James Clavell was an Australian-born British author, director, and screenwriter best known for his popular action novels set within Asian cultures, in particular Shōgun (1975), which became an international bestseller and was adapted into a television miniseries (1980) that was a huge ratings

James Clavell was an Australian-born British author, director, and screenwriter best known for his popular action novels set within Asian cultures, in particular Shōgun (1975), which became an international bestseller and was adapted into a television miniseries (1980) that was a huge ratings

Warren Hastings: Political rivalries: …led by an army officer, Sir John Clavering, and included the immensely able and ambitious Philip Francis, immediately quarreled with Hastings. Hastings’s admirers have had little patience with Clavering and Francis; but it is possible to see that Francis had a genuine point of view in his opposition to Hastings…

claves, percussion instrument, a pair of cylindrical hardwood sticks about 8 inches (20 centimetres) long and one inch (2 12 centimetres) in diameter, one of which is held in the player’s fingertips over the cupped hand (a resonator). When struck together they produce a sharp ringing sound. Claves

plant disease: General characteristics: …plant pathogenic bacteria are Agrobacterium, Clavibacter, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Streptomyces, and Xylella. With the exception of Streptomyces species, all are small, single, rod-shaped cells approximately 0.5 to 1.0 micrometre (0.00002 to 0.00004 inch) in width and 1.0 to 3.5

Ascomycota: The genus Claviceps includes C. purpurea, the cause of ergot of rye and ergotism in humans and domestic animals.

ergot: …of sorghum is caused by C. africana, while that of pearl millet is due to C. fusiformis.

ergot: …pearl millet is due to C. fusiformis.

Ascomycota: >C. purpurea, the cause of ergot of rye and ergotism in humans and domestic animals.

clavichord, stringed keyboard musical instrument, developed from the medieval monochord. It flourished from about 1400 to 1800 and was revived in the 20th century. It is usually rectangular in shape, and its case and lid were usually highly decorated, painted, and inlaid. The right, or treble, end

clavicle, curved anterior bone of the shoulder (pectoral) girdle in vertebrates; it functions as a strut to support the shoulder. The clavicle is present in mammals with prehensile forelimbs and in bats, and it is absent in sea mammals and those adapted for running. The wishbone, or furcula, of

clavicytherium, a type of vertically strung

clavier, any stringed keyboard musical instrument in Germany from the late 17th century. The harpsichord, the clavichord, and, later, the piano bore the name. The Anglicized form of the name is often used in English discussions of such instruments in German music. It is also used in place of

keyboard instrument: France: …fifth manual, it was a Clavier de Bombardes, consisting of 16-, 8-, and 4-foot trumpets and a cornet. Unlike its German counterpart, the main case housed all divisions except the Positif, which was in its usual location on the gallery railing.

Johann Sebastian Bach: Instrumental works: The second part of the Clavierübung, containing the Concerto in the Italian Style and the French Overture (Partita) in B Minor, appeared in 1735. The third part, consisting of the Organ Mass with the Prelude and Fugue [“St. Anne”] in E-flat Major (BWV 552), appeared in 1739. From c. 1729…

José Clavijo y Fajardo: …von Goethe in his tragedy Clavigo.

José Clavijo y Fajardo was a Spanish naturalist and man of letters known for his campaign against public performance of the Corpus Christi autos sacramentales, one-act, open-air dramas that portrayed the eucharistic mystery. From his position as editor of the literary periodical El pensador, he

electronic instrument: Post-World War II electronic instruments: The Hammond Solovox, Constant Martin’s Clavioline, and Georges Jenny’s Ondioline are examples of commercially produced monophonic (capable of generating only one note at a time) electronic instruments. These instruments used small keyboards and were designed to mount immediately under the keyboard of a piano. They were capable of simulating a…

William Oughtred: …famous under the title of Clavis Mathematicae (“The Key to Mathematics”), although it was not an easy text. It compressed much of contemporary European knowledge of arithmetic and algebra into less than 100 pages (in the first edition), while a somewhat obscure style and a penchant for excessive symbolism made…

Arthur Collier: In his major work, Clavis Universalis (1713; “Universal Key”), he argued that men dare not conclude that what seems to perception to be external is actually external, for such objects as hallucinations, which seem external, are admitted to be internal. The difference between a seen and an imagined object,…

calendar: The Gregorian calendar: …bull that the Jesuit astronomer Christopher Clavius (1537–1612) began to draw up, using suggestions made by the astronomer and physician Luigi Lilio (also known as Aloysius Lilius; died 1576).

mola: …thick rudderlike structure called a clavus just behind the tall triangular dorsal and anal fins. The development of the clavus results from the folding of the mola’s back fin into its body as the fish grows. The fishes are also flattened from side to side and have tough skin, a…

claw, narrow, arched structure that curves downward from the end of a digit in birds, reptiles, many mammals, and some amphibians. It is a hardened (keratinized) modification of the epidermis. Claws may be adapted for scratching, clutching, digging, or climbing. By analogy, the appendages of other

glassware: The Roman Empire: …of the elaborate and fantastic Rüsselbecher (“elephant’s trunk, or claw beaker”) on which two superimposed rows of hollow, trunklike protrusions curve down to rejoin the wall of the vessel above a small button foot.

hand tool: Hammers and hammerlike tools: …name hammer is the carpenter’s claw type, but there are many others, such as riveting, boilermaker’s, bricklayer’s, blacksmith’s, machinist’s ball peen and cross peen, stone (or spalling), prospecting, and tack hammers. Each has a particular reason for its form. Such specialization was evident under the Romans, and a craftsperson of…

clam shrimp, any member of the crustacean order Conchostraca (subclass Branchiopoda), a group of about 200 species inhabiting shallow freshwater lakes, ponds, and temporary pools throughout the world. Clam shrimps are so called because their entire body is contained within a bivalved shell

clawed frog: …the African clawed frog, or platanna (X. laevis) of southern Africa, a smooth-skinned frog about 13 cm (5 inches) long. It is valuable for mosquito control, because it eats the eggs and young of those insects. Native to sub-Saharan Africa, X. laevis was introduced to the United States and Britain.…

clawed frog, (genus Xenopus), any member of 6 to 15 species of tongueless aquatic African frogs (family Pipidae) having small black claws on the inner three toes of the hind limbs. Xenopus species are generally dull-coloured. Their bodies are relatively flat and bear whitish fringelike mucous

mustelid: Natural history: Clawless otters (genus Aonyx) specialize in crustaceans (especially crabs) and mollusks, whereas other otters (genus Lutra) are primarily fish eaters. Among the weasels (genus Mustela), specialization occurs even between the sexes, such that males, owing to their larger size, consume larger prey than females do.

Laurence Claxton was a preacher and pamphleteer, leader of the radical English religious sect known as the Ranters. Originally a tailor by trade, Claxton sampled many Protestant denominations before joining the Baptists in 1644. His first tracts, The Pilgrimage of Saints and Truth Released,

mechanics’ institute: Timothy Claxton founded the Mechanical Institution in London in 1817; it offered lecture-discussions for three years, until Claxton left London in 1820. The New York Mechanic and Scientific Institution, founded in 1822, was the first of many short-lived efforts in New York.

Kle, town, western Liberia. It is a traditional trading centre among the Gola people. The B.F. Goodrich Company, Liberia, Inc., established a plantation, hospital, power plant, housing, schools, and roads to the west of the town, which began producing rubber in 1963. Pop. (2008)

clay, soil particles the diameters of which are less than 0.005 millimetre; also a rock that is composed essentially of clay particles. Rock in this sense includes soils, ceramic clays, clay shales, mudstones, glacial clays (including great volumes of detrital and transported clays), and deep-sea

Charleston: The Clay Center for the Arts & Sciences of West Virginia includes an art museum, a performing arts centre, a discovery museum, and a planetarium. The University of Charleston (formerly Morris Harvey College) is a private coeducational university founded in 1888; West Virginia State College (1891),…

playa: Effects of wind action: …these features are sometimes called clay dunes. In Australia they are known as lunettes. James M. Bowler, an Australian Quaternary stratigrapher, produced a precise chronology of playa development and associated eolian activity in the desert of western New South Wales, Australia. There, numerous small lakes reached their maximum extent 32,000…

nodule: Clay ironstone, a mixture of clay and siderite (iron carbonate), sometimes occurs as layers of dark-gray to brown, fine-grained nodules overlying coal seams. Phosphorites, massive phosphate rocks, often occur in phosphate deposits, in some limestones and chalks, and on the present sea bottom as black,…

Millennium Problem: …problems designated such by the Clay Mathematics Institute (CMI) of Cambridge, Mass., U.S., each of which has a million-dollar reward for its solution. CMI was founded in 1998 by American businessman Landon T. Clay “to increase and disseminate mathematical knowledge.” The seven problems, which were announced in 2000, are the…

clay mineral, any of a group of important hydrous aluminum silicates with a layer (sheetlike) structure and very small particle size. They may contain significant amounts of iron, alkali metals, or alkaline earths. The term clay is generally applied to (1) a natural material with plastic

clay mineralogy, the scientific discipline concerned with all aspects of clay minerals, including their properties, composition, classification, crystal structure, and occurrence and distribution in nature. The methods of study include X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopic analysis, chemical

playa, flat-bottom depression found in interior desert basins and adjacent to coasts within arid and semiarid regions, periodically covered by water that slowly filtrates into the ground water system or evaporates into the atmosphere, causing the deposition of salt, sand, and mud along the bottom

Richard Fleischer: Early life and work: …who is framed for murder; The Clay Pigeon (1949), about a sailor (played by Bill Williams) who awakens from a coma only to learn that he is about to be court-martialed for treason; Follow Me Quietly (1949), a police procedural about a serial killer; and Trapped (1949), a pseudodocumentary about…

refractory: Clay-based refractories: In this section the composition and properties of the clay-based refractories are described. Most are produced as preformed brick. Much of the remaining products are so-called monolithics, materials that can be formed and solidified on-site. This category includes mortars for cementing bricks and…

Anatolian religion: Prehistoric periods: Though the Old Assyrian tablets are concerned exclusively with commercial matters, the seal impressions that they bear contain a new and elaborate system of religious symbolism (iconography) that later reached its maturity under the Hittites. Here a whole pantheon of deities, some recognizably Mesopotamian, others native Anatolian, are distinguished…

Octavia E. Butler: (1978), Wild Seed (1980), and Clay’s Ark (1984).

Cassius Marcellus Clay was an American antislavery leader who served the abolition movement in spite of his Southern background. Although he was the son of a slaveholder and a relative of the Kentucky senator Henry Clay, who—true to his byname (the Great Compromiser)—favoured only gradual

Muhammad Ali was an American professional boxer and social activist. Ali was the first fighter to win the world heavyweight championship on three separate occasions; he successfully defended this title 19 times. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., grew

Henry Clay was an American statesman, U.S. congressman (1811–14, 1815–21, 1823–25), and U.S. senator (1806–07, 1810–11, 1831–42, 1849–52) who was noted for his American System (which integrated a national bank, the tariff, and internal improvements to promote economic stability and prosperity) and

Lucius D. Clay was a U.S. Army officer who became the first director of civilian affairs in defeated Germany after World War II. Clay graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York (1918), and served in army engineer assignments before becoming head of the first national civil

Lucius D. Clay was a U.S. Army officer who became the first director of civilian affairs in defeated Germany after World War II. Clay graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York (1918), and served in army engineer assignments before becoming head of the first national civil

trapshooting, sport in which participants use shotguns for shooting at saucer-shaped clay targets flung into the air from a spring device called a trap. A later variant, skeet shooting, is also included in trapshooting. Trapshooting originated in England in the late 18th century when marksmen, to

Arnold Bennett: …Old Wives’ Tale (1908), and Clayhanger (1910; included with its successors, Hilda Lessways, 1911, and These Twain, 1916, in The Clayhanger Family, 1925)—have their setting there, the only exception being Riceyman Steps (1923), set in a lower-middle-class district of London.

The Clayhanger Family, trilogy of semiautobiographical novels by Arnold Bennett. The first and best-known book of the three is Clayhanger (1910); it was followed by Hilda Lessways (1911) and These Twain (1915). They were published together in 1925. Set in the late 19th century in a drab potters’

Phil Knight: Nike: …animation that it dubbed “Claymation.” The company’s creations included iconic commercial characters, including the California Raisins and talking M&Ms. In 2002 Knight became a majority holder in the business and ousted founder Will Vinton the following year. Knight later renamed the company Laika, after the dog who was the…

claystone, hardened clay. Some geologists further restrict the term to a sedimentary rock that is composed primarily of clay-sized particles (less than 1256 millimetre in diameter) and is not laminated or easily split into thin layers; such rocks that show cleavage roughly parallel to the bedding

Clayton, city, seat of St. Louis county and a suburb of St. Louis, eastern Missouri, U.S. Founded in 1876, it was named for Ralph Clayton, a farmer from Virginia who had settled in the area in the 1830s and donated land for the establishment of a county seat after the city of St. Louis elected to

Clayton Antitrust Act, law enacted in 1914 by the United States Congress to clarify and strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890). The vague language of the latter had provided large corporations with numerous loopholes, enabling them to engage in certain restrictive business arrangements that,

Bono: , and Adam Clayton formed a band that would become U2. They shared a commitment not only to ambitious rock music but also to a deeply spiritual Christianity. Indeed, one of the few genuine threats to U2’s extraordinary longevity (a collaboration—with the manager, Paul McGuinness—of more than…

Buck Clayton was an American jazz musician who was the star trumpet soloist of the early, classic Count Basie orchestra and, thereafter, was an outstanding soloist and successful arranger. At age 21 Clayton moved to California, where he played trumpet and organized one of the first jazz bands to

Celler-Kefauver Act: History of antitrust legislation: Henry De Lamar Clayton from Alabama, clarified the interpretation difficulties by amending language and added specific examples of illegal actions by companies. Local targeted price-cutting, a type of price discrimination, was outlawed by the act, along with horizontal mergers and acquisitions and exclusive dealership agreements.

John Middleton Clayton was a U.S. public official best known for his part in negotiating the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty (1850), aimed at harmonizing U.S.–British interests in Central America. Clayton entered politics as a member of the Delaware House of Representatives (1824) and served as secretary of

Saudi Arabia: Ibn Saud and the third Saudi state: …and a British special envoy, Sir Gilbert Clayton, placed Saudi relations with Great Britain on a permanent footing as the British fully acknowledged Saudi independence. A series of Muslim conferences sponsored by the Saudis in the Hejaz legitimized their presence as rulers.

Buck Clayton was an American jazz musician who was the star trumpet soloist of the early, classic Count Basie orchestra and, thereafter, was an outstanding soloist and successful arranger. At age 21 Clayton moved to California, where he played trumpet and organized one of the first jazz bands to

Clayton–Bulwer Treaty, compromise agreement (signed April 19, 1850) designed to harmonize contending British and U.S. interests in Central America. Because of its equivocal language, it became one of the most discussed and difficult treaties in the history of Anglo-U.S. relations. It resulted from

Blood, Sweat & Tears: David Clayton-Thomas, BS&T’s chart-topping success, and beyond: The band regrouped with David Clayton-Thomas (b. September 13, 1941, in Surrey, England), formerly of the Canadian blues band the Bossmen, as the lead vocalist and soon vaulted to popularity. The 1969 Grammy-winning album Blood, Sweat & Tears spent more than two years on the Billboard 200 album chart…

spring beauty, (species Claytonia virginica), small, succulent, spring-flowering perennial plant of the purslane family (Portulacaceae), native to eastern North America and often planted in moist shady areas of rock gardens. It grows to 30 cm (12 inches) from a globose corm and produces narrow

Clazomenae, ancient Ionian Greek city, located about 20 miles west of Izmir (Smyrna) in modern Turkey. It was founded on the mainland near the base of the Erythraean peninsula; it became part of the Ionian Dodecapolis and was well known for its painted terra-cotta sarcophagi (6th century bc).

Canadian Labour Congress (CLC), nationwide association of labour unions in Canada, comprising both wholly Canadian “national” unions and “international” unions that are Canadian branches of unions based in the United States. The CLC was formed in 1956 through the merger of the Trades and Labour

myotonia: …in a gene known as CLCN1 (chloride channel 1, skeletal muscle). That gene normally produces a protein that controls chloride channels in skeletal muscle fibre cells. However, defects in CLCN1 disrupt ion flow, causing muscles to contract for prolonged periods of time. Mutation of the human skeletal muscle sodium channel…

Bartter syndrome: Types of Bartter syndrome: …of variations in CLCNKB and CLCNKA (chloride channel Ka) or from variation of the gene called BSND (Bartter syndrome, infantile, with sensorineural deafness).

Bartter syndrome: Types of Bartter syndrome: …in the gene known as CLCNKB (chloride channel Kb), which functions in the reabsorption of chloride and hence sodium in the kidney tubules. Mutations underlying classic Bartter syndrome result in the loss of function of the encoded protein, thereby leading to excessive excretion of sodium in the urine. This form…

Cle Elum River, watercourse, central Washington, U.S., rising in the Cascade Range. The river flows generally south through Cle Elum Lake, thence southeast past Cle Elum, joining the Yakima River of the Columbia River system after a course of about 28 miles (45 km). The fast-flowing river is a

The Alexandria Quartet: (1958), Mountolive (1958), and Clea (1960), is set in Alexandria, Egypt, during the 1940s. Three of the books are written in the first person, Mountolive in the third. The first three volumes describe, from different viewpoints, a series of events in Alexandria before World War II; the fourth carries…

radio telescope: Radio interferometry and aperture synthesis: …Hogbom developed a technique called CLEAN, which is used to remove the spurious responses from a celestial radio image caused by the use of discrete, rather than continuous, spacings in deriving the radio image. Further developments, based on a technique introduced in the early 1950s by the British scientists Roger…

Adrien Brody: …zha (2018; Air Strike) and Clean (2020); he cowrote the latter, which centres on a garbage man with a violent past. During this time Brody also appeared in a number of Wes Anderson’s films, including The Darjeeling Limited (2007), The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014), and The French Dispatch (2021). In…

acid rain: History: …Act of 1970 and its amendments in 1990. Work toward developing a Memorandum of Intent between the U.S. and Canada to reduce air pollution and acid deposition began in the 1970s. However, it was not formalized until the Canada–United States Air Quality Agreement in 1991, which placed permanent caps on…

Clean Air Act (CAA), U.S. federal law, passed in 1970 and later amended, to prevent air pollution and thereby protect the ozone layer and promote public health. The Clean Air Act (CAA) gave the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the power it needed to take effective action to fight environmental

London: Smog and air pollution: …alleviated by parliamentary legislation (the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and 1968) outlawing the burning of coal, combined with the clearance of older housing and the loss of manufacturing.

weightlifting: Lifts: The clean and jerk is a two-part lift. After lifting the barbell to the shoulders, the lifter jerks it overhead to arm’s length, with no restrictions on the time necessary to complete the lift or on leg movements. In both lifts, the lifter must complete the…

vegetable farming: Soil preparation and management: In the practice of clean culture, commonly followed in vegetable growing, the soil is kept free of all competing plants through frequent cultivation and the use of protective coverings, or mulches, and weed killers. In a clean vegetable field the possibility of attack by insects and disease-incitant organisms, for…

Kyoto Protocol: Background and provisions: …the international program called the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which encouraged developed countries to invest in technology and infrastructure in less-developed countries, where there were often significant opportunities to reduce emissions. Under the CDM, the investing country could claim the effective reduction in emissions as a credit toward meeting its…

New Kōmeitō, Japanese political party that was founded in 1964 as the political wing of the Buddhist lay movement Sōka-gakkai. It advocates “humanitarian socialism,” an open, independent foreign policy, and, among other things, the gradual abolition of the Japan-U.S. security treaty. After the 1962

annulment: The so-called clean hands doctrine figures heavily in such cases, meaning that the conduct of the person seeking the annulment must be fair and above suspicion if he is to prevail. Thus, a party who knew the partner was underage but proceeded with the marriage would probably…

Italy: Emergence of the second republic: …“Bribesville” (Tangentopoli), and under “Operation Clean Hands” many leading politicians, civil servants, and prominent businessmen were arrested and imprisoned. Nearly all of Italy’s political parties were involved, but the Christian Democrats and the Socialists were the heart of the system. Craxi, the former prime minister, was eventually convicted on…

Paris Agreement: Background: …accomplish that goal, the country’s Clean Power Plan was to set limits on existing and planned power plant emissions. China, the country with the largest total greenhouse gas emissions, set its target for the peaking of its carbon dioxide emissions “around 2030 and making best efforts to peak early.” Chinese…

clean room, in manufacturing and research, dust-free working area with strict temperature and humidity control that is of vital importance in the manufacture of equipment sensitive to environmental contamination, such as components for electronic and aerospace systems. Seamless plastic walls and

Clean Water Act (CWA), U.S. legislation enacted in 1972 to restore and maintain clean and healthy waters. The CWA was a response to increasing public concern for the environment and for the condition of the nation’s waters. It served as a major revision of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of

A Clean, Well-Lighted Place, much-anthologized short story by Ernest Hemingway, first published in Scribner’s Magazine in March 1933 and later that year in the collection Winner Take Nothing. Late one night two waiters in a café wait for their last customer, an old man who has recently attempted

Alexander the Great: Campaign eastward to Central Asia: …secret message was sent to Cleander, Parmenio’s second in command, who obediently assassinated him. This ruthless action excited widespread horror but strengthened Alexander’s position relative to his critics and those whom he regarded as his father’s men. All Parmenio’s adherents were now eliminated and men close to Alexander promoted. The…

community ecology: Mutualism and cheaters: This subversion has occurred between cleaner fish and their hosts. Cleaner fish are highly specialized fish that pick parasites off the skin of other fish. Host fish arrive at specific sites where they present themselves to the cleaner fish that groom them. Other fish have evolved to resemble the cleaner…

art conservation and restoration: Metal sculpture: …maintenance procedures, such as regular cleaning and the application of protective coatings. Regular maintenance has proved to be highly cost-effective and successful in the preservation of outdoor sculpture over the long term. Regular cleaning and coating (with waxes or synthetic polymers or both, which sometimes contain corrosion inhibitors) have kept…

cleaning behaviour, self-grooming, as the action of a bird in preening its feathers, or mutual grooming as part of species behaviour, as among monkeys and other mammalian groups. Mutual grooming, which is often derived from display behaviour, cements social bonds between individuals of a group or

English literature: The revival of alliterative poetry: …homiletic poems called Patience and Purity (or Cleanness), and an elegiac dream vision known as Pearl, all miraculously preserved in a single manuscript dated about 1400. The poet of Sir Gawayne far exceeded the other alliterative writers in his mastery of form and style, and, though he wrote ultimately as…

purification rite, any of the ceremonial acts or customs employed in an attempt to reestablish lost purity or to create a higher degree of purity in relation to the sacred (the transcendental realm) or the social and cultural realm. They are found in all known cultures and religions, both ancient

Cleanthes was a Stoic philosopher who became head of the Stoic school (263–232 bc) after the death of Zeno of Citium. Among his pupils were his successor, Chrysippus, and Antigonus II, king of Macedonia. Although Cleanthes produced little that is original, he brought a religious fervour to the

Alaska: Services, labour, and taxation: …missile early warning system at Clear Air Force Station (southwest of Fairbanks), the expansion of the military bases at Anchorage and Fairbanks, and the construction of missile sites at Fort Greely (southeast of Fairbanks).

rationalism: Epistemological rationalism in modern philosophies: The clearness and distinctness upon which he insisted was not that of perception but of conception, the clearness with which the intellect grasps an abstract idea, such as the number three or its being greater than two.

Harrison Ford: Clancy novels—Patriot Games (1992) and Clear and Present Danger (1994). In The Fugitive (1993), a film based on the 1960s television show, he portrayed the wrongly convicted Dr. Richard Kimble.

Tom Clancy: >Clear and Present Danger (1989; film 1994), The Sum of All Fears (1991; film 2002), Rainbow Six (1998), The Bear and the Dragon (2000), The Teeth of the Tiger (2003), Dead or Alive (2010), and

Gitlow v. New York: …the Court rejected the “clear and present danger” test established in Schenck v. U.S. (1919) and instead used the “bad (or dangerous) tendency” test. The New York state law was constitutional because the state “cannot reasonably be required to defer the adoption of measures for its own peace and…

benefit performance: The clear benefit, coveted by all performers, provided the actor with the full proceeds of his performance, the management agreeing to pay all additional charges. With a half-clear benefit, the actor divided the gross income with the manager. The benefit proper stipulated that the actor pay…