Red Blaik: Blaik, together with Fritz Crisler of Michigan, was a strong advocate for two-platoon football (in which players were assigned exclusively to either the offensive or the defensive unit) as substitution rules were fiercely debated in the years following the war. In 1951 his 45-man team was reduced to…

potato chip, a thin slice of potato fried in oil or baked in an oven until crisp. It may be salted or flavoured after cooking. The invention of the potato chip is attributed to George Crum, who was born George Speck in 1824, the son of an African American father and a Native American mother who was

Red Rum: …of the course to pass Crisp, who had held the lead during most of the race, and beating him by 3 4 of a length in the record time of 9:01.9. The next year, with 11-to-1 odds against repeating his victory, Red Rum outdistanced his nearest rival, L’Escargot, by 7…

Jezebel: Cast:

Frances Burney: …influenced by her father’s friend Samuel Crisp, a disappointed author living in retirement. It was to “Daddy” Crisp that she addressed her first journal letters, lively accounts of the musical evenings at the Burneys’ London house where the elite among European performers entertained informally for gatherings that might include David…

Greece: The islands: …in 1383 by the Lombard Crispi family, which retained its independence until 1566. At that time the duchy was conquered by the Ottomans, although it was ruled by an appointee of the sultan until 1579, when it was properly incorporated into the state.

Francesco Crispi was an Italian statesman who, after being exiled from Naples and Sardinia-Piedmont for revolutionary activities, eventually became premier of a united Italy. Crispi grew up in Sicily, where he studied law; but, disillusioned by conditions there, he went to Naples, where he became

Saints Crispin and Crispinian, (both b. traditionally Rome—d. c. 286, possibly Soissons, Fr.; feast day October 25), patron saints of shoemakers, whose legendary history dates from the 8th century. It is said that they were brothers from a noble Roman family and that they travelled to Soissons,

CRISPR, short palindromic repeating sequences of DNA, found in most bacterial genomes, that are interrupted by so-called spacer elements, or spacers—sequences of genetic code derived from the genomes of previously encountered bacterial pathogens. CRISPR elements are found naturally in many bacteria

Emmanuelle Charpentier: In 2013 Charpentier co-founded CRISPR Therapeutics, a company that employed CRISPR methodology for gene therapy in humans, with operations in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and headquarters in Zug, Switzerland. Charpentier was a member of the company’s scientific advisory board. In 2015, after a two-year stint at Hannover Medical School in Germany,…

CRISPR, short palindromic repeating sequences of DNA, found in most bacterial genomes, that are interrupted by so-called spacer elements, or spacers—sequences of genetic code derived from the genomes of previously encountered bacterial pathogens. CRISPR elements are found naturally in many bacteria

Crispus was the eldest son of Constantine the Great who was executed under mysterious circumstances on his father’s orders. Crispus’s mother, Minerva (or Minervina), was divorced by Constantine in 307. Crispus received his education from the Christian writer Lactantius. On March 1, 317, Constantine

Andrea Riccio was a Renaissance sculptor and goldsmith best known for his miniature sculptures in bronze. Riccio was trained in the workshop of Bartolomeo Bellano and was active principally as a bronze sculptor. He executed the great paschal candlestick and two bronze reliefs for S. Antonio at

B-film: …such as director Robert Siodmak’s Criss Cross (1949)—were made as B-films.

Scrabble, board-and-tile game in which two to four players compete in forming words with lettered tiles on a 225-square board; words spelled out by letters on the tiles interlock like words in a crossword puzzle. Players draw seven tiles from a pool at the start and replenish their supply after

Kiss: Formation and first shows: …been placed by journeyman drummer Peter Criss. Criss auditioned and soon joined Simmons and Stanley. They began rehearsing as a trio but decided they needed a fuller sound. Stanley placed an ad in The Village Voice soliciting auditions for lead guitar. In January 1973 they added guitarist Ace Frehley to…

Ron DeSantis: Governor of Florida and 2024 presidential run: His main opponent was Charlie Crist, a Republican turned Democrat who had formerly served as Florida’s governor (2007–11). DeSantis easily won the November election. He continued to pursue a conservative agenda, and in February 2023 he published The Courage to Be Free: Florida’s Blueprint for America’s Revival. Three months…

algae: The algal cell: The infoldings, called cristae, have three morphologies: (1) flattened or sheetlike, (2) fingerlike or tubular, and (3) paddlelike. The mitochondria of land plants and animals, by comparison, generally have flattened cristae.

semicircular canal: Function: …in the cochlea, and the crista, a cone-shaped structure lined with hair cells and supporting cells. The hair cells form stereocilia, protrusions that extend into the crista. The longest of the stereocilia are the kinocilia, which point in a single direction and are sensitive to movement. The kinocilia extend from…

human ear: Semicircular canals: …ridge of tissue called the crista, the sensory end organ that extends across it from side to side. The crista is covered by neuroepithelium, with hair cells and supporting cells. From this ridge rises a gelatinous structure, the cupula, which extends to the roof of the ampulla immediately above it,…

human ear: Semicircular canals: …ridge of tissue called the crista, the sensory end organ that extends across it from side to side. The crista is covered by neuroepithelium, with hair cells and supporting cells. From this ridge rises a gelatinous structure, the cupula, which extends to the roof of the ampulla immediately above it,…

human skeleton: Interior of the cranium: …projection in the midline, the crista galli (“crest of the cock”). This is a place of firm attachment for the falx cerebri, a subdivision of dura mater that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres. On either side of the crest is the cribriform (pierced with small holes) plate of…

human ear: Structure of the cochlea: The spiral ligament extends above the attachment of the Reissner membrane and is in contact with the perilymph in the scala vestibuli. Extending below the insertion of the basilar membrane, it is in contact with the perilymph of the scala tympani. It contains many stout fibres…

algae: The algal cell: The infoldings, called cristae, have three morphologies: (1) flattened or sheetlike, (2) fingerlike or tubular, and (3) paddlelike. The mitochondria of land plants and animals, by comparison, generally have flattened cristae.

Cristal Mountains, chain of low mountains that runs parallel along the Atlantic coast of west-central Africa. The chain extends through the countries of Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and

Cristal Mountains, chain of low mountains that runs parallel along the Atlantic coast of west-central Africa. The chain extends through the countries of Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and

glassware: Venice and the façon de Venise: …was the manufacture of clear, colourless glass, which was apparently exclusive to Italy during the Middle Ages. From its resemblance to natural crystal, this material was called cristallo, although in fact it often has a not unpleasing brownish or grayish cast. Made with soda, it was very ductile and cooled…

Miron Cristea was the first patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church, who worked for unity in church and state. Educated at the theological seminary at Bucharest, Cristea was elected bishop of Caransebeş, Rom., in 1910. In 1918, at the end of World War I, he was a member of the delegation to

Christchurch: Christchurch, town and borough (district), administrative county of Dorset, historic county of Hampshire, England. It lies at the confluence of the Rivers Stour and Avon (East, or Hampshire, Avon) and adjoins the English Channel resort of Bournemouth.

Juan Rulfo: …part (1926–29) of the violent Cristero rebellion in western Mexico. His family of prosperous landowners lost a considerable fortune. When they moved to Mexico City, Rulfo worked for a rubber company and as a film scriptwriter. Many of the short stories that were later published in El llano en llamas…

Rubén Blades: …films as Safe House (2012); For Greater Glory (2012), in which he portrayed Plutarco Elías Calles; and The Counselor (2013). He also had a recurring role (2015–17; 2019– ) on the television show Fear the Walking Dead.

circus: Circus families: For example, the Cristiani family of Italy—known as the “Royal Family of the Circus,” with a history dating back to the mid-19th century—were perhaps the most famous equestrians in circus history, but some members excelled in the common circus skills of tumbling, ballet, and acrobatics. Circus families often…

José Napoleon Duarte: …when he was succeeded by Alfredo Cristiani of ARENA. In February 1990 Duarte died from stomach cancer.

Abbott and Costello: As a young man, Costello greatly admired Charlie Chaplin. In 1927 he moved to Hollywood, where he worked as a stuntman; after an injury he quit stunt work to perform in New York burlesque. Although he had never worked onstage before, he quickly became one of the top burlesque…

Donato Bramante: Lombard period: …attributed to him is the Christ at the Column of the Abbey of Chiaravalle (c. 1490). A fresco in a complex architectural setting (c. 1490–92) in the Castello Sforzesco in Milan is probably his, with the collaboration of his pupil Il Bramantino.

Miguel de Unamuno: …El Cristo de Velázquez (1920; The Christ of Velázquez), a study in poetic form of the great Spanish painter, is regarded as a superb example of modern Spanish verse.

Christ the Redeemer, colossal statue of Jesus Christ at the summit of Mount Corcovado, Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. Celebrated in traditional and popular songs, Corcovado towers over Rio de Janeiro, Brazil’s principal port city. The statue of Christ the Redeemer was completed in 1931 and

Western sculpture: 19th-century sculpture: …as indeed was the colossal Christ of the Andes by Mateo Alonso erected in 1902 on the border of Chile and Argentina. Abstractions were also endowed with a more urgent ideological content than in former centuries. In France, at least in the great Triumph of the Republic by Jules Dalou…

Carlo Levi: …è fermato a Eboli (1945; Christ Stopped at Eboli), which reflects the visual sensitivity of a painter and the compassionate objectivity of a doctor. The novel was quickly acclaimed a literary masterpiece, and it was widely translated.

Cristóbal, Atlantic terminal port, north-central Panama, adjoining Colón city. Both Cristóbal and Colón were named for Cristóbal Colón (the Spanish form of the name of Christopher Columbus). Located on an isthmus (made of artificial fill) that connects Manzanillo Island with the mainland, Cristóbal

Colombia: Relief: …at the “twin peaks” of Cristóbal Colón and Simón Bolívar, the highest point in the country (for a discussion of the height of the Santa Marta Mountains, see Researcher’s Note: Heights of the “twin peaks” of the Santa Marta Mountains); the massif ascends abruptly from the Caribbean littoral to snow-…

cristobalite, the stable form of silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) between its melting point of 1,728° C (3,142° F) and 1,470° C (2,678° F), below which tridymite is the stable form. Cristobalite has two modifications: low-cristobalite, which occurs naturally up to 268° C (514° F) but is not stable;

Franciabigio was an Italian Renaissance painter, best known for his portraits and religious paintings. His style included early Renaissance, High Renaissance, and proto-Mannerist elements. Franciabigio had completed an apprenticeship under his father, a weaver, by 1504. He probably then trained

Sunita Williams: …until 2015, when Italian astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti spent more than 199 days in space.) She also participated in the Boston Marathon by running 42.2 km (26.2 miles) on the station’s treadmill. She was the second American astronaut of Indian heritage to go into space, after Kalpana Chawla, who died in…

Bartolomeo Cristofori was an Italian harpsichord maker generally credited with the invention of the piano, called in his time gravicembalo col piano e forte, or “harpsichord that plays soft and loud.” The name refers to the piano’s ability to change loudness according to the amount of pressure on

Bartolomeo Cristofori was an Italian harpsichord maker generally credited with the invention of the piano, called in his time gravicembalo col piano e forte, or “harpsichord that plays soft and loud.” The name refers to the piano’s ability to change loudness according to the amount of pressure on

Masolino was a painter who achieved a compromise between the International Gothic manner and the advanced early Renaissance style of his own day. He owes his prominence in the history of Florentine art not to his innovations but to his lyrical style and his unfailing artistry. Masolino came from

Oradea: …the Hungarian border, along the Crişul Repede River where it leaves the western foothills of the Western Carpathians and flows onto the Hungarian Plain.

air pollution: Criteria pollutants: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as “criteria” pollutants—criteria meaning that the concentrations of these pollutants in the atmosphere are useful as indicators of overall air quality. The sources, acceptable concentrations, and effects of the criteria pollutants are summarized in the table.

air pollution: Criteria pollutants: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as “criteria” pollutants—criteria meaning that the concentrations of these pollutants in the atmosphere are useful as indicators of overall air quality. The sources, acceptable concentrations, and effects of the criteria pollutants are summarized in the table.

T.S. Eliot: Later poetry and plays of T.S. Eliot: …interests, but his quarterly review, The Criterion (1922–39), was the most distinguished international critical journal of the period. He was a “director,” or working editor, of the publishing firm of Faber & Faber Ltd. from the early 1920s until his death and as such was a generous and discriminating patron…

cycling: Competition: …and the United States, are criterium races, which are run over a relatively short distance of 4 to 5 km (2.5 to 3 miles) for a succession of laps totaling up to 100 km (62 miles).

Crithidia, genus of zooflagellate protozoan of the order Kinetoplastida. Crithidia is a parasite of invertebrates, living mainly in the intestines of arthropods, usually insects. It passes from host to host encysted in feces. Crithidia is polymorphic, but its characteristic form, which also is

Atlantis: Plato’s dialogues, Timaeus and Critias. In the former, Plato describes how Egyptian priests, in conversation with the Athenian lawgiver Solon, described Atlantis as an island larger than Asia Minor and Libya combined, and situated just beyond the Pillars of Hercules (the Strait of Gibraltar). About 9,000 years before the…

Plato: Life: …creditably, his mother’s close relatives Critias and Charmides were among the Thirty Tyrants who seized power in Athens and ruled briefly until the restoration of democracy in 403.

Jeannette Leonard Gilder: Gilder, established the Critic, a biweekly (later weekly) journal of criticism and review that enjoyed a long life and earned for itself an important place in American cultural affairs. She contributed a regular column, “The Lounger,” and helped edit the Critic, becoming the sole editor in 1901.

Irish literature: George Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde: “The Critic as Artist” (1890), a dialogue on aesthetics, emphasizes Wilde’s elevation of the individual. “Criticism is itself an art,” he wrote; the response of the critic to a work of art should be to create another. Wilde wrote fairy tales and short stories, and…

The Critic, burlesque drama in three acts by Richard Brinsley Sheridan, produced in Drury Lane, London, in 1779 and published in 1781. A delightful satire on stage conventions, The Critic has always been thought much funnier than its model, The Rehearsal (1671) by George Villiers. It is the story

Weegee: …typified in a photograph entitled The Critic, in which an ill-clothed onlooker hisses at two bejeweled women attending the opera. In 1945 Naked City, the first of Weegee’s five books, was published; the title and film rights were later sold to a Hollywood producer.

The Critic, burlesque drama in three acts by Richard Brinsley Sheridan, produced in Drury Lane, London, in 1779 and published in 1781. A delightful satire on stage conventions, The Critic has always been thought much funnier than its model, The Rehearsal (1671) by George Villiers. It is the story

Mel Brooks: Early life and work: …the Academy Award-winning animated short The Critic (1963), a devastating lampoon of avant-garde films. He and Buck Henry then created Get Smart (1965–70), a television situation comedy spoofing the espionage genre popularized by the James Bond films.

musical criticism: Historical development: …entirely to music criticism was Critica Musica, founded by Johann Mattheson in 1722. Mattheson had a number of successors, notably the Leipzig composer Johann Adolph Scheibe, who brought out his weekly Der critische Musicus between the years 1737 and 1740 and whose chief claim to notoriety was his scurrilous attack…

Louis Cappel: …important critical study of Scripture, Critica Sacra (1634), met with such theological opposition that he was not able to print it until 1650, at Paris, and then only with the aid of a son who had turned Roman Catholic. The various readings in the Old Testament text and the differences…

Benedetto Croce: Founding of La Critica: He was delivered from his malaise, and the second period of his life was opened in 1903 with his founding of La Critica, a journal of cultural criticism in which, during the course of the next 41 years, he published nearly all of…

critical angle, in optics, the greatest angle at which a ray of light, travelling in one transparent medium, can strike the boundary between that medium and a second of lower refractive index without being totally reflected within the first medium. (The refractive index of a transparent substance

bibliography: Critical bibliography: Critical, or analytical, bibliography began early in the 20th century when scholars developed techniques to study the physical features of books. They were first successful at dating, identifying, and authenticating the earliest printed books, known as incunabula, which date from the second half…

James Spader: (1996), Keys to Tulsa (1997), Critical Care (1997), and The Watcher (2000) as well as a guest spot in an episode of Seinfeld. In 2002 he starred with Maggie Gyllenhaal in Secretary, a film based on Mary Gaitskill’s short story from 1988 about a sadomasochistic relationship. The following year he…

intensive care unit, hospital facility for care of critically ill patients at a more intensive level than is needed by other patients. Staffed by specialized personnel, the intensive care unit contains a complex assortment of monitors and life-support equipment that can sustain life in once-fatal

nuclear reactor: Critical concentration and size: Not every arrangement of material containing fissile fuel can be brought to criticality. Even if a reactor was designed such that no neutrons could leak out, a critical concentration of fissile material would have to be present in order to bring…

crystal: Conducting properties of semiconductors: There is a critical concentration of impurities Nc, which depends on the type of impurity. For impurity concentrations less than the critical amount Nc, the conduction electrons become bound in traps at extremely low temperatures, and the semiconductor becomes an insulator. For a concentration of impurities higher than…

nuclear reactor: Critical concentration and size: …a limit on the minimum critical volume and critical mass within a reactor.

cosmology: Bound and unbound universes and the closure density: …criterion for the critical, or closure, density (in mass equivalent of matter and radiation) that separates closed or bound universes from open or unbound ones. If Hubble’s constant at the present epoch is denoted as H0, then the closure density (corresponding to an Einstein–de Sitter model) equals 3H02/8πG, where G…

Samuel Bailey: …and Expectation (1829) and A Critical Dissertation on the Nature, Measures, and Causes of Value (1825), which criticized the political economics of the Ricardian school, named after the English economist David Ricardo. Denying the reciprocal relationship between wages and profits, Bailey stressed the productivity of labour and sought to eliminate…

Amy Lowell: ” A Critical Fable (1922), an imitation of her kinsman James Russell Lowell’s Fable for Critics, was published anonymously and stirred widespread speculation until she revealed her authorship.

superconductivity: Critical field: One of the ways in which a superconductor can be forced into the normal state is by applying a magnetic field. The weakest magnetic field that will cause this transition is called the critical field (Hc) if the sample is in the form…

movement perception: Apparent movement: …occurs is called the perceiver’s flicker-fusion frequency (or critical flicker frequency) and represents the temporal resolving power of his visual system at the time. Another process on which apparent movement depends is a tendency (called visual closure or phi) to fill in the spaces between adjacent visual objects. This means…

movement perception: Apparent movement: …occurs is called the perceiver’s flicker-fusion frequency (or critical flicker frequency) and represents the temporal resolving power of his visual system at the time. Another process on which apparent movement depends is a tendency (called visual closure or phi) to fill in the spaces between adjacent visual objects. This means…

geography: Influence of the social sciences: …example of such analyses is critical geopolitics. Political geography was a marginal subdiscipline for several decades after World War II, with geopolitical thinking disparaged because of its association with the work of geographers in 1930s Nazi Germany. Its revival involved regaining an appreciation of how influential political thinkers and politicians…

microscope: The illumination system: …the specimen, a technique called critical illumination. Alternatively, the image of the source is focused onto the condenser, which is in turn focused onto the entrance pupil of the microscope objective, a system known as Köhler illumination. The advantage of the latter approach is that nonuniformities in the source are…

Wayne C. Booth: …1974 to 1985 the quarterly Critical Inquiry. His other books include Now Don’t Try to Reason with Me: Essays and Ironies for a Credulous Age (1970), A Rhetoric of Irony (1974), Critical Understanding: The Powers and Limits of Pluralism (1979), The Vocation of a Teacher (1988), and The Rhetoric of…

critical race theory: Background and early history: Its immediate precursor was the critical legal studies (CLS) movement, which dedicated itself to examining how the law and legal institutions serve the interests of the wealthy and powerful at the expense of the poor and marginalized. (CLS, an offshoot of Marxist-oriented critical theory, may also be viewed as a…

critical mass, in nuclear physics, the minimum amount of a given fissile material necessary to achieve a self-sustaining fission chain reaction under stated conditions. Its size depends on several factors, including the kind of fissile material used, its concentration and purity, and the

Sara Paretsky: …during World War II in Critical Mass (2013). Brush Back (2015) saw Warshawski digging into a decades-old murder case at the behest of a high-school boyfriend. Later books in the series included Fallout (2017), Shell Game (2018), and Dead Land (2020).

muscle: The frequency of contraction: …potential is depolarized to a critical potential (Ecrit), a self-generating action potential follows, leading to muscle contraction. Phase 0, the upstroke, is associated with a sudden increase in membrane permeability to Na+. Phases 1, 2, and 3 result from changes in membrane permeability and conductance to Na+, K+, and Ca2+.

Western philosophy: Critical examination of reason in Kant: …Kant called this the “transcendental method,” but more often the “critical method.” His purpose was to reject the dogmatic assumptions of the rationalist school, and his wish was to return to the semiskeptical position with which Descartes had begun before his dogmatic pretensions to certainty took hold. Kant’s method…

Edward Gibbon: Life: …attract some attention by publishing Critical Observations on the Sixth Book of the Aeneid.

radiation: Accumulation in critical organs: The term critical organ refers to the part of the body most vulnerable to a given isotope. The critical organ for plutonium, radium, strontium, and many other fission products is bone and the adjacent bone marrow. For iodine, the critical organ is the thyroid gland. Insoluble airborne…

critical path analysis (CPA), technique for controlling and coordinating the various activities necessary in completing a major project. It utilizes a chart that consists essentially of a series of circles, each of which represents a particular part of a project, and lines representing the

critical path analysis (CPA), technique for controlling and coordinating the various activities necessary in completing a major project. It utilizes a chart that consists essentially of a series of circles, each of which represents a particular part of a project, and lines representing the

John Fiske: …in such works as The Critical Period of American History, 1783–1789 (1888). His primary contribution to American thought was popularizing the evolutionary thesis against the adamant opposition of the churches, however.

Kantianism, either the system of thought contained in the writings of the epoch-making 18th-century philosopher Immanuel Kant or those later philosophies that arose from the study of Kant’s writings and drew their inspiration from his principles. Only the latter is the concern of this article. The

critical point, in physics, the set of conditions under which a liquid and its vapour become identical (see phase diagram). For each substance, the conditions defining the critical point are the critical temperature, the critical pressure, and the critical density. This is best understood by

water: Water at high temperatures and pressures: …beyond its critical temperature and pressure (374 °C [705.2 °F], 218 atmospheres). Above its critical temperature, the distinction between the liquid and gaseous states of water disappears—it becomes a supercritical fluid, the density of which can be varied from liquidlike to gaslike by varying its temperature and pressure. If the…

critical race theory (CRT), intellectual and social movement and loosely organized framework of legal analysis based on the premise that race is not a natural, biologically grounded feature of physically distinct subgroups of human beings but a socially constructed (culturally invented) category

geography: Influence of the social sciences: …a generally Marxist persuasion was critical realism. This accepts that there are general tendencies within capitalism but contends that they are only realized when implemented by individuals making decisions in local contexts: the profit motive is general, but individual entrepreneurs decide how to pursue it. The outcomes then change the…

Spanish literature: The novel: A second postwar current, “social literature,” or “critical realism,” arrived with the so-called Midcentury Generation, who were adolescents during the war; it expressed more vigorous, if necessarily covert, opposition to the dictatorship. In such works as La hoja roja (1959; “The Red Leaf”), which examines poverty and loneliness among…

critical point, in physics, the set of conditions under which a liquid and its vapour become identical (see phase diagram). For each substance, the conditions defining the critical point are the critical temperature, the critical pressure, and the critical density. This is best understood by

Pyotr Berngardovich Struve: …presented in 1894 in his Kriticheskiye zametki k voprocy ob ekonomicheskom razviti rossi (“Critical Remarks on the Subject of Russia’s Economic Development”) procured for him a reputation among the left-wing intelligentsia, and in the late 1890s he served as the editor of several Marxist journals, including the influential periodical Novoye…

history of publishing: Literary and scientific magazines: The critical review developed strongly in the 19th century, often as an adjunct to a book-publishing business. It became a forum for the questions of the day—political, literary, and artistic—to which many great figures contributed. There were also many magazines with a literary flavour, and these…

Tobias Smollett: …1756 he became editor of The Critical Review, a Tory and church paper, at the same time writing his Complete History of England, which was financially successful. This work relieved the financial pressure that he had felt all his adult life. A year later, his farce The Reprisal: or, The…