Michel-Guillaume-Saint-Jean de Crèvecoeur was a French American author whose work provided a broad picture of life in the New World. After study in Jesuit schools and four years as an officer and mapmaker in Canada, Crèvecoeur chose in 1759 to remain in the New World. He wandered the Ohio and Great

ship: 17th-century developments: …to be manned by a crew of 50 sailors. The crew of a square-sailed cog of the same size was only 20 sailors. Thus began an effort that has characterized merchant shipping for centuries—to reduce crews to the minimum. This was particularly true of oceanic navigation, because larger crews were…

Artemis: …continued on the crewed spacecraft Orion. Ultimately, Orion became part of the Artemis lunar exploration program proposed by the Donald Trump administration.

Starliner, crewed spacecraft built by the American corporation Boeing. Starliner consists of a conical Crew Module (CM) with a diameter of 4.6 meters (15 feet) at its base; the Crew Module is connected to a cylindrical Service Module (SM), which contains engines and a cooling system. The bottom of

Jan Groover: …and counted among her pupils Gregory Crewdson, who also became known for his elaborately staged photographs.

Crewe, town, Cheshire East unitary authority, historic county of Cheshire, northwest-central England. Crewe was created when the Grand Junction Railway Company opened its Liverpool-to-Birmingham line in 1837 and then transferred its railway works to Crewe in 1843. The town was incorporated in 1877.

Crewe and Nantwich, former borough (district), Cheshire East unitary authority, historic county of Cheshire, northwestern England. Crewe has long been associated with the railways and is today a railway and industrial centre. Nantwich is known for its historical associations and buildings of

space shuttle, partially reusable rocket-launched vehicle designed to go into orbit around Earth, to transport people and cargo to and from orbiting spacecraft, and to glide to a runway landing on its return to Earth’s surface that was developed by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space

space exploration: The first human spaceflights: During the 1950s space planners in both the Soviet Union and the United States anticipated the launching of a human being into orbit as soon as the required launch vehicle and spacecraft could be developed and tested. Much of the initial thinking focused…

crewel work: …two-ply worsted wool yarn called crewel used for embroidering the design on a twill foundation (i.e., linen warp and cotton weft) or sometimes on pure linen or cotton cloth. The initial fashion for crewel work dates from the 16th and, especially, the 17th centuries and was largely centred in England…

crewel work, type of free-style embroidery distinguished not by the stitches employed but by the two-ply worsted wool yarn called crewel used for embroidering the design on a twill foundation (i.e., linen warp and cotton weft) or sometimes on pure linen or cotton cloth. The initial fashion for

Frederick Crews is an American literary critic who wrote extensively regarding psychoanalytic principles. Crews attended Yale and Princeton (Ph.D., 1958) universities and taught at the University of California, Berkeley. He first attracted notice in academic circles with The Sins of the Fathers:

Frederick Crews is an American literary critic who wrote extensively regarding psychoanalytic principles. Crews attended Yale and Princeton (Ph.D., 1958) universities and taught at the University of California, Berkeley. He first attracted notice in academic circles with The Sins of the Fathers:

crake: The corncrake, or land rail (Crex crex), of Europe and Asia, migrating south to Africa, is a slightly larger brown bird with a rather stout bill and wings showing reddish in flight. Africa’s black crake (Limnocorax flavirostra) is a 20-centimetre- (8-inch-) long form, black with a green bill…

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a peptide hormone that stimulates both the synthesis and the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the corticotropin-producing cells (corticotrophs) of the anterior pituitary gland. CRH consists of a single chain of 41 amino acids. Many factors of

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a peptide hormone that stimulates both the synthesis and the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the corticotropin-producing cells (corticotrophs) of the anterior pituitary gland. CRH consists of a single chain of 41 amino acids. Many factors of

Jules Vallès: …journalist and novelist, founder of Le Cri du Peuple (1871), which became one of France’s leading socialist newspapers.

cri-du-chat syndrome, congenital disorder caused by partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5. It is named for its characteristic symptom, a high-pitched wailing cry likened to that of a cat (the name is French for “cat cry”), which occurs in most affected infants. It has an incidence of

crib, in agriculture, bin or large container for storing ear corn or other grain or a barred or slatted manger for the feeding of hay or other bulky fodder. Old-style cribs for unshelled corn, usually made of wood, have open or slat construction to ensure ventilation by the wind. Sometimes

sudden infant death syndrome, unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant from unexplained causes. SIDS is of worldwide incidence, and within industrialized countries it is the most common cause of death of infants between two weeks and one year old. In 95 percent of SIDS cases, infants are

Tom Cribb was an English bare-knuckle champion from 1809 to 1822 and one of the most popular and respected boxers of the English prize ring. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) A former coal porter and sailor, Cribb began his boxing career in 1805. Although counted as a British

cribbage, card game in which the object is to form counting combinations that traditionally are scored by moving pegs on a special cribbage board. The appeal of the game, usually played by two but with a popular variant played by four or occasionally by three, is evident from two facts: few changes

cribbage: …moving pegs on a special cribbage board. The appeal of the game, usually played by two but with a popular variant played by four or occasionally by three, is evident from two facts: few changes have been made in the original rules, and it remains one of the most popular…

spider: Spider webs: …Uloboridae build a web of woolly (cribellate) ensnaring silk. One group within this family (genus Hyptiotes) weaves only a partial orb. The spider, attached by a thread to vegetation, holds one thread from the tip of the hub until an insect brushes the web. The spider then alternately relaxes and…

spider: Silk: …(colulus) or flat plate (cribellum), through which open thousands of minute spigots. Spiders with a cribellum also have a comb (calamistrum) on the metatarsus of the fourth leg. The black widow is one such comb-footed spider (family Theridiidae). The calamistrum combs the silk that flows from the cribellum, producing…

printmaking: Dotted print (criblé): A traditional technique of the goldsmith long before engraving for printing purposes was developed, criblé was also used to make the earliest metal prints on paper. Criblé was a method of dotting the plate with a hand punch; with punch and hammer; with a…

sinus: Paranasal air sinuses: This bone, the cribriform plate, transmits the olfactory nerves that carry the sense of smell.

hamster, (subfamily Cricetinae), any of 18 Eurasian species of rodents possessing internal cheek pouches. The golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) of Syria is commonly kept as a pet. Hamsters are stout-bodied, with a tail much shorter than their body length, and have small furry ears, short stocky

African pouched rat, (subfamily Cricetomyinae), any of five species of African rodents characterized by cheek pouches that are used for carrying food back to their burrows, where it is eaten or stored. All are terrestrial and have gray to brown coats with white or gray underparts, but the three

African pouched rat: Natural history: The two species of giant pouched rat (genus Cricetomys) are hunted in the wild and eaten by native peoples. Gentle animals, they are easily tamed and raised in captivity and thus have been studied to determine their marketability as a reliable source of food. Both species (C. gambianus and…

African pouched rat: Natural history: gambianus and C. emini) are large, weighing nearly 3 kg (6.6 pounds) and having bodies up to 42 cm (16 inches) long. Their long heads have large ears; the scantily haired tail is longer than the body and is white on the terminal half. Predominantly nocturnal, giant…

African pouched rat: Natural history: Both species (C. gambianus and C. emini) are large, weighing nearly 3 kg (6.6 pounds) and having bodies up to 42 cm (16 inches) long. Their long heads have large ears; the scantily haired tail is longer than the body and is white on the terminal half.…

hamster: …hamster (Phodopus sungorus) and the striped dwarf hamster (Cricetulus barabensis) have a dark stripe down the middle of the back. Dwarf desert hamsters (genus Phodopus) are the smallest, with a body 5 to 10 cm (about 2 to 4 inches) long. The largest is the common hamster (Cricetus cricetus), measuring…

hamster: Classification and evolution: One extinct hamster of Cricetus, for example, lived in North Africa during the middle Miocene, but the only extant member of that genus is the common hamster of Eurasia.

hamster: The largest is the common hamster (Cricetus cricetus), measuring up to 34 cm long, not including a short tail of up to 6 cm.

Gerald Crich, fictional character, a successful but emotionally destructive mine owner in the novel Women in Love (1920) by D.H. Lawrence. Crich’s ill-fated love affair with Gudrun Brangwen contrasts with the deep and fruitful relationship of Rupert Birkin and Gudrun’s sister,

James Crichton was an orator, linguist, debater, man of letters, and scholar commonly called the “Admirable” Crichton. Although many considered him to be a model of the cultured Scottish gentleman, others doubted the very existence of an individual of such achievements. From his parents, Robert

Michael Crichton was an American writer known for his thoroughly researched popular thrillers, which often deal with the potential ramifications of advancing technology. Many of his novels were made into successful movies, most notably Jurassic Park (1990; film 1993). Crichton, whose father was an

Michael Crichton was an American writer known for his thoroughly researched popular thrillers, which often deal with the potential ramifications of advancing technology. Many of his novels were made into successful movies, most notably Jurassic Park (1990; film 1993). Crichton, whose father was an

Criciúma, city, southeastern Santa Catarina estado (state), southern Brazil, lying on the coastal plain at 154 feet (47 metres) above sea level. Criciúma was made the seat of a municipality in 1925. Much of the city’s income is derived from the mining and export of metallurgical coal. Criciúma is

Polish literature: The Renaissance period: …verse, love poetry, and panegyric; Andrzej Krzycki (Cricius), an archbishop who wrote witty epigrams, political verse, and religious poems; and Klemens Janicki (Janicius), a peasant who studied in Italy and won there the title of poet laureate. Janicki was the most original Polish poet of the age.

Francis Crick was a British biophysicist, who, with James Watson and Maurice Wilkins, received the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their determination of the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the chemical substance ultimately responsible for hereditary control of

Francis Crick was a British biophysicist, who, with James Watson and Maurice Wilkins, received the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their determination of the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the chemical substance ultimately responsible for hereditary control of

cricket, England’s national summer sport, which is now played throughout the world, particularly in Australia, India, Pakistan, the West Indies, and the British Isles. Cricket is played with a bat and ball and involves two competing sides (teams) of 11 players. The field is oval with a rectangular

cricket, (family Gryllidae), any of approximately 2,400 species of leaping insects (order Orthoptera) that are worldwide in distribution and known for the musical chirping of the male. Crickets vary in length from 3 to 50 mm (0.12 to 2 inches). They have thin antennae, hind legs modified for

darts: …of the game include “cricket,” a game for two teams in which the players alternate between scoring inner bull’s-eyes and points; “football,” a game for two players in which the first player to hit the inner bull’seye scores as many “goals” as he can by throwing doubles until his…

cricket: Origin: The primitive bat was no doubt a shaped branch of a tree, resembling a modern hockey stick but considerably longer and heavier. The change to a straight bat was made to defend against length bowling, which had evolved with cricketers in Hambledon, a small village in southern…

cricket: The Cricket Council and the ECB: A reorganization of English cricket took place in 1969, resulting in the end of the MCC’s long reign as the controlling body of the game, though the organization still retains responsibility for the laws. With the establishment of the Sports…

cricket frog, either of two species of small, nonclimbing North American tree frogs of the genus Acris (family Hylidae). Their call is a series of rapid clicks, sounding much like the song of crickets. They occur in the eastern and central United States, usually along the open, grassy margin of

Indian Premier League: The brainchild of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), the Indian Premier League (IPL) is based on a round-robin group and knockout format and has teams in major Indian cities.

The Cricket on the Hearth, short tale written by Charles Dickens as a Christmas book for 1845 but published in 1846. The title creature is a sort of barometer of life at the home of John Peerybingle and his much younger wife Dot. When things go well, the cricket on the hearth chirps; it is silent

The Cricket on the Hearth, short tale written by Charles Dickens as a Christmas book for 1845 but published in 1846. The title creature is a sort of barometer of life at the home of John Peerybingle and his much younger wife Dot. When things go well, the cricket on the hearth chirps; it is silent

cricket: …the middle, known as the pitch, that is 22 yards (20.12 metres) by 10 feet (3.04 metres) wide. Two sets of three sticks, called wickets, are set in the ground at each end of the pitch. Across the top of each wicket lie horizontal pieces called bails. The sides take…

Cricket World Cup, international cricket championship held at four-year intervals that is the premier contest in one-day cricket and one of the most-watched sporting events in the world. In 1975 the first Cricket World Cup was contested in England as a series of one-day matches of 60 overs per

Buddy Holly: …and his new group, the Crickets (Niki Sullivan on second guitar and background vocals, Joe B. Mauldin on bass, and the great Jerry Allison on drums), began their association with independent producer Norman Petty at his studio in Clovis, New Mexico. This was when the magic began. Together they created…

Cricklade, town (parish), administrative and historic county of Wiltshire, England. Cricklade lies at the head of navigation of the upper Thames, at the point where the river intersected Ermine Street, a Roman road linking Silchester and Cirencester. A Roman fort was established there as a

human respiratory system: The larynx: The cricoid, another large cartilaginous piece of the laryngeal skeleton, has a signet-ring shape. The broad plate of the ring lies in the posterior wall of the larynx and the narrow arch in the anterior wall. The cricoid is located below the thyroid cartilage, to which…

swallowing: …is a muscular constrictor, the upper esophageal sphincter, which relaxes and opens when food approaches. Food passes from the pharynx into the esophagus; the upper esophageal sphincter then immediately closes, preventing flow of food back into the mouth.

Stanley Elkin: Criers and Kibitzers, Kibitzers and Criers (1966), a collection of comic short stories on Jewish themes and characters, was well received. Elkin explored the rift between family ties and the lure of assimilation in A Bad Man (1967).

Roger Corman: New World Pictures: …foreign films, including Ingmar Bergman’s Cries and Whispers (1972), Federico Fellini’s Amarcord (1973), and Volker Schlöndorff’s The Tin Drum (1979). Corman sold New World Pictures in 1983 and founded Concorde-New Horizons, a company devoted strictly to movie production.

quodlibet: An English example is the Cries of London by Orlando Gibbons. Perhaps the best-known quodlibet is the finale of J.S. Bach’s Goldberg Variations for harpsichord (published 1741). Terms related to quodlibet technique include fricassée (French: “hash”), ensalada (Spanish: “salad”), centone (Italian: “patchwork”), and, in later

George Washington Crile was an American surgeon who made notable contributions to the study of surgical shock. He graduated from Ohio Northern University and Wooster University Medical School and studied in London, Vienna, and Paris. He was distinguished as a surgeon of the respiratory system,

crime, the intentional commission of an act usually deemed socially harmful or dangerous and specifically defined, prohibited, and punishable under criminal law. Most countries have enacted a criminal code in which all of the criminal law can be found, though English law—the source of many other

crime against humanity, an offense in international criminal law, adopted in the Charter of the International Military Tribunal (Nürnberg Charter), which tried surviving Nazi leaders in 1945, and was, in 1998, incorporated into the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Crimes

war crime: The Nürnberg and Tokyo trials: …three categories of crime: (1) crimes against peace, which involved the preparation and initiation of a war of aggression, (2) war crimes (or “conventional war crimes”), which included murder, ill treatment, and deportation, and (3) crimes against humanity, which included political, racial, and religious persecution of civilians. This last category…

Crime and Punishment, novel by Russian writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky, first published in 1866. His first masterpiece, the novel is a psychological analysis of the poor former student Raskolnikov, whose theory that he is an extraordinary person able to take on the spiritual responsibility of using evil

detective story: >The Crime at Black Dudley (1929; also published as The Black Dudley Murder); and Ellery Queen, conceived by Frederic Dannay and Manfred B. Lee, in The Roman Hat Mystery (1929).

electronic eavesdropping: With the adoption of the Crime Control Act of 1968, Congress authorized the use of electronic surveillance for a variety of serious crimes, subject to strict judicial control.

Michel del Castillo: …soi (1991; “A Woman Herself”), Le Crime des pères (1993; “The Fathers’ Crime”), Mon frère l’idiot (1995; “My Brother, the Idiot”), and De père franƈais (1998; “The French Father”).

José Maria de Eça de Queirós: …Crime do Padre Amaro (1876; The Sin of Father Amaro), was influenced by the writing of Honoré de Balzac and Gustave Flaubert. It describes the destructive effects of celibacy on a priest of weak character and the dangers of fanaticism in a provincial Portuguese town. A biting satire on the…

comic strip: The origins of the comic strip: The crime strip eventually developed into the more or less exaggerated and romanticized life of the famous brigand, which is the precursor of the early 20th-century detective strip.

Don Siegel: Early action dramas: Crime in the Streets (1956), an adaptation of a 1955 TV drama by Reginald Rose, featured original cast members John Cassavetes and future director Mark Rydell as disaffected teens, with Sal Mineo added for star power. Siegel’s next project was Baby Face Nelson (1957), a…

crime laboratory, facility where analyses are performed on evidence generated by crimes or, sometimes, civil infractions. Crime laboratories can investigate physical, chemical, biological, or digital evidence and often employ specialists in a variety of disciplines, including behavioral forensic

United States: The Rutherford B. Hayes administration: …friends of silver as the Crime of ’73. As the depression deepened, inflationists began campaigns to persuade Congress to resume coinage of silver dollars and to repeal the act providing for the redemption of Civil War greenbacks in gold after January 1, 1879. By 1878 the sentiment for silver and…

Jean Renoir: Early years: Lange (1936; The Crime of Monsieur Lange), which, in contrast to the rather stilted manner of the first years of sound films, foretells a reconquest of the true moving-picture style, especially in use of improvisation and of montage—the art of editing, or cutting, to achieve certain associations…

Gael García Bernal: …crimen del padre Amaro (2002; The Crime of Padre Amaro), in which he played a priest who falls in love with and impregnates a 16-year-old girl. The film garnered record box-office sales in Mexico and was nominated for a best foreign-language film Academy Award, but García Bernal’s risqué turn led…

Arthur Conan Doyle: …during Leopold II’s reign, in The Crime of the Congo (1909), as well as his involvement in the actual criminal cases of George Edalji and Oscar Slater.

Ugo Betti: , Crime on Goat Island, 1960), a violent tragedy of love and revenge; La regina e gli insorti (first performed 1951; Eng. trans., The Queen and the Rebels, 1956), a strong argument for compassion and self-sacrifice; and La fuggitiva (first performed 1953; Eng. trans., The Fugitive,…

Gérard Depardieu: …My Father the Hero (1994), Crime Spree (2003), Last Holiday (2006), and Life of Pi (2012).

Maurice Gee: Crime Story (1994; film 2004), about a burglary, highlights Gee’s much-remarked talent for depicting violence. He scrutinized social ostracization in The Burning Boy (1990), which iterates the traumas endured by a burn victim; in The Champion (1994), which explores the travails of a black American…

comic strip: The origins of the comic strip: The crime strip eventually developed into the more or less exaggerated and romanticized life of the famous brigand, which is the precursor of the early 20th-century detective strip.

syndicate, in the United States, an association of racketeers in control of organized crime

crime, délit, and contravention, three classifications of criminal offense that are central to the administration of justice in many Roman- and civil-law countries (for distinctions in Anglo-American law covering analogous offenses, see felony and misdemeanour). Crimes in French law are the most

police: Crime-scene investigation and forensic sciences: The first police crime laboratory was established in 1910 in Lyon, France, by Edmond Locard. According to Locard’s “exchange principle,” it is impossible for criminals to escape a crime scene without leaving behind trace evidence that can be used to…

Crimea, autonomous republic, southern Ukraine. The republic is coterminous with the Crimean Peninsula, lying between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. In 2014 Russia covertly invaded and illegally annexed Crimea, a move that was denounced by the international community. Area 10,400 square miles

khanate of Crimea, one of the successor states to the Mongol empire. Founded in 1443 and centred at Bakhchysaray, the Crimean khanate staged occasional raids on emergent Muscovy but was no longer the threat to Russian independence that its parent state, the Golden Horde, had been even after

Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, a major astronomical observatory, located at Nauchny and Simeiz in Crimea, Ukraine. It was established in 1908 as a branch of the Pulkovo Observatory (near St. Petersburg) and houses modern optical reflecting telescopes with diameters of 1.20 and 2.65 metres (3.94

Crimea: Crimea in the Soviet Union and independent Ukraine: …peninsula was reorganized as the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1921. The Soviet collectivization process was especially harsh in Crimea, and tens of thousands of Crimean Tatars perished during Joseph Stalin’s suppression of the ethnic minorities. In May 1944 the remaining Crimean Tatars—some 200,000 people—were forcibly deported to Siberia…

linden: Major species: The hybrid Crimean linden (T. euchlora, a cross between T. cordata and T. dasystyla), which grows up to 20 metres (66 feet) in height, has yielded a graceful pyramidal cultivar, the Redmond linden (T. americana ‘Redmond’), having a single straight trunk.

Crimean Peninsula: …thickly forested ranges of the Crimean Mountains, flat-topped limestone blocks culminating in Mt. Roman-Kosh (5,069 feet [1,545 metres]). The narrow southern coastal plain has a warm climate and is a major health and holiday resort region. Sevastopol, one of the best harbours in Ukraine, was long a Russian naval base.

Crimean Peninsula, peninsula coterminous with the autonomous republic of Crimea, Ukraine, lying between the Black Sea and Sea of Azov and having an area of 10,400 square miles (27,000 square km). The Crimean Peninsula is linked to the mainland by the narrow Perekop Isthmus; Syvash lies between the

Tatar: The Crimean Tatars had their own history in the modern period. They formed the basis of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which was set up by the Soviet government in 1921. This republic was dissolved in 1945, however, after Soviet leader Joseph Stalin accused the…

Tatar language: Crimean Tatar belongs to the same division of the Turkic languages. It has its roots in the language of the Golden Horde in the 13th century and was the official literary language in Crimea until the 17th century, when it was replaced by Ottoman Turkish.…

Crimean War, (October 1853–February 1856), war fought mainly on the Crimean Peninsula between the Russians and the British, French, and Ottoman Turkish, with support from January 1855 by the army of Sardinia-Piedmont. The war arose from the conflict of great powers in the Middle East and was more

viral hemorrhagic fever: …fever virus (genus phlebovirus), and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (genus nairovirus) belong to the family Bunyaviridae. The hantaviruses, like the arenaviruses, are spread to humans by rodent contact. Hantaviruses cause Korean hemorrhagic fever and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, which is highly fatal because of accumulation of fluid in the lungs but…

Woody Allen: The 1980s: Allen’s next project, Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989), ranks among his finest films. An ambitious Fyodor Dostoyevsky-like meditation on the nature of evil and culpability, it centred on Martin Landau’s portrayal of an ophthalmologist who wrestles with guilt after ordering the murder of his mistress (Anjelica Huston) to prevent…

penology: …of Cesare Beccaria’s pamphlet on Crimes and Punishments in 1764. This represented a school of doctrine, born of the new humanitarian impulse of the 18th century, with which Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu in France and Jeremy Bentham in England were associated. This, which came afterwards to be known as…

Ken Russell: (1975), Altered States (1980), Crimes of Passion (1984), Whore (1991), and the musical horror-comedy The Fall of the Louse of Usher (2002).

Thomas Keneally: …Daughters of Mars (2012), and Crimes of the Father (2017). The Dickens Boy (2020) is a fictionalized account of English novelist Charles Dickens’s youngest son, who emigrated to Australia while a teenager.

David Cronenberg: Later films: A History of Violence and Eastern Promises: …Cronenberg returned to filmmaking with Crimes of the Future (2022), which he wrote and directed. The movie also marked his return to “body horror.” In the futuristic work humans can grow new organs and largely feel no physical pain.