Saint Simon the Apostle ; Western feast day October 28, Eastern feast day June 19) was one of the Twelve Apostles. In the Gospels of Mark and Matthew, he bears the epithet Kananaios, or the Cananaean, often wrongly interpreted to mean “from Cana” or “from Canaan.” Kananaios is the Greek

ylang-ylang, (Cananga odorata), South Asian tree of the custard apple family (Annonaceae), known for its intensely fragrant flowers. . It is the source of a penetrating but evanescent perfume. Ylang-ylang in Tagalog (a Philippine language) means “flower of flowers.” The slim smooth-barked evergreen

Magnoliales: Chemicals: Ylang-ylang, or cananga, oil is derived by simple distillation from the petals of fully opened flowers. Although the tree blossoms throughout the year, the flowers picked in May or June yield the highest amounts of cananga oil. Long known to the peoples of East Asia,…

hors d’oeuvre: Types of hors d’oeuvres: Canapés are small pieces of bread or crackers covered with a layer of savory, sweet, or herb-flavored spread and topped with a portion of meat, cheese, nuts, fruits, or vegetables. The bread may be toasted at the beginning of preparation, but assembled canapés can be…

Jacob Frank: …for the revival of the canard that the Jews use Christian blood for Passover rituals.

airplane: Engine placement: (Both pusher propellers and canard surfaces were used on the Wright Flyer; these have now come back into vogue on a number of aircraft. Canards are forward control surfaces and serve to delay the onset of the stall. Some aircraft also have forward wings, which provide lift and delay…

Andrea Gabrieli was an Italian Renaissance composer and organist, known for his madrigals and his large-scale choral and instrumental music for public ceremonies. His finest work was composed for the acoustic resources of the Cathedral of St. Mark in Venice. He was the uncle of Giovanni Gabrieli.

Andean peoples: Political systems: …(like the Wanka or the Cañari) sided with Europeans against the Inca, were still easy to locate and identify in the 18th century. In isolated parts of Ecuador (Saraguro, Otavalo) and Bolivia (Chipaya, Macha) this can still be done today.

Campanulaceae: Canarina, the canarian bellflower, from Africa and the Canary Islands, includes three species with tuberous roots that have six rather than five petal lobes and produce berries rather than capsules. Canarina canariensis—with solitary, dull-yellow, purplish-lined, bell-shaped flowers and long, scrambling stems to more than 2 12 metres…

Canary Islands, comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Spain, consisting of an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, the nearest island being 67 miles (108 km) off the northwest African mainland. The Canaries comprise the Spanish provincias (provinces) of Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife,

Canary Current, part of a clockwise-setting ocean-current system in the North Atlantic Ocean. It branches south from the North Atlantic Current and flows southwestward along the northwest coast of Africa as far south as Senegal before turning westward to eventually join the Atlantic North

Renata Adler: …including Politics and Media (1988), Canaries in the Mineshaft (2001), and After the Tall Timber (2015).

Campanulaceae: Canarina, the canarian bellflower, from Africa and the Canary Islands, includes three species with tuberous roots that have six rather than five petal lobes and produce berries rather than capsules. Canarina canariensis—with solitary, dull-yellow, purplish-lined, bell-shaped flowers and long, scrambling stems to more than 2 12 metres…

Guanche and Canario: Canario, any of the aboriginal peoples inhabiting, respectively, the western and eastern groups of the Canary Islands when first encountered by the conquering Spaniards at the beginning of the 15th century. Both populations are thought to have been of Cro-Magnon origin and may possibly have…

Wilhelm Canaris was a German admiral, head of military intelligence (Abwehr) under the Nazi regime and a key participant in the resistance of military officers to Adolf Hitler. Having served in the navy during World War I, Canaris was a member of the military tribunal that sentenced the murderers

Wilhelm Canaris was a German admiral, head of military intelligence (Abwehr) under the Nazi regime and a key participant in the resistance of military officers to Adolf Hitler. Having served in the navy during World War I, Canaris was a member of the military tribunal that sentenced the murderers

pili nut, (Canarium ovatum), tropical tree of the family Burseraceae, cultivated for its edible seeds known as pili nuts. The plant is native to the Philippines, where the pili nut has traditionally been a major source of fat and protein in the diet. The uncooked nuts are used as a laxative, though

Sapindales: Burseraceae: commune (Java almond) of Indo-Malaysia, a source of Manila elemi, also produce commercially valuable resins. The seed of the latter, which is cultivated in Australia, is edible, as are those of several other East Asian species, which also may be processed to produce cooking oil. The…

pili nut, (Canarium ovatum), tropical tree of the family Burseraceae, cultivated for its edible seeds known as pili nuts. The plant is native to the Philippines, where the pili nut has traditionally been a major source of fat and protein in the diet. The uncooked nuts are used as a laxative, though

Canary Islands, comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Spain, consisting of an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, the nearest island being 67 miles (108 km) off the northwest African mainland. The Canaries comprise the Spanish provincias (provinces) of Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife,

canary, (species Serinus canaria), popular cage bird of the family Fringillidae (order Passeriformes). It owes its coloration and sustained vocal powers to 400 years of selective breeding by humans. Varieties called rollers trill almost continuously, the notes running together; choppers have a loud

canary creeper, (species Tropaeolum peregrinum), annual climbing herb, of the family Tropaeolaceae, native to northwestern South America and introduced to other regions as a cultivated garden plant. It grows to a height of 1.8–3 m (6–10 feet). The leaves are round and deeply five-lobed. The

Canary Current, part of a clockwise-setting ocean-current system in the North Atlantic Ocean. It branches south from the North Atlantic Current and flows southwestward along the northwest coast of Africa as far south as Senegal before turning westward to eventually join the Atlantic North

peppergrass: Major species: Virginia peppergrass (L. virginicum), spread throughout North America, sometimes is known as canary grass because its seed stalks are fed to cage birds. Its leaves are used in salads.

Canary Islands, comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Spain, consisting of an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, the nearest island being 67 miles (108 km) off the northwest African mainland. The Canaries comprise the Spanish provincias (provinces) of Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife,

chaffinch: blue, chaffinch (F. teydea) is similar.

canary creeper, (species Tropaeolum peregrinum), annual climbing herb, of the family Tropaeolaceae, native to northwestern South America and introduced to other regions as a cultivated garden plant. It grows to a height of 1.8–3 m (6–10 feet). The leaves are round and deeply five-lobed. The

beluga, (Delphinapterus leucas), a small, toothed whale found mainly in the coastal waters of the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas but also in rivers and deep offshore waters. It is an extremely vocal cetacean and thus has also been referred to as the “canary of the sea.” This whale can also

London: Financial districts: …was the business city of Canary Wharf, built by the Canadian Reichmann brothers in the derelict docks 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of the Square Mile. The project bankrupted its developers but left London with an enduring memorial of the boom years of the financial services revolution.

canary creeper, (species Tropaeolum peregrinum), annual climbing herb, of the family Tropaeolaceae, native to northwestern South America and introduced to other regions as a cultivated garden plant. It grows to a height of 1.8–3 m (6–10 feet). The leaves are round and deeply five-lobed. The

canary creeper, (species Tropaeolum peregrinum), annual climbing herb, of the family Tropaeolaceae, native to northwestern South America and introduced to other regions as a cultivated garden plant. It grows to a height of 1.8–3 m (6–10 feet). The leaves are round and deeply five-lobed. The

Vicente Blasco Ibáñez: …and Cañas y barro (1902; Reeds and Mud, 1966), is marked by a vigorous and intense realism and considerable dramatic force in the depiction of the life of Valencia. Later novels, such as La bodega (1906; The Fruit of the Vine, 1919), are held to have suffered from a heavy…

San Juan River: …conflict dates back to the Cañas-Jerez Treaty of 1858 signed by both countries. The treaty determined that the San Juan River belonged to Nicaragua, but Costa Rica was allowed commercial access and obtained the right to “free and perpetual” navigation of the river. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the…

canasta, card game of the rummy family, developed in Buenos Aires, Arg., and Montevideo, Uruguay, in the 1940s and popular in the United States and Great Britain from the 1950s on. The name canasta, from the Spanish word for “basket,” probably derives from the tray placed in the centre of the table

Carmen Basilio was an American professional boxer, world welterweight and middleweight champion. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) After serving in the Marine Corps, Basilio became a professional boxer in 1948. Only in the sixth year of his professional career did he finally

Canastra Mountains, mountain range on the Planalto Central (Brazilian Highlands) in western Minas Gerais estado (state), southeastern Brazil. Extending 150 miles (240 km) from the Goías state border in the north to the upper Grande River in the south, the Canastra Mountains rise to an average

Cape Canaveral: …of the wildlife refuge overlaps Canaveral National Seashore, established in 1975. The national seashore covers an area of 90 square miles (233 square km) between New Smyrna Beach (north) and the space centre (south) and includes 24 miles (39 km) of undeveloped barrier beaches between the Atlantic on the east…

Cape Canaveral, cape and city in Brevard county, east-central Florida, U.S. The cape is a seaward extension of Canaveral Island, a barrier island running southeastward along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. The cape is separated from Merritt Island to the west by the Banana River, and the island is

Canberra, federal capital of the Commonwealth of Australia. It occupies part of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), in southeastern Australia, and is about 150 miles (240 km) southwest of Sydney. Canberra lies astride the Molonglo River, which is a tributary of the Murrumbidgee River. A small

raspy cricket: …raspy cricket (Apotrechus illawarra), the Canberra raspy cricket (Cooraboorama canberrae), and the thick-legged raspy cricket (Ametrus tibialis). A species belonging to the genus Glomeremus is endemic to the wet forests on the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean. This particular raspy cricket is known to act as a pollinator for…

Australian Capital Territory: History of the Australian Capital Territory: Under the Canberra Spatial Plan, which outlines the city’s direction for development through the first 30 years of the 21st century, both the territory and New South Wales will accommodate expansion of the Australian capital city.

Australian Capital Territory: Education of the Australian Capital Territory: The University of Canberra (UC), the Australian National University (ANU), the University College at the Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA; an affiliate of the University of New South Wales), and a branch of the Australian Catholic University (ACU) offer undergraduate and postgraduate education. The UC and…

Canberra, federal capital of the Commonwealth of Australia. It occupies part of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), in southeastern Australia, and is about 150 miles (240 km) southwest of Sydney. Canberra lies astride the Molonglo River, which is a tributary of the Murrumbidgee River. A small

Canberra, federal capital of the Commonwealth of Australia. It occupies part of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), in southeastern Australia, and is about 150 miles (240 km) southwest of Sydney. Canberra lies astride the Molonglo River, which is a tributary of the Murrumbidgee River. A small

Modoc and Klamath: Edward Canby, who headed a peace commission in April 1873, U.S. troops prosecuted the war more vigorously. Betrayed by four of his followers, Captain Jack surrendered and was hanged. His followers were removed to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) and were not allowed to return to Oregon…

Betsy Ross: …been disseminated since her grandson William Canby presented his paper “The History of the Flag of the United States” to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in 1870. According to Canby’s account, his grandmother not only made the first Stars and Stripes at George Washington’s behest but also helped design it.…

cancan, lively and risqué dance probably of French origin, usually performed onstage by four women. Known for its high kicks in unison that exposed both the petticoat and the leg, the cancan was popular in Parisian dance halls in the 1830s and appeared in variety shows and revues in the 1840s. The

Silurian Period: Tillites: The Cancaniri Formation, including a prominent segment 60 metres (about 200 feet) thick that bears the Zapla Tillite, extends 1,500 km (about 930 miles) from northern Argentina over the Andes Mountains across Bolivia to Peru. Alpine glaciers advanced from high elevations down to tidewater areas to…

Brazilian literature: Nationalism and Romanticism: His poem “Canção do Exílio” (1843; “Song of Exile”), which manifests a deep-rooted nostalgia for his homeland, became a national anthem of sorts. The other significant poet of this period is Antônio de Castro Alves, who wrote antislavery poetry that was later collected in O navio negreiro…

cancellaresca corsiva, in calligraphy, script that in the 16th century became the vehicle of the New Learning throughout Christendom. It developed during the preceding century out of the antica corsiva, which had been perfected by the scribes of the papal chancery. As written by the calligrapher

typography: The private-press movement: …of the conventional italic; and Cancellaresca Bastarda, an italic notable for its great number of attractive decorative capitals, ligatures, and other swash (i.e., with strokes ending in flourishes) letters, elegant in appearance.

cancellaresca corsiva, in calligraphy, script that in the 16th century became the vehicle of the New Learning throughout Christendom. It developed during the preceding century out of the antica corsiva, which had been perfected by the scribes of the papal chancery. As written by the calligrapher

gastropod: Classification: shells (Mitridae), volute shells (Volutidae), nutmeg shells (Cancellariidae), and marginellas (Marginellidae) generally have operculum reduced or lacking; most are tropical ocean dwellers, active predators or scavengers; many olive, volute, and marginella shells are highly polished and colourful. Superfamily Toxoglossa Auger shells (Terebridae),

diplomatics: The royal chanceries of medieval France and Germany: …9th century, the title of cancellarius was gaining ground and was increasingly applied to the head of the chancery. The 9th century was a period of transition, during which, for a while, the archchaplain, the head of the chapel, became also the head of the clerks who wrote the charters.

cancellaresca corsiva, in calligraphy, script that in the 16th century became the vehicle of the New Learning throughout Christendom. It developed during the preceding century out of the antica corsiva, which had been perfected by the scribes of the papal chancery. As written by the calligrapher

Rome: Renaissance palaces: …palace-studded river region are the Cancelleria, the Farnese, and the Massimo alle Colonne palaces. Because all the pertinent documents were destroyed in the sack of Rome in 1527, the architect of the Palazzo della Cancelleria remains unknown. Dated 1486–98, it was built by Cardinal Raffaelo Riario out of a night’s…

Rome: Renaissance palaces: …palace-studded river region are the Cancelleria, the Farnese, and the Massimo alle Colonne palaces. Because all the pertinent documents were destroyed in the sack of Rome in 1527, the architect of the Palazzo della Cancelleria remains unknown. Dated 1486–98, it was built by Cardinal Raffaelo Riario out of a night’s…

cancellous bone, light, porous bone enclosing numerous large spaces that give a honeycombed or spongy appearance. The bone matrix, or framework, is organized into a three-dimensional latticework of bony processes, called trabeculae, arranged along lines of stress. The spaces between are often

cancer, group of more than 100 distinct diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Though cancer has been known since antiquity, some of the most significant advances in scientists’ understanding of it have been made since the middle of the 20th century. Those

Cancer, in astronomy, zodiacal constellation lying in the northern sky between Leo and Gemini, at about 8 hours 25 minutes right ascension and 20° north declination. It contains the well-known star cluster called Praesepe, or the Beehive. Its brighest star, Al Tarf (Arabic for “the end” [of one of

Jonah crab, North American crab species (Cancer borealis) closely related to the Dungeness crab

Audre Lorde: …with cancer is examined in The Cancer Journals (1980), in which she recorded her early battle with the disease and gave a feminist critique of the medical profession. In 1980 Lorde and African American writer and activist Barbara Smith created a new publishing house, Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press.…

Dungeness crab, (Cancer magister), edible crab (order Decapoda of the class Crustacea), occurring along the Pacific coast from Alaska to lower California; it is one of the largest and, commercially, most important crabs of that coast. The male is 18 to 23 centimetres (about 7 to 9 inches) in width

cancer of unknown primary (CUP), rare condition in which the initial site of cancer development in a patient’s body cannot be identified. In the vast majority of cases, cancer cells share identifiable features in common with the normal cells that make up the tissue in which the cancer initially

crab: Economic importance: …important and valuable are the edible crab of the British and European coasts (Cancer pagurus) and, in North America, the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) of the Atlantic coast and the Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) of the Pacific coast. In the Indo-Pacific region the swimming crabs, Scylla and Portunus, related to…

red crab, Pacific crab species closely related to the Dungeness crab

cancer registry, surveillance system that allows for the collection, storage, and analysis of information on cancer patients. A cancer registry is the chief means by which information is systematically collected about persons diagnosed with cancer. Depending on the resources available, the

Paul Nurse: …Cancer Research Fund (ICRF; now Cancer Research UK), notably serving as director-general (1996–2002) and chief executive (2002–03). In 2003 he became president of Rockefeller University in New York City, a post he held until 2011. That year Nurse became director and chief executive of the UK Centre for Medical Research…

carcinogen: A number of viruses are suspected of causing cancer in animals, including humans, and are frequently referred to as oncogenic viruses. Examples include human papillomaviruses, the Epstein-Barr virus, and the hepatitis B virus, all of which have genomes made up of DNA. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I…

Cancer Ward, novel by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Though banned in the Soviet Union, the work was published in 1968 by Italian and other European publishers in the Russian language as Rakovy korpus. It was also published in English translation in 1968. Solzhenitsyn based Cancer Ward on his own

Tropic of Cancer, latitude approximately 23°27′ N of the terrestrial Equator. This latitude corresponds to the northernmost declination of the Sun’s ecliptic to the celestial equator. At the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, around June 21, the Sun attains its greatest declination north

jai alai: The court and the fronton: …modern three-walled playing court, or cancha, averages about 53.3 m long by 15.2 m wide and is 12.2 m or more high. The walls and the floor are made of special material to withstand the pounding of the ball. The spectators sit in tiers along the open side with the…

Canchungo, town located in northwestern Guinea-Bissau. Canchungo lies between the Cacheu and Mansôa rivers in an area of coastal lowlands and is a major producer of oil-palm vegetable oil for export. It is also a market centre for rice and coconuts grown nearby. The town is connected by road to

Gregorio Martínez Sierra: His masterpiece, Canción de cuna (1911; “Song of the Cradle”), was popular in both Spain and Spanish America. The most marked feature of his drama, his insight into his female characters, has been attributed to his wife, María de la O Lejárraga, who collaborated with him and…

José María Eguren: His second book, La canción de las figuras (1916; “The Ballad of the Figures”), highly personal and hermetic poems, continues in the same tradition.

Cuba: …novel Canción de Rachel (1969; Rachel’s Song, 1991) describes it thus:

cancioneiro, (Portuguese: “songbook”), collection of Portuguese lyrics (cantigas) dating from the 12th century. The earliest examples of Portuguese-Galician poetry, composed from the 12th to the 14th century, were collected during the 14th and 15th centuries into three manuscript songbooks: the

Portuguese literature: Poetry: …Cancioneiro da Vaticana, and the Cancioneiro Colocci-Brancuti (now known as the Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional). The first contains compositions that predate the death of Alfonso X in 1284; it was probably compiled in the late 13th century. The latter two cancioneiros include material from the 13th and 14th centuries; they…

Portuguese literature: Poetry: …three great cancioneiros (“songbooks”): the Cancioneiro da Ajuda, the Cancioneiro da Vaticana, and the Cancioneiro Colocci-Brancuti (now known as the Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional). The first contains compositions that predate the death of Alfonso X in 1284; it was probably compiled in the late 13th century. The latter two cancioneiros…

Portuguese literature: Poetry: …Cancioneiro da Vaticana, and the Cancioneiro Colocci-Brancuti (now known as the Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional). The first contains compositions that predate the death of Alfonso X in 1284; it was probably compiled in the late 13th century. The latter two cancioneiros include material from the 13th and 14th centuries; they…

Portuguese literature: Poetry: …the Cancioneiro da Ajuda, the Cancioneiro da Vaticana, and the Cancioneiro Colocci-Brancuti (now known as the Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional). The first contains compositions that predate the death of Alfonso X in 1284; it was probably compiled in the late 13th century. The latter two cancioneiros include material from the…

Garcia de Resende: The Cancioneiro Geral (1516; “General Songbook”), a vast anthology edited by Resende that also contained compositions of his own, is the chief source of knowledge of late medieval Portuguese verse.

Juan del Encina: …were collected and published in Cancionero in 1496. Thereafter Encina lived much in Italy; he visited Rome at least three times, gaining various ecclesiastical posts and seeking the patronage of Pope Alexander VI, a Spaniard, in securing a position in Spain. In 1519 he journeyed to Jerusalem, later publishing an…

Spanish literature: The 15th century: The Cancionero de Baena (“Songbook of Baena”), compiled for the king by the poet Juan Alfonso de Baena, anthologized 583 poems (mostly courtly lyrics) by 55 poets from the highest nobles to the humblest versifiers. The collection showed not merely the decadence of Galician-Portuguese troubadours but…

Nicanor Parra: …his first book of poetry, Cancionero sin nombre (1937; “Songbook Without a Name”), it presages his use in later “antipoetry” of colloquial, often irreverent language, light treatment of classical forms, and humorous tone.

Miguel Hernández: The posthumous Cancionero y romancero de ausencias (1958; Songbook of Absences) contains poems and lullabies he wrote in prison for his starving wife and son and is filled with passion and sorrow.

Carlos Germán Belli: …in his later poetry collections, Canciones y otros poemas (1982; “Songs and Other Poems”) and En el restante tiempo terrenal (1988; “In the Remaining Time on Earth”), is more reflective and metaphysical in character, though still marked by the poet’s frustrated longing for some unattainable fulfillment.

Egor Frantsevich, Count Kankrin was the Russian minister of finance (1823–44) under Nicholas I. An extreme fiscal conservative, he resisted most efforts to modernize the Russian state. He was created a count in 1829. The son of a German mining engineer employed in Russia, Kankrin left Germany in

Egor Frantsevich, Count Kankrin was the Russian minister of finance (1823–44) under Nicholas I. An extreme fiscal conservative, he resisted most efforts to modernize the Russian state. He was created a count in 1829. The son of a German mining engineer employed in Russia, Kankrin left Germany in

Egor Frantsevich, Count Kankrin was the Russian minister of finance (1823–44) under Nicholas I. An extreme fiscal conservative, he resisted most efforts to modernize the Russian state. He was created a count in 1829. The son of a German mining engineer employed in Russia, Kankrin left Germany in

cancrinite, rare feldspathoid mineral, an aluminosilicate that contains sodium and calcium carbonate and occurs as an alteration product of nepheline and feldspar in nepheline-syenite and related rocks. It also is found in metamorphic rocks and in contact zones between limestone and igneous

Cancún, city and adjacent island resort area, Quintana Roo estado (state), southeastern Mexico. Ciudad Cancún (Cancún city) is located on the northeastern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula, facing the Caribbean Sea. It is essentially a service town for the L-shaped resort area of Isla Cancún (Cancún

caṇḍāla, class of people in India generally considered to be outcastes and untouchables. According to the ancient law code the Manu-smṛti, the class originated from the union of a Brahmin (the highest class within the varṇa, or four-class system) woman and a Śūdra (the lowest class) man. The term

South Asian arts: Transition to the Mughal and Rajasthani styles: …a manuscript of the ballad Candāmyana by Mullā Dāūd (c. first half of the 16th century; Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Mumbai). The early 16th century thus appears to have been a period of inventiveness and set the stage for the development of the Mughal and Rājput schools,…

Candar Dynasty, Turkmen dynasty (c. 1290–1461) that ruled in the Kastamonu-Sinop region of northern Anatolia (now in Turkey). The dynasty took its name from Şemseddin Yaman Candar, who served in the army of the Seljuq sultan Masʿūd II (reigned 1283–98) and was awarded the Eflani region, west of

Murad II: …to be dominated by the Çandarlı family. The Janissary corps (elite forces) gained in prominence, and the hereditary Turkish frontier rulers in the Balkans often acted independently of the sultan.

Mehmed II: Early years and first reign: …between the powerful grand vizier Çandarlı Halil, on the one hand, and the viziers Zaganos and Şihâbeddin, on the other, who claimed that they were protecting the rights of the child sultan. In September 1444 the army of the Crusaders crossed the Danube. In Edirne this news triggered a massacre…

kaziasker: …I (reigned 1360–89), who appointed Çandarli Kara Halil as the first kaziasker. In that office he accompanied the army in campaigns and dispensed justice in camp. After the conquest of Istanbul (1453), Sultan Mehmed II (reigned 1444–46, 1451–81) duplicated the office on advice of the grand vizier Karamani Mehmed Paşa,…

Gyges: …the throne after slaying King Candaules and marrying his queen, but there are several versions of the event itself. Herodotus wrote that Candaules, who was inordinately proud of his wife’s beauty, compelled Gyges to see her nude. She caught Gyges spying on her and forced him on pain of death…

South Asian arts: Hindi: …epic poem Pṛthvīrāj Rāsau, by Chand Bardaī of Lahore, which recounts the feats of Pṛthvīrāj, the last Hindu king of Delhi before the Islāmic invasions. The work evolved from the bardic tradition maintained at the courts of the Rājputs. Noteworthy also is the poetry of the Persian poet Amīr Khosrow,…