castle guard, in the European feudal tenure, an arrangement by which some tenants of the king or of a lesser lord were bound to provide garrisons for royal or other castles. The obligation would in practice be discharged by subtenants, individual knights who held their fiefs by virtue of performing

Hastings: …of a medieval castle crown Castle Hill, which is situated on the sandstone cliffs overlooking the old fishing settlement and port at the mouth of a steep valley. The main shopping center lies west of that old nucleus, which is notable for its numerous antique shops. The resort has developed…

Budapest: Buda: In a central position is Castle Hill (Várhegy), 551 feet (168 metres) above sea level and crowned by the restored Buda Castle (Budai vár, commonly called the Royal Palace). In the 13th century a fortress was built on the site and was replaced by a large Baroque palace during the…

Castle Hill Rising, (March 4–5, 1804), the first rebellion in Australian history. Involving Irish convicts (for the most part, political offenders), the uprising began with the rebels’ seizure of the New South Wales convict station at Parramatta on March 4 and culminated in a clash between the

Norman Mailer: …written by Jesus Christ, and The Castle in the Forest (2007), narrated by a devil, tells the story of Adolf Hitler’s boyhood.

Jostein Gaarder: …Daughter), Slottet i Pyreneene (2008; The Castle in the Pyrenees), and Dukkeføreren (2016; “The Puppet Master”).

Loch Leven: On Castle Island are the ruins of the late 14th-century Lochleven Castle, which served as a place of detention for many important persons, including Mary, Queen of Scots. In 1567 she signed her abdication there. During her escape in 1568 the castle keys were thrown into…

Battle for Castle Itter, World War II military engagement in which U.S. soldiers joined forces with renegade German troops to turn back a Waffen-SS assault on a stronghold in Tirol, Austria, where elite French political figures were being held prisoner by the Nazis. The battle took place on May 5,

Sydney Pollack: Film directing: …that film and returned for Castle Keep (1969), a World War II adventure about a group of soldiers (including Peter Falk and Bruce Dern) who take refuge in a Belgian castle.

Sir Donald Currie: …and politician, founder of the Castle Line of steamers between England and South Africa, and later head of the amalgamated Union–Castle Line.

Castle Morpeth, former borough (district), administrative and historic county of Northumberland, northeastern England, in the southeastern part of the county. It lies just northwest of the heavily industrialized metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear and borders the North Sea on the northeast. Castle

The Castle of Crossed Destinies, semiotic fantasy novel by Italo Calvino, published in Italian in 1973 as Il castello dei destini incrociati. It consists of a series of short tales gathered into two sections, “The Castle of Crossed Destinies” and “The Tavern of Crossed Destinies.” The novel

English literature: Thomson, Prior, and Gay: In The Castle of Indolence (1748) Thomson’s model is Spenserian, and its wryly developed allegory lauds the virtues of industriousness and mercantile achievement.

Robert Recorde: Writings: Then followed The Castle of Knowledge (1556), a treatise on the sphere and Ptolemaic astronomy—though it also made favourable mention of the heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543), promising to deal with the subject at greater length in a subsequent work. His last work, The Whetstone of…

Anglo-Norman literature: Religious and didactic writings.: …the most important, the “Castle of Love,” being the oldest in French.

The Castle of Otranto, novel by Horace Walpole, published under a pseudonym in 1764 (though first editions bear the next year’s date). It is considered the first Gothic novel in the English language, and it is often said to have founded the horror story as a legitimate literary form. Walpole

morality play: …plays surviving in English is The Castle of Perseverance (c. 1425), about the battle for the soul of Humanum Genus. A plan for the staging of one performance has survived that depicts an outdoor theatre-in-the-round with the castle of the title at the centre. Of all morality plays, the one…

Bodrum: Their spectacular castle, the Petronium, or Castle of St. Peter, remained a Christian stronghold until the Ottoman sultan Süleyman I the Magnificent captured it in 1522. The castle continues to be the town’s major landmark. The ruins of the Mausoleum of Mausolus, ruler of Caria (4th century bce), at…

René Magritte: In The Castle of the Pyrenees (1959) a huge stone topped by a small castle floats above the sea. Other representative fancies were a fish with human legs, a man with a bird cage for a torso, and a gentleman leaning over a wall beside his…

Malbork Castle, massive brick fortress enclosing three fortified castles that was built in the 13th century by Teutonic Knights in Malbork, Poland. Encompassing 52 acres (21 ha), Malbork Castle is Europe’s largest fortress by land area. It stands on the banks of the Nogat River, about 25 miles (40

Anatole Litvak: The Hollywood years: Litvak then made Castle on the Hudson (1940), a remake of Michael Curtiz’s 20,000 Years in Sing Sing (1932), with John Garfield as a jewel thief sentenced to prison and Ann Sheridan as his girlfriend. Litvak was next given a more prestigious production, the lavish All This, and…

Castle Point, borough (district), administrative and historic county of Essex, eastern England, on the north side of the River Thames near its mouth. Castle Point is a low-lying borough of tidal inlets and reclaimed land protected by embankments and dikes. The parishes (towns) of Canvey Island to

Castle Rackrent, novel by Maria Edgeworth, published in 1800. The work satirizes the Irish landlords of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Noted for its insight into Irish regional life, the book chronicles three generations of the landed Rackrent family and was the model on which Sir Walter

Castle Rackrent, novel by Maria Edgeworth, published in 1800. The work satirizes the Irish landlords of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Noted for its insight into Irish regional life, the book chronicles three generations of the landed Rackrent family and was the model on which Sir Walter

Castle Rising, village (“parish”), King’s Lynn and West Norfolk borough, administrative and historic county of Norfolk, England. A great Norman castle with a massive square keep stands within a 12-acre (5-hectare) enclosure formed by artificial ramparts of earth and a ditch, which is crossed by an

Edinburgh: City site: …core is the Old Town’s Castle Rock, a plug of black basalt sealing the vent of an extinct volcano. It stands 250 feet (76 metres) above the valley floor and is crowned by the famous Edinburgh Castle, which, subtly floodlit every night, stirs even the habituated townsfolk. Glacial ice once…

Tim Robbins: …season of the horror series Castle Rock.

Rob Reiner: Success as a film director: In 1987 Reiner cofounded Castle Rock Entertainment, a studio that produced many of his ensuing films. (It was sold to Turner Broadcasting System, Inc., in 1993 and, following its 1996 sale to Time Warner, became part of Warner Brothers.)

Castletown: Castle Rushen, perhaps founded in 947–960 by Godred the Dane, is essentially Norman, largely rebuilt in the 14th century, with 16th-century additions. It was the residence of the lords of Man until the 18th century. The massive square keep, or strongest part, is surrounded by…

Japan: Commerce, cities, and culture: …period, mainly represented by the castle towns of the various daimyo. These daimyo, numbering some 250 for most of the period, were allowed by the bakufu to have but one castle, and thus there was a move to pull down other castles and concentrate the samurai of each han in…

Vernon and Irene Castle: Vernon and Irene were married in 1911 and as dance partners became famous worldwide. They popularized such dances as the glide, the castle polka, the castle walk, the hesitation waltz, the maxixe, the tango, and the bunny hug.

nuclear weapon: Further refinements: …designed and initially tested during Operation Castle in 1954. The first test of the series, conducted on March 1, 1954, was called Bravo. It used solid lithium deuteride rather than liquid deuterium and produced a yield of 15 megatons, 1,000 times as large as the Hiroshima bomb. Here the principal…

Ivan Klíma: Zámek (1964; The Castle) depicts elitist intellectuals in a castle who murder their visitors; it was considered a parable on communist morality. Porota (1969; The Jury) portrays a dilemma of responsibility versus despotism; it was the last of his plays to be freely performed in Czechoslovakia. Klíma’s…

Ismail Kadare: …Albanian history are Kështjella (1970; The Castle or The Siege), a recounting of the armed resistance of the Albanian people against the Ottoman Turks in the 15th century, and Dimri i madh (1977; “The Great Winter”), which depicts the events that produced the break between Albania and the Soviet Union…

The Castle, allegorical novel by Franz Kafka, published posthumously in German as Das Schloss in 1926. The setting of the novel is a village dominated by a castle. Time seems to have stopped in this wintry landscape, and nearly all the scenes occur in the dark. K., the otherwise nameless

Vernon and Irene Castle: Vernon and Irene were married in 1911 and as dance partners became famous worldwide. They popularized such dances as the glide, the castle polka, the castle walk, the hesitation waltz, the maxixe, the tango, and the bunny hug.

Vernon and Irene Castle were an American husband-and-wife dancing team, famous as the originators of the one-step and the turkey trot. Vernon and Irene were married in 1911 and as dance partners became famous worldwide. They popularized such dances as the glide, the castle polka, the castle walk,

William Castle was an American director known for the innovative marketing techniques he used to promote his B-horror movies. He began his entertainment career as an actor in Off-Broadway productions, and he later directed a well-received stage version of Bram Stoker’s novel Dracula. During this

intrinsic factor: …1920s by the American physician William B. Castle, whose research into the cause of pernicious anemia indicated that two substances were involved: one that is produced in the body (intrinsic) and the other—an extrinsic factor, later identified as vitamin B12—that is supplied in the diet.

Castlebar, market and county town, County Mayo, Ireland, at the head of Lough (lake) Castlebar. The town was founded early in the 17th century and was incorporated in 1613. The administrative seat of the county and a fast-growing town, it is an active market area and tourism centre, popular with

Aberdeen: …and 14th centuries, survive near the Castlegate, the historic marketplace of New Aberdeen and commercial heart of the modern city. The Castlegate still contains an old Market (City) Cross (1686). Nearby are two ancient houses, Provost Skene’s House (c. 1545), now a local history museum, and Provost Ross’s House (1593).…

Castlemaine, city in central Victoria, southeastern Australia, located 8 miles (13 km) east of the Loddon River and 78 miles (126 km) northwest of Melbourne. In 1836 the area was crossed by Major Thomas Mitchell, and in 1851 gold was found in Specimen Valley. The mining settlement employed about

Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland was a favourite mistress of the English king Charles II; she bore several of his illegitimate children. According to the diarist Samuel Pepys, she was a woman of exceptional beauty, but others commented on her crude mannerisms. She was the daughter of William

Castlereagh, former district (1973–2015) located directly southeast of Belfast, astride the former counties of Down and Antrim, now part of the Lisburn and Castlereagh City district, Northern Ireland. Its rolling lowlands border the former districts of Lisburn to the southwest, North Down to the

Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh was a British foreign secretary (1812–22), who helped guide the Grand Alliance against Napoleon and was a major participant in the Congress of Vienna, which redrew the map of Europe in 1815. Castlereagh was one of the most distinguished foreign secretaries in

Braemar, village, on the Clunie Water (stream) at its confluence with the River Dee, that is the centre of the picturesque mountainous region of Braemar in the council area and historic county of Aberdeenshire, Scotland. The Jacobite Fifteen Rebellion of 1715 began in Braemar. The village is now a

Castleton State College, public, coeducational institution of higher learning located in Castleton, Vermont, U.S. The curriculum is based in the traditional liberal arts and sciences, and the university also offers study in business, education, social sciences, and health sciences. Master’s degree

Castletown, town and ancient capital of the Isle of Man, one of the British Isles, on Castletown Bay, which is formed by the River Silver Burn. Castle Rushen, perhaps founded in 947–960 by Godred the Dane, is essentially Norman, largely rebuilt in the 14th century, with 16th-century additions. It

chess: Castling: The one exception to the rule that a player may move only one piece at a time is a compound move of king and rook called castling. A player castles by shifting the king two squares in the direction of a rook, which is…

alkali metal: History: …hydroxide, a technique called the Castner process, was replaced in 1926 by the Downs cell process. This process, in which a molten sodium chloride–calcium chloride mixture (to reduce the melting point) is electrolyzed, produces both sodium metal and chlorine.

lepidopteran: Annotated classification: Family Castniidae (castniid moths) Approximately 130 species in Central and South America; medium-size to large diurnal species of the New World and Indo-Australian tropics; adults powerful fliers, heavy-bodied and broad-winged; clubbed antennae, bright colours; often mimic other butterflies and diurnal moths; larvae are often stem borers. Superfamily…

lepidopteran: Annotated classification: Family Castniidae (castniid moths) Approximately 130 species in Central and South America; medium-size to large diurnal species of the New World and Indo-Australian tropics; adults powerful fliers, heavy-bodied and broad-winged; clubbed antennae, bright colours; often mimic other butterflies and diurnal moths; larvae are often stem borers. Superfamily…

beaver, (genus Castor), either of two species of amphibious rodents native to North America, Europe, and Asia. Beavers are the largest rodents in North America and Eurasia and the second largest rodents worldwide. Their bodies extend up to 80 cm (31 inches) long and generally weigh 16–30 kg (35–66

Castor, multiple star having six component stars, in the zodiacal constellation Gemini. The stars Castor and Pollux are named for the twins of Greek mythology. (List of Brightest Stars as Seen from Earth) Castor’s combined apparent visual magnitude is 1.58. It appears as a bright visual binary, of

Dioscuri, (Dioscuri from Greek Dioskouroi, “Sons of Zeus”), in Greek and Roman mythology, twin deities who succoured shipwrecked sailors and received sacrifices for favourable winds. They were the children of Leda and either Zeus, the king of the gods, or Tyndareus, Leda’s mortal husband and the

Dioscuri, (Dioscuri from Greek Dioskouroi, “Sons of Zeus”), in Greek and Roman mythology, twin deities who succoured shipwrecked sailors and received sacrifices for favourable winds. They were the children of Leda and either Zeus, the king of the gods, or Tyndareus, Leda’s mortal husband and the

Araliaceae: Hari-giri, or castor aralia (Acanthopanax ricinifolius), is used in Japan in building and in furniture making.

castor-oil plant, (Ricinus communis), large plant of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), grown commercially for the pharmaceutical and industrial uses of its oil and for use in landscaping. Probably native to tropical Africa, the castor-oil plant has become naturalized throughout warm areas of the

beaver: American beavers (Castor canadensis) occur throughout forested parts of North America to northern Mexico, including the southwestern United States and northern Florida. Beavers were at the heart of the fur trade during colonial times and contributed significantly to the westward settlement and development of North…

opera: Early opera in France and England: …comedy Platée (1745), and, particularly, Castor et Pollux (1737; libretto by Pierre-Joseph-Justin Bernard), a tragédie that was performed at the Paris Opéra 254 times in 48 years. Rameau, like virtually every other French opera composer, set the language to music with such elegance and clarity that it can easily be…

beaver: Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) were once found throughout temperate and boreal forests of the region (including Britain) except for the Mediterranean area and Japan. By the early 20th century this range had contracted, and at the beginning of the 21st century indigenous populations survived only…

castor oil, nonvolatile fatty oil obtained from the seeds of the castor bean, Ricinus communis, of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). It is used in the production of synthetic resins, plastics, fibres, paints, varnishes, and various chemicals including drying oils and plasticizers. Castor oil is

louping ill: …transmitted by bites of the castor bean tick (Ixodes ricinus). The disease is most common in grassland regions of northern England and Scotland and is called louping (or leaping) ill because infected sheep leap about. Other mammals, including humans, cattle, dogs, goats, horses, and pigs, are susceptible.

castor-oil plant, (Ricinus communis), large plant of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), grown commercially for the pharmaceutical and industrial uses of its oil and for use in landscaping. Probably native to tropical Africa, the castor-oil plant has become naturalized throughout warm areas of the

louping ill: …transmitted by bites of the castor bean tick (Ixodes ricinus). The disease is most common in grassland regions of northern England and Scotland and is called louping (or leaping) ill because infected sheep leap about. Other mammals, including humans, cattle, dogs, goats, horses, and pigs, are susceptible.

castoreum, an oily, viscid glandular secretion contained in two pairs of membranous sacs between the anus and external genitals of both sexes of beaver. It is yellow or yellow-brown in colour, of a butterlike consistency, and has a highly disagreeable odour due to the presence of an essential oil.

Castorocauda, genus of extinct beaverlike mammals known from fossils dated to the Middle Jurassic (175.6 million to 161.2 million years ago) of China. Classified in the extinct order Docodonta, Castorocauda weighed 500 to 800 grams (1.1 to 1.8 pounds), almost as large as living platypuses, making

Castoroides, extinct genus of giant beavers found as fossils in Pleistocene deposits in North America (the Pleistocene Epoch began 2.6 million years ago and ended 11,700 years ago). Castoroides attained a length of about 2.5 metres (7.5 feet). The skull was large and the gnawing teeth strongly

Hans Castorp, fictional character, a young German engineer who is the protagonist of the novel The Magic Mountain (1924) by Thomas

military engineering: Classical and medieval eras.: The Romans’ castra, or military garrison towns, were protected by ramparts and ditches and interconnected by straight military roads along which their legions could speedily march. Like the Chinese, the Romans also built walls to protect their empire, the most famous of these being Hadrian’s Wall in…

Tübingen, city, Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. The city lies along the Neckar River at its junction with the Ammer and Steinlach rivers, south of Stuttgart. Originating as Castra Alamannorum around the castle of the counts palatine of Tübingen (first mentioned in 1078) and

Bonn: …its name was continued in Castra Bonnensia, a fortress built by the Romans in the 1st century ce. Castra Bonnensia survived the breakup of the Roman Empire as a civilian settlement, and in the 9th century it became the Frankish town of Bonnburg.

Chester, urban area (from 2011 built-up area) and former city (district), Cheshire West and Chester unitary authority, northwestern England. It is situated on a small sandstone ridge at the head of the estuary of the River Dee. The town’s location was chosen by the Romans as headquarters of Legion

Regensburg: …Roman stronghold and legionary camp, Castra Regina (founded 179 ce). The Roman north gate (Porta Praetoria) and parts of the walls survive. The capital of the dukes of Bavaria from 530, Regensburg was made a bishopric in 739 and shortly afterward became a capital of the Carolingians. From about 1000…

Castruccio Castracani was a condottiere, or captain of mercenaries, who ruled Lucca from 1316 to 1328. When the Guelfs gained power in Lucca in 1300, Castruccio’s family, the wealthy Antelminelli, were exiled from Lucca. Castruccio served successively as condottiere for the French, the English, and

castration, Removal of the testes. The procedure stops most production of the hormone testosterone. If done before puberty, it prevents the development of functioning adult sex organs. Castration after sexual maturity makes the sex organs shrink and stop functioning, ending sperm formation and

Sigmund Freud: Sexuality and development: …claimed its major concern is castration anxiety.

Sigmund Freud: Sexuality and development: …claimed its major concern is castration anxiety.

castrato, male soprano or contralto voice of great range, flexibility, and power, produced as a result of castration before puberty. The castrato voice was introduced in the 16th century, when women were banned from church choirs and the stage. It reached its greatest prominence in 17th- and

Matthias Alexander Castrén was a Finnish nationalist and pioneer in the study of remote Arctic and Siberian Uralic and Altaic languages. He also championed the ideology of Pan-Turanianism—the belief in the racial unity and future greatness of the Ural-Altaic peoples. After many years of field

Castres, town, Tarn département, Occitanie région, southern France, on the Agout River, east of Toulouse. The site of a Gallo-Roman camp, the town developed around a Benedictine monastery that was founded about 647. Guy de Montfort, brother of Simon de Montfort, handed down the seigneury in the

Jacques d’Armagnac, duc de Nemours was a peer of France who engaged in conspiracies against Louis XI. He was the first of the great dukes of Nemours. In 1404 the duchy of Nemours had been granted to Charles III of Navarre; but, upon his death in 1425, the succession was intermittently contested

Castries, capital and chief city of Saint Lucia island state, in the eastern Caribbean Sea 40 miles (65 km) south of Fort-de-France, Martinique. Its fine landlocked deepwater harbour on the northwestern coast is Saint Lucia’s chief port, shipping mainly bananas but also exporting sugarcane, rum,

Christian de Castries was a French army officer who commanded during World War II and later in the Indochina War. Castries was born into a distinguished military family and enlisted in the army at the age of 19. He was sent to the Saumur Cavalry School and in 1926 was commissioned an officer, but

Skanderbeg was the national hero of the Albanians. A son of John (Gjon) Kastrioti, prince of Emathia, George was early given as hostage to the Turkish sultan. Converted to Islām and educated at Edirne, Turkey, he was given the name Iskander—after Alexander the Great—and the rank of bey (hence

Portugal: Ethnic groups and languages: …permanent settlements were the northern castros, hill villages first built by Neolithic farmers who began clearing the forests. Incoming peoples—Phoenicians, Greeks, and Celts—intermingled with the settled inhabitants, and Celticized natives occupied the fortified castros. For two centuries these were centres of resistance to the Roman legions. Subsequently the Romans, Suebi,…

San Francisco: People of San Francisco: The affluent Castro district (technically Eureka Valley near Twin Peaks) has attracted gays and lesbians from throughout the country, becoming perhaps the most famous gay neighbourhood in the world. Its streets are adorned with elegantly restored Victorian homes and landmarks highlighting significant dates in the struggle for…

Castro, town, southern Chile. It lies 45 miles (72 km) south of the town of Ancud, on the east coast of Chiloé Island. Castro was founded in 1567 and regrew after being destroyed by an earthquake in 1837. Apart from being a port and agricultural centre (potatoes, wheat, livestock), it also has a

Antônio de Castro Alves was a Romantic poet whose sympathy for the Brazilian abolitionist cause won him the name “poet of the slaves.” While still a student Castro Alves produced a play that brought him to the attention of José de Alencar and Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, Brazilian literary

Fidel Castro was the political leader of Cuba (1959–2008) who transformed his country into the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere. Castro became a symbol of communist revolution in Latin America. He held the title of premier until 1976 and then began a long tenure as president of the

Raúl Castro is the head of state of Cuba (acting president of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers, 2006–08; president of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers, 2008–18), defense minister (1959–2006), and revolutionary who played a pivotal role in the 26th of July Movement,

Guillén de Castro y Bellvís was the most important and representative of a group of Spanish dramatists that flourished in Valencia. He is remembered chiefly for his work Las mocedades del Cid (1599?), upon which the French playwright Pierre Corneille based his famous drama Le Cid (1637). Castro’s

Américo Castro was a Spanish philologist and cultural historian who explored the distinctive cultural roots of Spain and Spanish America. Castro was born in Brazil of Spanish parents, who returned with him to Spain in 1890. He graduated from the University of Granada in 1904 and studied at the

Palomino De Castro Y Velasco was a Spanish painter, scholar, and author, the last court painter to King Charles II of Spain. After study at the University of Córdoba, Palomino was a student of the painter Valdes Leal and later Alfaro. In 1688 Palomino was appointed court painter and continued to

António Ferreira: His tragedy Castro (written c. 1558) was one of the first in modern European literature. It takes as its subject the death of the Portuguese national heroine Inês de Castro, who was murdered by Afonso IV—the father of Dom Pedro, her lover—for reasons of state, a theme…

Américo Castro was a Spanish philologist and cultural historian who explored the distinctive cultural roots of Spain and Spanish America. Castro was born in Brazil of Spanish parents, who returned with him to Spain in 1890. He graduated from the University of Granada in 1904 and studied at the

Catamarca: …valley) by the provincial governor, Bartolomé de Castro.

Cipriano Castro was a Venezuelan soldier and dictator, called the Lion of the Andes, who was the first man from the mountains to rule a nation that until the 20th century had been dominated by plainsmen and city dwellers from Caracas. He ruled for nine remarkably corrupt years (1899–1908),

Eugénio de Castro was a leading Portuguese Symbolist and Decadent poet. Castro’s best-known collection of poetry, Oaristos (1890; “Intimate Chats”), launched Symbolism in Portugal. His Symbolism maintains the essential doctrines of the French theorists of the movement, in contrast with the

Fidel Castro was the political leader of Cuba (1959–2008) who transformed his country into the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere. Castro became a symbol of communist revolution in Latin America. He held the title of premier until 1976 and then began a long tenure as president of the