cybercrime: Types of cybercrime: …specific sites to acts of cyberterrorism—that is, the use of the Internet to cause public disturbances and even death. Cyberterrorism focuses upon the use of the Internet by nonstate actors to affect a nation’s economic and technological infrastructure. Since the September 11 attacks of 2001, public awareness of the threat…

cybercrime, the use of a computer as an instrument to further illegal ends, such as committing fraud, trafficking in child pornography and intellectual property, stealing identities, or violating privacy. Cybercrime, especially through the Internet, has grown in importance as the computer has

cyberwar, war conducted in and from computers and the networks connecting them, waged by states or their proxies against other states. Cyberwar is usually waged against government and military networks in order to disrupt, destroy, or deny their use. Cyberwar should not be confused with the

cyberwar, war conducted in and from computers and the networks connecting them, waged by states or their proxies against other states. Cyberwar is usually waged against government and military networks in order to disrupt, destroy, or deny their use. Cyberwar should not be confused with the

bonito: The leaping bonito (Cybiosarda elegans) is a related Indo-Pacific food and sport fish. The oceanic bonito is the skipjack tuna (see tuna).

primavera, (species Cybistax donnel-smithii), timber tree of Central America with brilliant yellow flowers, or its firm light wood, often called white mahogany. Although the tree is unrelated to true mahogany, the wood resembles it in being easy to work, lustrous, and free of tendency to warp. When

primavera, (species Cybistax donnel-smithii), timber tree of Central America with brilliant yellow flowers, or its firm light wood, often called white mahogany. Although the tree is unrelated to true mahogany, the wood resembles it in being easy to work, lustrous, and free of tendency to warp. When

cyborg, term blending the words cybernetic and organism, originally proposed in 1960 to describe a human being whose physiological functions are aided or enhanced by artificial means such as biochemical or electronic modifications to the body. Cyborgism is a common theme in science fiction and, as

Andrzej Wajda: Its lead actor, Zbigniew Cybulski, became famous for his portrayal of a young man whose idealism survives the humiliation and defeat of the occupation and the deaths of friends and the woman he loves.

CYC, a project begun in 1984 under the auspices of the Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation, a consortium of American computer, semiconductor, and electronics manufacturers, to advance work on artificial intelligence (AI). In 1995 Douglas Lenat, the CYC project director, spun off

cycad, (order Cycadales), any of the palmlike woody gymnospermous plants that constitute the order Cycadales. The order consists of three extant (not extinct) families—Cycadaceae, Stangeriaceae, and Zamiaceae—which contain 10–11 genera and about 310 species. Some authorities use the term cycad to

cycadophyte, any member of a diverse collection of mostly extinct primitive gymnospermous plants. Although some botanists prefer to restrict the term cycadophyte to the members of the division Cycadophyta, three groups of primitive seed plants are discussed here, of which the seed ferns and

Cycas: The leaves of sago palm (Cycas revoluta) are widely used as ceremonial “palms” and in floriculture. The pithy stems of this and other species are a source of sago, a food starch. Several species, among them the Australian nut palm (C. media) and queen sago (C. circinalis), a…

cycadophyte: Annotated classification: Family Cycadaceae Generally restricted to species of Cycas; foliar, multiovulate megasporophylls arranged in an indeterminate strobilus; pinnae with a single midrib but lacking lateral, branch veins; about 115 species defined. Family Zamiaceae Singly pinnate compound leaves, bearing leaflets with parallel dichotomously

cycad, (order Cycadales), any of the palmlike woody gymnospermous plants that constitute the order Cycadales. The order consists of three extant (not extinct) families—Cycadaceae, Stangeriaceae, and Zamiaceae—which contain 10–11 genera and about 310 species. Some authorities use the term cycad to

Jurassic Period: Plants: …sago palm) and the extinct cycadeoids are palmlike gymnosperms. They proliferated to such an extent that the Jurassic has been called the “Age of Cycads.” The conifers (cone-bearing plants such as modern pine trees) also made up a large part of Jurassic forests. Almost all modern conifers had originated by…

Cycadeoidophyta: …two important families: Williamsoniaceae and Cycadeoidaceae (Bennettitaceae). Williamsonia, the best-known genus of its family, had a columnar trunk with frondlike leaves at branch tips; its fossil cones are not well defined. Williamsoniella, a related genus, was shrubby; fossil leaves placed in the genus Nilssoniopteris are believed to belong here. Cycadeoidea…

Jurassic Period: Plants: …sago palm) and the extinct cycadeoids are palmlike gymnosperms. They proliferated to such an extent that the Jurassic has been called the “Age of Cycads.” The conifers (cone-bearing plants such as modern pine trees) also made up a large part of Jurassic forests. Almost all modern conifers had originated by…

Cycadeoidea, a genus of extinct seed plants that was common worldwide during the Early Cretaceous Epoch (145 million to 100 million years ago). It was one member in a larger group, the order Bennettitales (known as the order Cycadeoidales in some classifications), which has been evolutionarily

Cycadeoidophyta, an extinct division of plants with certain features in common with cycads (division Pinophyta) and grouped with them and the seed ferns (division Pteridospermophyta). Both the cycadeoids and the cycads dominated the vegetation in the Jurassic Period (199.6 million to 145.5 million

cycadophyte, any member of a diverse collection of mostly extinct primitive gymnospermous plants. Although some botanists prefer to restrict the term cycadophyte to the members of the division Cycadophyta, three groups of primitive seed plants are discussed here, of which the seed ferns and

cycadophyte, any member of a diverse collection of mostly extinct primitive gymnospermous plants. Although some botanists prefer to restrict the term cycadophyte to the members of the division Cycadophyta, three groups of primitive seed plants are discussed here, of which the seed ferns and

Cycas, genus of 115 species of palmlike cycads in the family Cycadaceae native to tropical and subtropical areas of the Old World. The leaves of sago palm (Cycas revoluta) are widely used as ceremonial “palms” and in floriculture. The pithy stems of this and other species are a source of sago, a

cycadophyte: Gametophyte phase: …layer of the seeds of Cycas circinalis and C. rumphii are thick and somewhat fibrous, and experiments which show them to be capable of long immersion in brine suggest that long-distance dispersal by ocean currents may account for the presence of these species on remote Pacific islands. Little is known…

Cycas: The leaves of sago palm (Cycas revoluta) are widely used as ceremonial “palms” and in floriculture. The pithy stems of this and other species are a source of sago, a food starch. Several species, among them the Australian nut palm (C. media) and queen sago (C. circinalis), a…

cycadophyte: Gametophyte phase: …seeds of Cycas circinalis and C. rumphii are thick and somewhat fibrous, and experiments which show them to be capable of long immersion in brine suggest that long-distance dispersal by ocean currents may account for the presence of these species on remote Pacific islands. Little is known of natural seed…

Cyclades, group of about 30 islands, South Aegean (Modern Greek: Nótio Aigaío) periféreia (region), southeastern Greece. The islands made up the nomós (department) of Cyclades until 2011 when local government in Greece was restructured and the islands were divided among nine of the new

Aegean civilizations: …the Cyclades is known as Cycladic, that of the mainland as Helladic, from Hellas, the Greek name for Greece. Early, middle, and late stages have been defined in each of these, with further subdivisions according to recognizable changes in the style of pottery and other products that are associated with…

cyclamate, odourless white crystalline powder that is used as a nonnutritive sweetener. The name usually denotes either calcium cyclamate or sodium cyclamate, both of which are salts of cyclohexylsulfamic acid (C6H11NHSO3H). These compounds are stable to heat and are readily soluble in water.

cyclamen, (genus Cyclamen), genus of more than 20 species of flowering perennial herbs of the primrose family (Primulaceae) that are native to the Middle East and southern and central Europe. The florist’s cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum), the best-known species, is notable as an indoor plant

cyclamen, (genus Cyclamen), genus of more than 20 species of flowering perennial herbs of the primrose family (Primulaceae) that are native to the Middle East and southern and central Europe. The florist’s cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum), the best-known species, is notable as an indoor plant

cyclamen: The florist’s cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum), the best-known species, is notable as an indoor plant cultivated for its attractive white to pink to deep red flowers. A number of other species, including ivy-leaved cyclamen (C. hederifolium), are grown outside.

Cyclanthaceae, the Panama hat palm order of monocotyledonous flowering plants, which has 11 genera of mostly stemless, perennial, palmlike herbs, woody herbaceous shrubs, and climbing vines that are distributed in Central America and tropical South America. The plants are characterized by

Cyclanthaceae, the Panama hat palm order of monocotyledonous flowering plants, which has 11 genera of mostly stemless, perennial, palmlike herbs, woody herbaceous shrubs, and climbing vines that are distributed in Central America and tropical South America. The plants are characterized by

Cyclanthaceae: …species), Carludovica (3 species), and Cyclanthus (one species). Cyclanthus differs from the other genera in having a screwlike spadix structure.

peppershrike, (family Cyclarhidae), either of two species of stout-billed tropical American songbirds (order Passeriformes). (They are included by some authorities in the vireo family, Vireonidae.) Both peppershrikes are olive green above and yellow and white below; they are about 15 centimetres (6

cycle, in literature, a group of prose or poetic narratives, usually of different authorship, centring on a legendary hero and his associates. The term cyclic poems was first used in late classical times to refer to the independent poems that appeared after Homer to supplement his account of the

combinatorics: Definitions: …closed, it is called a cycle, provided its vertices (other than x0 and xn) are distinct and n ≥ 3. The length of a chain is the number of edges in it.

camping: History: …his camping vehicle and wrote Cycle and Camp (1898).

cycle ball, an amateur cycling game that is derived from association football (soccer). In cycle ball, two opposing teams on bicycles try to trap and drive a ball into their opponents’ goal by manipulating the ball with the wheels of their bicycles. The size of the ball is around 18 cm (7 inches)

epic: Chansons de geste: The so-called Cycle of the Revolted Knights groups those poems that tell of revolts of feudal subjects against the emperor (Charlemagne or, more usually, his son, Louis). The Cycle of the King consists of the songs in which Charlemagne himself is a principal figure.

epic: Chansons de geste: The so-called Cycle of the Revolted Knights groups those poems that tell of revolts of feudal subjects against the emperor (Charlemagne or, more usually, his son, Louis). The Cycle of the King consists of the songs in which Charlemagne himself is a principal figure.

John Gneisenau Neihardt: …on his major work, A Cycle of the West (1949), containing five book-length narrative poems covering the period from the opening of the Missouri Territory until Indian resistance ended in the 1890s. The work is old-fashioned, but it is an authentic, vital picture of the frontier and the people who…

It can smooth performance.Your stock sector knowledge might not be a popular topic at this weekend’s dinner party, but it can be handy when you invest. Certain sectors tend to perform better or worse in certain market cycles, so understanding these cycles can help you target both sectors to invest

biogeochemical cycle, any of the natural pathways by which essential elements of living matter are circulated. The term biogeochemical is a contraction that refers to the consideration of the biological, geological, and chemical aspects of each cycle. Elements within biogeochemical cycles flow in

Roger Penrose: In Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe (2010), Penrose posited his theory of conformal cyclic cosmology, formulating the Big Bang as an endlessly recurring event. He received the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 2008.

branchiopod: Reproduction and life cycles: The spinicaudate Cyclestheria lays its eggs in the space between the trunk and the carapace. These eggs develop rapidly into miniatures of the adult, skipping the larval stages. A similar mode of reproduction is found in the ctenopods, anomopods, and onychopods.

aging: Aging of neural and endocrine systems: A normal chemical in cells, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP), is thought to be a transmitter of hormonal information across cell membranes. It may be possible to identify the specific sites in the membrane or the cell interior at which communication breaks down.

particle accelerator: Accelerating particles: cyclic accelerators (principally the cyclotron and the synchrotron). In a linear accelerator the particles pass once through a sequence of accelerating fields, whereas in a cyclic machine they are guided on a circular path many times through the same relatively small electric fields. In both…

nervous system: Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators: Another system is the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) system. In this chain reaction, receptor proteins activate linking proteins, which then activate the enzymes that synthesize cAMP. The cAMP molecules activate other enzymes that, in turn, activate ion channels.

aging: Aging of neural and endocrine systems: A normal chemical in cells, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP), is thought to be a transmitter of hormonal information across cell membranes. It may be possible to identify the specific sites in the membrane or the cell interior at which communication breaks down.

social change: Cyclic change: Much of ordinary social life is organized in cyclic changes: those of the day, the week, and the year. These short-term cyclic changes may be regarded as conditions necessary for structural stability. Other changes that have a more or less cyclic pattern are…

hydrocarbon: Aromatic hydrocarbons: Benzene (C6H6), the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, was first isolated in 1825 by English chemist Michael Faraday from the oily residues left from illuminating gas. In 1834 it was prepared from benzoic acid (C6H

dipteran: Importance: This is an example of cyclic disease transmission. The relationship between the parasitic disease organism and its two hosts, vertebrate and insect, is a result of evolutionary adaptation. However, it is not known whether the trypanosome was originally a fly parasite that spread to humans and other vertebrates or whether…

photosynthesis: The pathway of electrons: This process is called cyclic electron flow.

reaction mechanism: Cyclic: Some cyclic eliminations are fully concerted, but in others the loss of a nucleophilic or of an electrophilic component can be dominant. For example, the gas-phase pyrolysis (destructive heating) of alkyl halides shows the orientation and structure effects characteristic of unimolecular stepwise elimination reactions…

cyclic form, in music, any compositional form characterized by the repetition, in a later movement or part of the piece, of motives, themes, or whole sections from an earlier movement in order to unify structure. The need for such a device arose during the 19th century, when the traditional

PDE-5 inhibitor: …that causes the formation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP); cGMP in turn causes the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum to relax, allowing blood to flow into the penis and produce an erection. PDE-5 breaks down cGMP, and so the PDE-5 inhibitors, by blocking the action of the enzyme, maintain…

helicopter: Control functions: The cyclic pitch control, a stick-type control found to the pilot’s right, controls the direction of flight by tipping the plane of rotation in the desired direction. The term cyclic derives from the sequential way each blade’s pitch is changed so that it takes the flight…

heavy oil and tar sand: Steam soak: A common method involving the use of steam to recover heavy oil is known as steam soak, or steam cycling. It is essentially a well-bore stimulation technique in which steam generated in a boiler at the surface is injected into a production well…

coloration: Tetrapyrroles, porphyrins, and their derivatives: …four pyrrole rings, or cyclic tetrapyrroles. This basic compound is known as porphin.

chemical analysis: Triangular wave voltammetry: Cyclic voltammetry is identical to TWV except in having more than one cycle of forward and reverse scans successively completed.

social change: Cyclic change: Much of ordinary social life is organized in cyclic changes: those of the day, the week, and the year. These short-term cyclic changes may be regarded as conditions necessary for structural stability. Other changes that have a more or less cyclic pattern are…

poverty: Cyclical poverty: ) Cyclical poverty refers to poverty that may be widespread throughout a population, but the occurrence itself is of limited duration. In nonindustrial societies (present and past), this sort of inability to provide for one’s basic needs rests mainly upon temporary food shortages caused…

operations research: Inventory control: The reorder-cycle system, or cyclical-review system, consists of ordering at fixed regular intervals. Various combinations of these systems can be used in the construction of an inventory-control procedure. A pure two-bin system, for example, can be modified to require cyclical instead of continuous review of stock,…

substitution cipher: …has discovered to his embarrassment, cyclical-shift substitution ciphers are not secure, nor is any other monoalphabetic substitution cipher in which a given plaintext symbol is always encrypted into the same ciphertext symbol. Because of the redundancy of the English language, only about 25 symbols of ciphertext are required to permit…

classification of religions: Morphological: …with it at all, is cyclical. The world and what happens in it are devalued, except as they show forth the eternal pattern of the original creation.

Paul Nurse: …family of key enzymes, the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which participate in many cell functions. By 2001 about a half dozen other CDKs were identified in humans.

post-traumatic stress disorder: …type of regulatory enzyme) called CDK5 (cyclin-dependent kinase 5). Normally, CDK5 works with other proteins in nerve cells to regulate brain development, and its absence has been shown to facilitate the elimination of memories associated with fear. In people with PTSD, the elevated levels of CDK5 may interfere with and…

cycling, use of a bicycle for sport, recreation, or transportation. The sport of cycling consists of professional and amateur races, which are held mostly in continental Europe, the United States, and Asia. The recreational use of the bicycle is widespread in Europe and the United States. Use of

biogeochemical cycle: …slow-moving, usually abiotic portion—and an exchange (cycling) pool—a smaller but more-active portion concerned with the rapid exchange between the biotic and abiotic aspects of an ecosystem.

carbonium ion: Reactions.: Reaction with internal n-base: cyclization reaction, with nonbonded electron pair on an oxygen atom serving as donor:

petroleum refining: Saturated molecules: …closed-ring structure known as a cyclo-compound. Saturated cyclo-compounds are called naphthenes. Naphthenic crudes tend to be poor raw materials for lubricant manufacture, but they are more easily converted into high-quality gasolines than are the paraffin compounds.

cyclo-cross, cross-country bicycle racing in open and usually quite rough country with riders often forced to dismount and carry their bicycles. The sport originated early in the 20th century in France, but it eventually became popular throughout western Europe and in the United States. World

hydrocarbon: Cycloalkanes: Countless organic compounds are known in which a sequence of carbon atoms, rather than being connected in a chain, closes to form a ring. Saturated hydrocarbons that contain one ring are referred to as cycloalkanes. With a general formula of CnH2n (n is an…

hydrocarbon: Nomenclature of alkenes and alkynes: …of an alkyne is linear, cycloalkynes are possible only when the number of carbon atoms in the ring is large enough to confer the flexibility necessary to accommodate this geometry. Cyclooctyne (C8H12) is the smallest cycloalkyne capable of being isolated and stored as a stable compound.

oak: Major species and uses: …black oaks (Erythrobalanus), and (Cyclobalanus).

hydrocarbon: Nonbenzenoid aromatic compounds: The earliest targets were cyclobutadiene (C4H4) and cyclooctatetraene (C8H8).

hydrocarbon: Cycloalkanes: Cyclobutane (C4H8) and higher cycloalkanes adopt nonplanar conformations in order to minimize the eclipsing of bonds on adjacent atoms. The angle strain in cyclobutane is less than in cyclopropane, whereas cyclopentane and higher cycloalkanes are virtually free of angle strain. With the exception of cyclopropane,…

echinoderm: Annotated classification: †Class Cyclocystoidea Middle Ordovician to Middle Devonian about 375,000,000–460,000,000 years ago; small, disk-shaped; theca composed of numerous plates; ambulacral system with multiple branching. †Class Edrioasteroidea Lower Cambrian to Lower Carboniferous about 340,000,000–570,000,000 years ago; discoid to cylindrical; 5 well-developed straight or

hydrocarbon: Annulenes and the Hückel rule: …with aromaticity and makes all-cis-cyclodecapentaene a highly reactive substance. An isomer in which two of the double bonds are trans should, in principle, be free of angle strain. It is destabilized, however, by a repulsive force between two hydrogen atoms that are forced together in the interior of the…

cyclogenesis, in meteorology, the process of extratropical cyclone development and intensification. Cyclogenesis is initiated by a disturbance occurring along a stationary or very slow-moving front between cold and warm air. This disturbance distorts the front into the wavelike configuration. As

hydrocarbon: Cycloalkanes: …is the smallest cycloalkane, whereas cyclohexane (C6H12) is the most studied, best understood, and most important. It is customary to represent cycloalkane rings as polygons, with the understanding that each corner corresponds to a carbon atom to which is attached the requisite number of hydrogen atoms to bring its total…

inositol, any of several stereoisomeric alcohols similar in molecular structure to the simple carbohydrates. The best known of the inositols is myoinositol, named for its presence in muscle tissue, from which it was first obtained in 1850. Myoinositol is essential for the growth of yeasts and other

cycloid, the curve generated by a point on the circumference of a circle that rolls along a straight line. If r is the radius of the circle and θ (theta) is the angular displacement of the circle, then the polar equations of the curve are x = r(θ - sin θ) and y = r(1 - cos θ). The points of the

basketry: Half-hitch and knotted coiling: …single element half hitch (called cycloid coiling) comes from the Malay area; and knotted single-element basketry, from Tierra del Fuego and New Guinea.

integument: Fishes: Cycloid scales appear to be the inner layer of ganoid or cosmoid scales. Found in carps and similar fishes, they are thin, large, round or oval, and arranged in an overlapping pattern; growth rings are evident on the free edges. Ctenoid scales are similar to…

pigweed: Winged pigweed (Cycloloma atriplicifolium) is a much-branched upright plant with scalloped leaves; it grows to 60 cm (about 2 feet) tall and is often seen on sandy soils.

cyclolysis, in meteorology, the process by which a cyclone weakens and deteriorates. The decay of an extratropical cyclone results when the cold air, from the north in the Northern Hemisphere or from the south in the Southern Hemisphere, on the western side of such a cyclone sweeps under all of the

tropical cyclone, an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans and is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain. Drawing energy from the sea surface and maintaining its strength as long as it remains over warm water, a tropical cyclone generates

roller coaster: Expansion in the United States: …terrifying rides built in 1927—the Cyclone at Crystal Beach (Ridgeway, Ontario, Canada), the Lightning at Revere Beach (Revere, Mass.), and the Cyclone at Palisades Park (Fort Lee, N.J.). Not only did the Cyclone at Crystal Beach feature a 90-foot (27-metre) drop and hairpin turns, but a nurse was always on…

roller coaster: Expansion in the United States: …still standing may be the Cyclone at New York City’s Coney Island. Built in 1927 by the Harry C. Baker Company and based on a design by Vernon Keenan, the Cyclone had a remarkably steep 58-degree drop, considered intense even by later standards. From its 10-foot (3-metre) lighted sign to…

air pollution control: Cyclones: A cyclone removes particulates by causing the dirty airstream to flow in a spiral path inside a cylindrical chamber. Dirty air enters the chamber from a tangential direction at the outer wall of the device, forming a vortex as it swirls within the chamber. The…

cyclone, any large system of winds that circulates about a centre of low atmospheric pressure in a counterclockwise direction north of the Equator and in a clockwise direction to the south. Cyclonic winds move across nearly all regions of the Earth except the equatorial belt and are generally

cyclogenesis, in meteorology, the process of extratropical cyclone development and intensification. Cyclogenesis is initiated by a disturbance occurring along a stationary or very slow-moving front between cold and warm air. This disturbance distorts the front into the wavelike configuration. As

coal utilization: Cyclone: In a cyclone furnace, small coal particles (less than six millimetres) are burned while entrained in air. The stream of coal particles in the primary combustion air enters tangentially into a cylindrical chamber, where it meets a high-speed tangential stream of secondary air. Owing to the intense…

Beira: The city was devastated by Cyclone Idai in 2019. Pop. (2017 prelim.) 533,825.

Mozambique: The 2019 cyclones: …April by another cyclone, named Kenneth, which hit the northern part of the country and left more than 40 people dead. In all, more than 162,000 Mozambicans were estimated to have been displaced by the two storms.

Cyclone Pam, large and destructive tropical cyclone in the South Pacific Ocean that affected Vanuatu, Tuvalu, Kiribati, and New Zealand during March 2015. Cyclone Pam produced high winds, coastal storm surges, heavy rains, and flooding in the affected countries and was classified for a time as a

North America: Storm tracks: ” Where cyclones (low-pressure cells) develop persistently along the advancing air-mass edges, strong storm tracks occur. Pacific storm tracks thread the Strait of Georgia, Puget Sound, and the Inside Passage to Alaska. In summer they shift north of Prince Rupert; in the depth of…