Melvin Calvin was an American biochemist who received the 1961 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his discovery of the chemical pathways of photosynthesis. Calvin was the son of immigrant parents. His father was from Kalvaria, Lithuania, so the Ellis Island immigration authorities renamed him Calvin;

bacteria: Autotrophic metabolism: …the reductive pentose phosphate (Calvin) cycle, the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the acetyl-CoA pathway. The Calvin cycle, elucidated by American biochemist Melvin Calvin, is the most widely distributed of these pathways, operating in plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria, and most aerobic lithoautotrophic bacteria. The key step in the Calvin

glacier: Ablation: …evaporation, wind erosion (deflation), iceberg calving, and the melting of the bottom surfaces of floating ice shelves by warmer seawater.

livestock farming: Beef cattle management: Calving of beef cows is arranged to occur in the spring months to take advantage of the large supplies of cheap and high-quality pasture forages. Fall calving is less common and occurs generally in regions where winters are moderate and supplies of pasture forage are…

Calvinism , the theology advanced by John Calvin, a Protestant reformer in the 16th century, and its development by his followers. The term also refers to doctrines and practices derived from the works of Calvin and his followers that are characteristic of the Reformed churches. The Calvinist form

Presbyterian Church of Wales, church that developed out of the Methodist revivals in Wales in the 18th century. The early leaders were Howel Harris, a layman who became an itinerant preacher after a religious experience of conversion in 1735, and Daniel Rowlands, an Anglican curate in Cardiganshire

Italo Calvino was an Italian journalist, short-story writer, and novelist whose whimsical and imaginative fables made him one of the most important Italian fiction writers in the 20th century. Calvino left Cuba for Italy in his youth. He joined the Italian Resistance during World War II and after

Calvo Doctrine, a body of international rules regulating the jurisdiction of governments over aliens and the scope of their protection by their home states, as well as the use of force in collecting indemnities. The doctrine was advanced by the Argentine diplomat and legal scholar Carlos Calvo, in

Rafael Calvo Serer was a Spanish intellectual and vehement apologist for General Francisco Franco’s regime until the 1950s when he switched his allegiance to exiled pretender Don Juan de Bórbon. Calvo Serer taught history at the University of Madrid. As a youth he joined the powerful Roman Catholic

José María Gil Robles: …eclipsed there by the monarchist José Calvo Sotelo. He was an intended victim of the plot responsible for Calvo Sotelo’s murder (July 1936). Soon after the outbreak of the civil war, he went to Lisbon to set up a mission with Nicolás Franco for the purchase of arms for the…

Gaius Licinius Calvus was a Roman poet and orator who, as a poet, followed his friend Catullus in style and choice of subjects. Calvus was a son of the annalist Gaius Licinius Macer. As an orator he was the leader of a group who opposed the florid Asiatic school, taking the simplest Attic orators

phlogiston: …metal was converted to its calx, or metallic ash (its oxide, in modern terms), phlogiston was lost. Therefore, metals were composed of calx and phlogiston. The function of air was merely to carry away the liberated phlogiston.

Laurales: Other families: The members of Calycanthaceae differ from most of the other families in Laurales in having seeds with a large embryo and little if any endosperm at maturity. Except for Idiospermum, the leaves of Calycanthaceae species tend to be thinner and softer than other members of Laurales because they…

sweet shrub, (genus Calycanthus), genus of small ornamental trees in the family Calycanthaceae, native to North America. They are sometimes cultivated as ornamentals for their aromatic bark and sweet-scented flowers in temperate areas. Sweet shrub leaves are opposite, simple, and smooth-margined.

allspice: Other plants known as allspice: …of the sweet shrubs, the Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus), a handsome flowering shrub native to the southeastern United States and often cultivated in England. Other allspices include the Japanese allspice (Chimonanthus praecox), native to eastern Asia and planted as an ornamental in England and the United States, and the wild…

sweet shrub: …allspice or California spicebush (C. occidentalis), is from northern California and has dark reddish brown flowers. Chinese sweet shrub was formerly included in the genus but is now listed as Sinocalycanthus chinensis by most authorities.

Calyceraceae, family of small and economically unimportant dicotyledonous flowering plants containing six genera (Boöpis, Calycera, Acicarpha, Acarpha, Gamocarpha, and Moschopsis) with 60 species distributed in Central and South America. One species (Acicarpha tribuloides) occurs as a roadside weed

renal pelvis: …has roughly cuplike extensions, called calyces, within the kidney—these are cavities in which urine collects before it flows on into the urinary bladder.

Calydon, ancient Aetolian town in Greece, located on the Euenus (Évinos) River about 6 miles (9.5 km) east of modern Mesolóngion. According to tradition, the town was founded by Calydon, son of Aetolus; Meleager and other heroes hunted the Calydonian boar there (see Meleager); and Calydonians

Meleager: …mythology, the leader of the Calydonian boar hunt. The Iliad relates how Meleager’s father, King Oeneus of Calydon, had omitted to sacrifice to Artemis, who sent a wild boar to ravage the country. Meleager collected a band of heroes to hunt it, and he eventually killed it himself. The Calydonians…

Calymene, genus of trilobites (extinct arthropods) dating from the Ordovician Period (505 to 438 million years ago). Well known in the fossil record, Calymene remains have been found in which impressions or actual remains of appendages are preserved. Calymene and its close relative Flexicalymene

granuloma inguinale: …bacilli called Donovan bodies (Calymmatobacterium granulomatis) occur in smears from the lesions or in biopsy material and are thought to be the cause of the disease. Granuloma inguinale is treated with streptomycin or with broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Calypso, in Greek mythology, the daughter of the Titan Atlas (or Oceanus or Nereus), a nymph of the mythical island of Ogygia. In Homer’s Odyssey, Book V (also Books I and VII), she entertained the Greek hero Odysseus for seven years, but she could not overcome his longing for home even by

Saturn: Orbital and rotational dynamics: …Tethys’s two co-orbiters, Telesto and Calypso, are located at the stable Lagrangian points along Tethys’s orbit, leading and following Tethys by 60°, respectively, analogous to the Trojan asteroids in Jupiter’s orbit. Dione’s Trojan-like companions, Helene and Polydeuces, lead and follow it by 60°, respectively, on average.

calypso, a type of folk song primarily from Trinidad though sung elsewhere in the southern and eastern Caribbean islands. The subject of a calypso text, usually witty and satiric, is a local and topical event of political and social import, and the tone is one of allusion, mockery, and double

David Sedaris: In the essay collection Calypso (2018), Sedaris wrote about family, aging, and loss. The Best of Me (2020) is a compilation of previously published works. After A Carnival of Snackery: Diaries 2003–2020 (2021), he released Happy-Go-Lucky (2022), a volume of personal essays.

Jacques Cousteau: …a British minesweeper into the Calypso, an oceanographic research ship, aboard which he and his crew carried out numerous expeditions. Cousteau eventually popularized oceanographic research and the sport of scuba diving in the book Le Monde du silence (1953; The Silent World), written with Frédéric Dumas. In 1956 he adapted…

fairy slipper, (Calypso bulbosa), terrestrial orchid (family Orchidaceae) native to North America and Eurasia. The fairy slipper thrives in cool coniferous forests and bogs and requires specific mycorrhizal fungi to survive. The plant is the only species in its genus. The fairy slipper is a small

Alan Arkin: …in the low-budget beach movie Calypso Heat Wave (1957). Arkin had a small singing part in 1958 in an Off-Broadway production of Heloise before joining the Compass Players improv troupe in St. Louis, Missouri. From there he joined the new Second City improv group in Chicago, and it was there…

fairy slipper, (Calypso bulbosa), terrestrial orchid (family Orchidaceae) native to North America and Eurasia. The fairy slipper thrives in cool coniferous forests and bogs and requires specific mycorrhizal fungi to survive. The plant is the only species in its genus. The fairy slipper is a small

hummingbird: The smallest species, the bee hummingbird (Mellisuga, sometimes Calypte, helenae) of Cuba and the Isle of Pines, measures slightly more than 5.5 cm, of which the bill and tail make up about half. Weighing about 2 g, this species is the smallest living bird and ranks with the pygmy…

broadbill: …represented by the 15-cm (6-inch) lesser green broadbill (Calyptomena viridis), of Malaysia; it is green, with a stubby tail and a puff of feathers over its bill.

bryophyte: Reproduction and life cycle: …a protective structure, called the calyptra, that sheathes the growing embryo.

gastropod: Classification: Superfamily Calyptraeacea Cap shells (Capulidae) and slipper shells (Calyptraeidae) are limpets with irregularly shaped shells with a small internal cup or shelf; many species show sex reversal, becoming males early in life, then changing into females during old age; common on rocks and clamshells and in…

gastropod: Classification: … (Capulidae) and slipper shells (Calyptraeidae) are limpets with irregularly shaped shells with a small internal cup or shelf; many species show sex reversal, becoming males early in life, then changing into females during old age; common on rocks and clamshells and in dead large snail shells in most oceans.…

dipteran: Annotated classification: Section Calyptrata Characterized by large squamae (calypters that join base of wing to thorax); Scatophagidae are transitional. Family Scatophagidae (dung flies) Live around dung, other decaying materials; many also predacious as larvae and as adults. Family Muscidae (housefly and allies)

angiosperm: Roots: …of meristematic cells called the calyptrogen. Root hairs also begin to develop as simple extensions of protodermal cells near the root apex. They greatly increase the surface area of the root and facilitate the absorption of water and minerals from the soil.

palm: Ecology: …have been found to pollinate Calyptrogyne in Costa Rica.

entoproct, any member of the phylum Entoprocta, a group of aquatic invertebrate animals composed of about 150 species and subdivided into four families. Entoprocts occur throughout the world, primarily in marine habitats, although one genus, Urnatella, is a freshwater form. Entoprocts may either

bindweed: Bellbine, or hedge bindweed (Calystegia sepium), native to Eurasia and North America, bears arrow-shaped leaves and white to pink 5-cm (2-inch) flowers. This twining perennial grows from creeping underground stems and is common in hedges and woods and along roadsides. Its range tends to coincide…

bindweed: Seashore false bindweed (Calystegia soldanella), with fleshy kidney-shaped leaves and deep pink 5-cm blooms, creeps along European seaside sand and gravel.

renal pelvis: …has roughly cuplike extensions, called calyces, within the kidney—these are cavities in which urine collects before it flows on into the urinary bladder.

flower: Form and types: …flower parts: (1) an outer calyx consisting of sepals; within it lies (2) the corolla, consisting of petals; (3) the androecium, or group of stamens; and in the centre is (4) the gynoecium, consisting of the pistils.

krater: …well above the rim; the calyx krater, the shape of which spreads out like the cup or calyx of a flower; and the column krater, with columnar handles rising from the shoulder to a flat, projecting lip rim.

Ranieri Calzabigi was an Italian poet, librettist, and music theorist who exerted an important influence on Christoph Willibald Gluck’s reforms in opera. During the 1750s, Calzabigi formed an association with Pietro Metastasio, the most important librettist for serious opera and oratorio in the

Joe Calzaghe is a Welsh professional boxer. At the start of the 21st century, he ranked as the longest-reigning champion in professional boxing history, with an undefeated record in both the super middleweight and light heavyweight categories. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.)

calzone, a half-moon pocket of pizza or bread dough that is stuffed with typical pizza toppings—such as cheese, meat, and vegetables—and often served with marinara sauce. It originated in Naples—calzone means “trouser” in Italian—but has become popular across the globe, with many regional

automation: Computer-integrated manufacturing: Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) involves the use of computer systems to assist in the planning, control, and management of production operations. This is accomplished by either direct or indirect connections between the computer and production operations. In the case of the direct connection, the computer is…

Gerald Maurice Edelman: …1975 he discovered substances called cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which “glue” cells together to form tissues. Edelman found that, as the brain develops, CAMs bind neurons together to form the brain’s basic circuitry. His work led to the construction of a general theory of brain development and function called neuronal…

agave: …a photosynthetic pathway known as crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), in which carbon dioxide is fixed at night to limit the amount of water lost from the leaf stomata.

cam, machine component that either rotates or moves back and forth (reciprocates) to create a prescribed motion in a contacting element known as a follower. The shape of the contacting surface of the cam is determined by the prescribed motion and the profile of the follower; the latter is usually

complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), any of various approaches intended to improve or maintain human health that are not part of standard medical care, also known as conventional, or Western, medicine. The various approaches of CAM typically are used in a manner that is complementary to

gasoline engine: Valves, pushrods, and rocker arms: The hydraulic lifter comprises a cam follower that is moved up and down by contact with the cam profile, and an inner bore into which the valve lifter is closely fitted and retained by a spring clip. The valve lifter, in turn, is a cup closed at the top by…

Cam Ranh: Cam Lam (Ba Ngoi), on the western shore of the bay, was the area’s major port and naval base during French colonial days. The U.S. military intervention in South Vietnam in 1965 created new installations and airfields, many of them at Cam Ranh. Pop. (1999)…

Cam Ranh Bay: …off the tip of Point Cam Linh, offers some protection to ships at anchor, but the 1-mile- (1.6-kilometre-) wide strait that opens into the inner bay of Cam Linh provides year-round protection from monsoons and typhoons. On the western shore of Cam Linh is the site of the former French…

pump: Positive displacement pumps.: …gear, lobe, screw, vane, and cam pumps.

Cam Ranh, city, southeastern Vietnam. It is situated on a peninsula enclosing Cam Ranh Bay, an inlet of the South China Sea. Cam Lam (Ba Ngoi), on the western shore of the bay, was the area’s major port and naval base during French colonial days. The U.S. military intervention in South Vietnam in

Cam Ranh Bay, a two-part deepwater inlet on the South China Sea, south-central Vietnam. It is approximately 20 miles (32 km) long from north to south and up to 10 miles (16 km) wide. It has been called the finest deepwater shelter in Southeast Asia. The Binh Ba Bay, or outer bay, with Binh Ba

Diogo Cão was a Portuguese navigator and explorer. Cão was the first European to discover the mouth of the Congo River (August 1482). There he set up a stone pillar to mark Portuguese overlordship of the area. Sailing a short way upstream, he found that the inhabitants along the banks appeared

Cambridge: During the medieval period the River Cam was heavily used for water transport, the local wharfing facilities (which have gradually disappeared) being in heavy demand during the annual period of Stourbridge Fair. Today the Cam is extensively used for pleasure boating, punting, and canoeing.

Bhikaiji Cama was an Indian political activist and advocate for women’s rights who had the unique distinction of unfurling the first version of the Indian national flag—a tricolor of green, saffron, and red stripes—at the International Socialist Congress held at Stuttgart, Germany, in 1907. Born to

Bhikaiji Cama was an Indian political activist and advocate for women’s rights who had the unique distinction of unfurling the first version of the Indian national flag—a tricolor of green, saffron, and red stripes—at the International Socialist Congress held at Stuttgart, Germany, in 1907. Born to

Bhikaiji Cama was an Indian political activist and advocate for women’s rights who had the unique distinction of unfurling the first version of the Indian national flag—a tricolor of green, saffron, and red stripes—at the International Socialist Congress held at Stuttgart, Germany, in 1907. Born to

Manuel Ávila Camacho was a soldier and moderate statesman whose presidency (1940–46) saw a consolidation of the social reforms of the Mexican Revolution and the beginning of an unprecedented period of friendship with the United States. Ávila Camacho joined the army of Venustiano Carranza in 1914

gastropod: Classification: Land snails without (Oreohelicidae and Camaenidae) or with (Bradybaenidae, Helminthoglyptidae, and Helicidae) accessory glands on the genitalia; dominant land snails in most regions, including the edible snails of Europe (Helicidae).

Camagüey, city, capital of Camagüey provincia (province), east-central Cuba. It is situated on the San Pedro River, about 25 miles (40 km) southeast of Florida. The city was founded in 1514 as Santa María del Puerto del Príncipe (also called Puerto Príncipe), at the site of present-day Nuevitas,

camaieu, painting technique by which an image is executed either entirely in shades or tints of a single colour or in several hues unnatural to the object, figure, or scene represented. When a picture is monochromatically rendered in gray, it is called grisaille; when in yellow, cirage. Originating

camaieu, painting technique by which an image is executed either entirely in shades or tints of a single colour or in several hues unnatural to the object, figure, or scene represented. When a picture is monochromatically rendered in gray, it is called grisaille; when in yellow, cirage. Originating

Camaldolese, an independent offshoot of the Benedictine order, founded about 1012 at Camaldoli near Arezzo, Italy, by St. Romuald as part of the monastic-reform movement of the 11th and 12th centuries. The order combined the solitary life of the hermit with an austere form of the common life of the

Ambrose Of Camaldoli was a Humanist, ecclesiastic, and patristic translator who helped effect the brief reunion of the Eastern and Western churches in the 15th century. He entered the Camaldolese Order in 1400 at Florence, where, over a period of 30 years, he mastered Latin and particularly Greek,

shinty, game played outdoors with sticks and a small, hard ball in which two opposing teams attempt to hit the ball through their opponents’ goal (hail); it is similar to the Irish game of hurling and to field hockey. Shinty probably originated in chaotic mass games between Scottish Highland clans

Hélder Pessoa Câmara was a Roman Catholic prelate whose progressive views on social questions brought him into frequent conflict with Brazil’s military rulers after 1964. Câmara was an early and important figure in the movement that came to be known as liberation theology in the late 1970s. Câmara

Portuguese literature: Drama and the novel: João da Camara inherited the theatre that Garrett created and became Portugal’s outstanding dramatist at the end of the 19th century with such works as Afonso VI (1890), Rosa enjeitada (1901; “Rose Abandoned”), and Os velhos (1893; “The Old Ones”).

Guinea: Conté’s death, 2008 military coup, and 2010 elections: Moussa Dadis Camara as president, was created to serve as a transitional government. The CNDD promised to hold elections within one year and vowed to fight rampant corruption. Various African and Western governments denounced the coup, and Guinea was temporarily suspended from several international organizations.

Cambrai, town, Nord département, Hauts-de-France région, northern France. It lies along the Escaut River, south of Roubaix. The town was called Camaracum under the Romans, and its bishops were made counts by the German king Henry I in the 10th century. Cambrai was long a bone of contention among

Pocomam: …enter into ritual friendships called camaradería. There is a rigid class system, status being based on age and wealth. The Pocomam adhere to an admixture of Roman Catholicism, pagan mythology, and belief in sacred places and sacred objects.

sauropod: Camarasauridae (including Camarasaurus), Diplodocidae (including Diplodocus and Apatosaurus), and Titanosauridae. The smaller sauropods reached a length of up to 15 metres (50 feet), while larger species such as Apatosaurus routinely reached lengths of 21 metres. Brachiosaurus was one of the

Camarasaurus, (genus Camarasaurus), a group of dinosaurs that lived during the Late Jurassic Period (161 million to 146 million years ago), fossils of which are found in western North America; they are among the most commonly found of all sauropod remains. Camarasaurs grew to a length of about 18

Camargo Society, group credited with keeping ballet alive in England during the early 1930s. Named after Marie Camargo, the noted 18th-century ballerina, the society was formed in 1930 by Philip J.S. Richardson, the editor of Dancing Times, the critic Arnold Haskell, and other patrons to stimulate

Declaration of Sitges: …the rival Colombian political leaders Alberto Lleras Camargo of the Liberals and Laureano Gómez of the Conservatives to form a coalition National Front government to replace the dictatorial regime of Gustavo Rojas Pinilla. Lleras and Gómez, who had met in Benidorm, Spain, in 1956 to discuss the ouster of Rojas,…

The Hurt Locker: Cambridge (Christian Camargo). The following morning, James buys a DVD from a young Iraqi boy who calls himself Beckham (Christopher Sayegh). Later the team is called to the site of a possible car bomb. As James, in the bomb suit, approaches the car, a sniper shoots…

Marie Camargo was a ballerina of the Paris Opéra remembered for her numerous technical innovations. Camargo studied in Paris under Françoise Prevost and danced in Brussels and Rouen before her Paris Opéra debut in 1726 in Les Caractères de la danse. Her success provoked the jealousy of her aging

Marie Camargo was a ballerina of the Paris Opéra remembered for her numerous technical innovations. Camargo studied in Paris under Françoise Prevost and danced in Brussels and Rouen before her Paris Opéra debut in 1726 in Les Caractères de la danse. Her success provoked the jealousy of her aging

Camargue, delta region in Bouches-du-Rhône département, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur région, southern France. The region lies between the Grand and Petit channels of the Rhône River and has an area of 300 square miles (780 square km). In the northern part of the delta, the alluvium has emerged as dry

woodpecker finch, species of Galápagos

coin: Artistic development: Camarina showed fine types of the river god Hipparis and the nymph Camarina on a swan. Himera, before its destruction in 409, issued some very interesting types, such as the nymph Himera sacrificing while Silenus beside her bathes at the thermal spring for which Himera…

Wouri River, stream in southwestern Cameroon whose estuary on the Atlantic Ocean is the site of Douala, the country’s major industrial center and port. Two headstreams—the Nkam and the Makombé—join to form the Wouri, 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Yabassi. The river then flows in a southwesterly

Battle of Camarón, (30 April 1863). A defensive action fought with suicidal courage during France’s ill-fated intervention in Mexico, the Battle of Camarón founded the legend of the French Foreign Legion. Captain Jean Danjou, who led the legionnaires, enjoys the strange distinction of having his

Guinea: Settlement patterns: …a colonial town, while the Camayenne Peninsula community has only a few buildings of the colonial period. From the tip of the peninsula, an industrial zone has expanded northward.

Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès, duke de Parme was a French statesman and legal expert who was second consul with Napoleon Bonaparte and then archchancellor of the empire. As Napoleon’s principal adviser on all juridical matters from 1800 to 1814, he was instrumental in formulating the Napoleonic

Beijing, city, province-level shi (municipality), and capital of the People’s Republic of China. Few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural centre of an area as immense as China. The city has been an integral part of China’s history over the past

Cuanza River: Cambambe Dam (1963) supplies electricity to the Angolan capital of Luanda and provides irrigation water for the valley of the Cuanza in its lower course.

Khambhat, town, east-central Gujarat state, west-central India. It lies at the head of the Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay) and the mouth of the Mahi River. The town was mentioned in 1293 by the Venetian traveler Marco Polo, who referred to it as a busy port. It was still a prosperous port in the late

Gulf of Khambhat, trumpet-shaped gulf of the Arabian Sea, indenting northward the coast of Gujarat state, western India, between Mumbai (Bombay) and the Kathiawar Peninsula. It is 120 miles (190 km) wide at its mouth between Diu and Daman, but it rapidly narrows to 15 miles (24 km). The gulf

dairy product: Varieties of cheese: The resulting “Blue-Brie” has a bloomy white edible rind, while its interior is marbled with blue Penicillium roqueforti mold. The cheese is marketed under various names such as Bavarian Blue, Cambazola, Lymeswold, and Saga Blue. Another combination cheese is Norwegian Jarlsberg. This cheese results from a marriage…

Karatepe: Bossert and Halet Çambel. It was built with a polygonal fortress wall and an upper and lower gateway of monumental proportions. The gate chambers are lined with inscribed orthostates (carved stone slabs set against the base of a wall), which show traces of Assyrian and Egypto-Phoenician motifs and…

Muriel Spark was a British writer best known for the satire and wit with which the serious themes of her novels are presented. Spark was educated in Edinburgh and later spent some years in Central Africa; the latter served as the setting for her first volume of short stories, The Go-Away Bird and

Surrey Heath: …the borough is largely rural, Camberley (the administrative centre) and Frimley have undergone development and have some light industry. Area 37 square miles (95 square km). Pop. (2001) 80,314; (2011) 86,144.

Robert Cambert was the first French composer of opera, though the dramatic sense of the word cannot be applied to any of his works. Cambert was a pupil of the harpsichord composer Jacques Chambonnières and in 1662 became superintendent of music to the dowager queen, Anne of Austria. In 1659 he

brush-footed butterfly: The mourning cloak (Nymphalis antiopa), known as the Camberwell beauty in England, overwinter as adults. The larvae, often known as spiny elm caterpillars, are gregarious in habit and feed principally on elm, willow, and poplar foliage.