name, honouring Richard Caton (who had an estate there in the late

Catonsville: … and became known as the Catonsville Nine; their subsequent trial, imprisonment, and parole received worldwide publicity. Pop. (2000) 39,820; (2010) 41,567.

primate: Oligocene: …been described from Fayum, including Catopithecus, Proteopithecus, Apidium, Qatrania, Propliopithecus, Oligopithecus, Parapithecus, and Aegyptopithecus. The first two of these, together with some other primates of uncertain affinities, are from the Sagha Formation, which, technically, is latest Eocene in age, but the deposits are continuous.

piranha: Some 12 species called wimple piranhas (genus Catoprion) survive solely on morsels nipped from the fins and scales of other fishes, which then swim free to heal completely.

Bromeliaceae: hectioides, and Catopsis berteroniana) are known to be carnivorous. (See Life in a Bromeliad Pool.)

Archimedes: His life: …of his real interest in catoptrics (the branch of optics dealing with the reflection of light from mirrors, plane or curved), mechanics, and pure mathematics.

willet, (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus), large, long-billed shorebird of America, belonging to the family Scolopacidae (order Charadriiformes), which also includes the snipes, turnstones, and curlews. The willet is named for its loud call. Willets are about 40 centimetres (16 inches) long and gray,

golden cat: …(Catopuma temminckii), also known as Temminck’s cat.

sucker, (family Catostomidae), any of the freshwater fishes constituting the family Catostomidae, similar to and closely related to the carp and minnows (Cyprinidae). There are about 80 to 100 species of suckers. Except for a few species in Asia, all are North American. Many suckers are almost

Francesco Berni: His La Catrina (1567), a lively rustic farce, was also highly regarded, though his fame rests squarely on his burlesque poetry. Most of this work appears in one of two forms: the tailed sonnet, to which he frequently gave three-line extensions; or the capitolo, a lengthy…

Catriona, novel by Robert Louis Stevenson, published in 1893 as a sequel to his novel Kidnapped

John Catron was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1837–65). After moving from Kentucky to Tennessee in 1812 and serving under General Andrew Jackson in the War of 1812, Catron studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1815. Until 1818 he practiced on a “mountain circuit” in

Georges Catroux was a French general and diplomat, one of the highest-ranking officers in the Free French government of World War II. A graduate of the military academy at Saint-Cyr, Catroux served in World War I and then in various posts in the French colonial empire. Appointed governor-general of

James Corden: In 2019 Corden appeared in Cats, a film adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber’s hugely successful stage musical. He later was cast in The Prom (2020), a musical in which a theatre troupe tries to help a lesbian teenager; his performance caused controversy, as some found his characterization of a gay…

Trevor Nunn: …production of Andrew Lloyd Webber’s Cats (1981) ran for 21 years, making it the longest-running British production of a musical until it was eclipsed by Les Misérables (1985), which was directed by Nunn and Caird. Along with Lloyd Webber and T.S. Eliot (Cats was based on the late poet’s Old…

George Lopez: …2020 included the family comedy Cats & Dogs 3: Paws Unite!, in which he provided the voice of a parrot. In the comedy Walking with Herb (2021), he appeared as a messenger of God. He later cocreated and starred in Lopez vs. Lopez (2022– ), a sitcom that highlights the…

Cats are second only to dogs as the most common pets in the world. Their association with humans goes back thousands of years. For an account of this history, see cat. With their clean and quiet ways and appealing personalities, cats have long been popular as companion animals. Their self-reliance

Jacob Cats was a Dutch writer of emblem books and didactic verse whose place in the affections of his countrymen is shown by his nickname, “Father Cats.” Cats took his doctor’s degree in law at Orléans, practiced at The Hague, and, after visits to Oxford and Cambridge, settled in Zeeland, where he

Jacob Cats was a Dutch writer of emblem books and didactic verse whose place in the affections of his countrymen is shown by his nickname, “Father Cats.” Cats took his doctor’s degree in law at Orléans, practiced at The Hague, and, after visits to Oxford and Cambridge, settled in Zeeland, where he

Jacob Cats was a Dutch writer of emblem books and didactic verse whose place in the affections of his countrymen is shown by his nickname, “Father Cats.” Cats took his doctor’s degree in law at Orléans, practiced at The Hague, and, after visits to Oxford and Cambridge, settled in Zeeland, where he

pussy-toes: Antennaria dioica has several cultivated varieties of white, wooly appearance and with small clusters of white to rose flowers. In some species, including smaller pussy-toes (A. neodioica), male flowers are rare. The plantain-leaved pussy-toes (A. plantaginifolia), also called ladies’ tobacco, has longer and broader basal…

Catskill Delta, structure that was deposited in the northeastern United States during the Middle and Late Devonian Period (the Devonian Period began about 416 million years ago and lasted about 57 million years); it is named for exposures studied in the Catskill Mountains of New York. During Middle

Catskill Game Farm, Inc., privately owned zoo opened in 1933 in Catskill, New York, U.S. It occupied more than 914 acres (370 hectares), of which 135 acres (55 hectares) were open to the public from May to October. The remainder of the zoo grounds were maintained as a breeding preserve. The

Catskill Mountains, dissected segment of the Allegheny Plateau, part of the Appalachian Mountain system, lying mainly in Greene and Ulster counties, southeastern New York, U.S. Bounded north and east by the valleys of the Mohawk and Hudson rivers, respectively, the mountains are drained by

ketchup, seasoned pureed condiment widely used in the United States and Great Britain. The origin of the word ketchup is not entirely clear; the word likely derives from the Chinese ke-tsiap, a fish brine, probably by way of the Malaysian ketjap. The Heinz company first began selling its famed

Carrie Chapman Catt was an American feminist leader who led the women’s rights movement for more than 25 years, culminating in the adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment (for women’s suffrage) to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. Carrie Lane grew up in Ripon, Wisconsin, and from 1866 in Charles City,

cattail, (genus Typha), genus of about 30 species of tall reedy marsh plants (family Typhaceae), found mainly in temperate and cold regions of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The plants inhabit fresh to slightly brackish waters and are considered aquatic or semi-aquatic. Cattails are

Pennisetum: Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), an annual species, is cultivated in tropical areas for its edible grain. Several varieties of feathertop (P. villosum), native to Ethiopia, are cultivated as ornamentals for their arching form and feathery coloured flower clusters.

Carlo Cattaneo was an Italian publicist and intellectual whose writings significantly shaped the Risorgimento and whose journal, Il Politecnico (“The Polytechnic”), not only served as a vehicle for his political views but also was influential in introducing new scientific and technical improvements

Claudio Monteverdi: The Gonzaga court: …1599 he married a singer, Claudia Cattaneo, by whom he had three children, one of whom died in infancy. When the post of maestro di cappella, or director of music, to the duke became vacant on the death of Wert in 1596, Monteverdi was embittered at being passed over, but…

Cattaraugus, county, southwestern New York state, U.S., consisting of a ruggedly hilly region bounded by Cattaraugus Creek to the north and Pennsylvania to the south. It is drained by the Allegheny River and Ischua and Great Valley creeks. Surrounding Allegheny Reservoir are Allegany Indian

Kotor, walled town, seaport, and resort at the south end of Kotor Bay, one of four bays of the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotorska), on the Adriatic coastline of Montenegro. The town, situated about 30 miles (50 km) south of Nikšić, lies at the foot of the sheer Lovćen massif, which rises to 5,738 feet

Gulf of Kotor, winding, fjordlike inlet of the Adriatic coast, Montenegro. A fine natural harbour, it comprises four bays linked by narrow straits. The stark mountains around the bay slope steeply to a narrow shoreline on which citrus fruits and subtropical plants grow and tourist facilities have

Maurizio Cattelan is an Italian conceptual artist known for his subversive displays. Despite causing much controversy with his satiric critique of the art world and of society, Cattelan has deftly managed to enthrall rather than enrage his audience and his peers. In Untitled (1991), which is a

James McKeen Cattell was a U.S. psychologist who oriented U.S. psychology toward use of objective experimental methods, mental testing, and application of psychology to the fields of education, business, industry, and advertising. He originated two professional directories and published five

Raymond B. Cattell was a British-born American psychologist, considered to be one of the world’s leading personality theorists. Cattell was educated at the University of London, receiving a B.S. in 1924 and a Ph.D. in 1929. He taught at the University of Exeter (1927–32), after which he served as

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Indian author, whose novels firmly established prose as a literary vehicle for the Bengali language and helped create in India a school of fiction on the European model. Bankim Chandra was a member of an orthodox Brahman family and was educated at Hooghly College, at

cattle, domesticated bovine farm animals that are raised for their meat, milk, or hides or for draft purposes. The animals most often included under the term are the Western or European domesticated cattle as well as the Indian and African domesticated cattle. However, certain other bovids such as

Chisholm Trail: cattle drovers’ trail in the western United States. Although its exact route is uncertain, it originated south of San Antonio, Texas, ran north across Oklahoma, and ended at Abilene, Kansas. Little is known of its early history. It was probably named for Jesse Chisholm, a…

egret: The cattle egret, Bubulcus (sometimes Ardeola) ibis, spends much of its time on land and associates with domestic and wild grazing animals, feeding on insects that they stir up and sometimes removing ticks from their hides. It is a compactly built heron, 50 cm long, white…

warble fly, (family Oestridae), any member of a family of insects in the fly order, Diptera, sometimes classified in the family Hypodermatidae. The warble, or bot, flies Hypoderma lineatum and H. bovis are large, heavy, and beelike. The females deposit their eggs on the legs of cattle. The larvae

John Edgar Wideman: …as well as the novels The Cattle Killing (1996) and Fanon (2008).

Odysseus: Scylla and Charybdis, and the Cattle of the Sun, which his companions, despite warnings, plunder for food. He alone survives the ensuing storm and reaches the idyllic island of the nymph Calypso.

rinderpest, an acute, highly contagious viral disease of ruminant animals, primarily cattle, that was once common in Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and the Middle East. Rinderpest was a devastating affliction of livestock and wildlife, and for centuries it was a major threat to food production

Sydney Opera House: …Opera House is situated on Bennelong Point (originally called Cattle Point), a promontory on the south side of the harbour just east of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. It was named for Bennelong, one of two Aboriginal people (the other man was named Colebee) who served as liaisons between Australia’s first…