Zhuang language, language spoken by the Zhuang people, an official minority group of southern China, mostly in the Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi. The dialects spoken in northern Guangxi belong to the Northern branch of the Tai language family and are known officially in China as the Northern

Zhuangzi, Chinese philosophical, literary, and religious classic bearing the name of the philosopher Zhuangzi (“Master Zhuang”), or Zhuang Zhou (flourished 4th century bce). It was highly influential in the development of subsequent Chinese philosophy and religion, particularly Daoism, Buddhism,

Zhuangzi was the most significant of China’s early interpreters of Daoism, whose work (Zhuangzi) is considered one of the definitive texts of Daoism and is thought to be more comprehensive than the Daodejing, which is attributed to Laozi, the first philosopher of Daoism. Zhuangzi’s teachings also

Chinese literature: May Fourth period: …the smaller Chuangzao She (“Creation Society”), on the other hand, were followers of the “Romantic” tradition who eschewed any expressions of social responsibility by writers, referring to their work as “art for art’s sake.” In 1924, however, the society’s leading figure, Guo Moruo, converted to Marxism, and the Creation…

chuanqi, a form of traditional Chinese operatic drama that developed from the nanxi in the late 14th century. Chuanqi alternated with the zaju as the major form of Chinese drama until the 16th century, when kunqu, a particular style of chuanqi, began to dominate serious Chinese drama. Highly

Yuan Zhen: …themes, he adapted the traditional chuanqi, or “marvel tale,” to serious moral and social purposes. Works such as his semiautobiographical Yingyingzhuan (“Story of Yingying”) thus set a new standard for the genre of the tale in Chinese literature.

Wang Yangming: Political and military career: …earlier constitute his main work, Chuanxilu (“Instructions for Practical Living”). In 1521 he had enunciated his doctrine of complete realization of the innate knowledge of the good.

Chinese painting: Three Kingdoms (220–280) and Six Dynasties (220–589): …in placing and positioning); and chuanyi moxie (transmission of ancient models by copying). The last principle seems to refer to the copying of ancient paintings both for technical training and as a means of preserving them and hence the tradition itself. Of the “six principles,” the first two are fundamental,…

chub, any of several freshwater fishes of the carp family, Cyprinidae, common in Europe and North America. Chubs are good bait fish, and large specimens are caught for sport or food. The European chub (Leuciscus cephalus) is a popular, though not especially palatable, game fish found in Europe and

mackerel: …to this species is the chub mackerel (S. colias; once separated into Atlantic and Pacific species). They are more finely marked than the common mackerel; the chub mackerel that is found in the Pacific Ocean is bright green with vertical stripes. It has an air bladder but is otherwise similar…

Yury Luzhkov: …particularly First Deputy Prime Minister Anatoly Chubais. Luzhkov frequently squared off against Chubais over the handling of the privatization process in Moscow. Outlying provinces also harboured suspicions of the mayor and his city’s newfound wealth, but Luzhkov was praised by his constituents, nearly 90 percent of whom reelected him over…

Sadeq Chubak was an author of short fiction, drama, and novels, one of the leading 20th-century writers of Iran. Chubak’s short stories are characterized by their intricacy, economy of detail, and concentration upon a single theme, causing some to compare them to Persian miniature paintings. Chubak

Sadeq Chubak was an author of short fiction, drama, and novels, one of the leading 20th-century writers of Iran. Chubak’s short stories are characterized by their intricacy, economy of detail, and concentration upon a single theme, causing some to compare them to Persian miniature paintings. Chubak

Ungava-Quebec Crater, geologically young crater, produced by an impact event involving a meteorite, located in the northwestern part of the Ungava Peninsula, northern Quebec province, Canada. First recognized as an impact structure in 1950, the crater is 3.4 km (2.1 miles) in diameter and has a rim

Charles Chubb was a British inventor and entrepreneur, founder of the locksmith firm of Chubb & Son (now Chubb & Son PLC), which in the 20th century became a major corporation manufacturing and distributing locks, safes, alarms, fire extinguishers, security systems, surveillance equipment, and

lock: Development of modern types.: …1784 (between Barron’s lock and Chubb’s improvements on it) a remarkable lock was patented in England by Joseph Bramah. Working on an entirely different principle, it used a very small light key, yet gave an unprecedented amount of security. Bramah’s locks are very intricate (hence, expensive to make), and for…

Thomas Chubb was a self-taught English philosopher and proponent of Deism, regarded by Voltaire as one of the most logical of his school. The son of a maltster, Chubb was apprenticed to a glovemaker and later worked for a tallow chandler. He read widely and began to write on rationalism in the

Chūbu, chihō (region), central Honshu, Japan. Situated between Kantō region (east) and Kinki region (west), it encompasses the ken (prefectures) of Niigata, Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Yamanashi, Nagano, Gifu, Shizuoka, and Aichi. The region’s name is derived from its location in the central part

Chubut, provincia (province), southern Argentina. It is part of the region known as Patagonia, bounded by the Atlantic Ocean (east) and Chile (west). Rawson, along the northeast-central coast, is the provincial capital. To the west, the forested, fertile Andean foothills are interspersed with

Chubut River, river in southern Argentina, rising in the Andes Mountains south of San Carlos de Bariloche in Río Negro provincia (province). It flows southward and then eastward, emerging from the Andes in northwestern Chubut province. It then flows generally southeastward to the Pass of Indios,

Khujand, city, northwestern Tajikistan. The city lies along both banks of the Syr Darya (river) at the entrance to the fertile and heavily populated Fergana Valley. One of the most ancient cities of Central Asia, it lay along the great Silk Road from China to Europe. It was captured by the Arabs in

Chuci, compendium of ancient Chinese poetic songs from the southern state of Chu during the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 bce). The poems were collected in the 2nd century ce by Wang Yi, an imperial librarian during the latter part of the Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce). Many of the poems are attributed to

Elisabeth Moss: …starred with Liev Schreiber in Chuck (2016), a biography of boxer Chuck Wepner; took on the role of Masha in The Seagull (2018), a film version of Anton Chekhov’s play; starred in the sci-fi horror film The Invisible Man (2020); and portrayed writer Shirley Jackson in Shirley (2020). She also…

hand tool: Drilling and boring tools: …that fit into simple split chucks (holders) and were secured with a thumbscrew. Soon the screwed shell chuck and ratchet was devised to set the standard for the modern tool. By 1900 the swivel turned on ball bearings instead of a leather washer, and the metal parts were nickel-plated.

By the time Chuck Blore switched on “Color Radio” in Los Angeles, on KFWB in January 1958, Top 40 had been around for several years. It was Blore, however, who gave it a polish that elevated his stations—and those that imitated them—beyond the ultimately limited confines of a teenage audience.

Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five: …the likes of Public Enemy’s Chuck D and Boogie Down Production’s KRS-One to create provocative social commentary in the manner of Bob Dylan and Bob Marley. The group also tackled drug abuse in “White Lines” (1983). By the mid-1980s the group had disbanded, and later reunions were short-lived. In 2007…

chuck-a-luck, dice game of medieval origin that is related to grand hazard. It is played with three dice and a layout numbered from one to six upon which the players place their bets. The banker then rolls the dice by turning over an hourglass-shaped wire cage in which they are contained. The

chuck-will’s-widow, (species Caprimulgus carolinensis), nocturnal bird of the family Caprimulgidae, found in the swamps, rocky uplands, and pine woods of the southeastern United States, migrating to the West Indies, Central America, and northwestern South America. This nightjar is named for its

Chukchi, people inhabiting the northeasternmost part of Siberia, the Chukotskiy (Chukotka) autonomous okrug (district) in Russia. They numbered 14,000 in the late 20th century and are divided into two chief subgroups, reindeer Chukchi and maritime Chukchi. The reindeer Chukchi inhabit the interior

machine tool: Turret lathes: A chucking machine is designed primarily for machining larger parts, such as castings, forgings, or blanks of stock that usually must be mounted in the chuck manually.

chuckwalla, (genus Sauromalus), any of five species of stocky, slightly flattened lizards belonging to the subfamily Iguaninae (family Iguanidae), found on arid, rocky hills of southwestern North America. The common chuckwalla (S. ater), which occurs in the southwestern United States, reaches 50 cm

Lake Titicaca: …in the northwest, is called Lake Chucuito in Bolivia and Lake Grande in Peru.

Lake Peipus, lake forming part of the boundary between Estonia and Pskov oblast (province) of Russia. It is connected by the narrow Lake Tyoploye to a southern extension, Lake Pskov. Lake Peipus has an area of 1,370 square miles (3,550 square km), although this varies. The lake bottom, reaching a

Lake Peipus: …“Battle on the Ice” (Ledovoye Poboishche). His victory (April 5) forced the grand master of the Knights to relinquish all claims to the Russian lands that he had conquered and substantially reduced the Teutonic threat to northwestern Russia.

jue, type of ancient Chinese pitcherlike container used for wine and characterized by an elegant and dynamic shape. The jue can either be a type of pottery or it can be bronze. It is much like the jia except for the rim, which is drawn into a large, projecting, U-shaped spout (with capped pillars

jueju, a Chinese verse form that was popular during the Tang dynasty (618–907). An outgrowth of the lüshi, it is a four-line poem, each line of which consists of five or seven words. It omits either the first four lines, the last four lines, the first two and the last two lines, or the middle four

groundnut: …especially in the variety called chufa or earth almond.

Chugach Mountains, segment of the Pacific mountain system of western North America that is wholly within the U.S. state of Alaska. It extends eastward along the coast for about 300 miles (500 km) from Turnagain Arm of the Cook Inlet (Gulf of Alaska) to Cape Yakataga in southern Alaska. Many peaks

Alaskan mountains: Plant and animal life: …Forest encompasses southeastern Alaska, and Chugach National Forest covers the lower parts of the Chugach, Kenai, and Kodiak mountain areas. Vegetation in the lower elevations is a hemlock-spruce coastal forest. Western hemlock and Sitka spruce extend to about 1,500 feet (450 metres) above sea level, and subalpine species to at…

Chugach Mountains, segment of the Pacific mountain system of western North America that is wholly within the U.S. state of Alaska. It extends eastward along the coast for about 300 miles (500 km) from Turnagain Arm of the Cook Inlet (Gulf of Alaska) to Cape Yakataga in southern Alaska. Many peaks

Daniel Mann was an American director who was best known for his film adaptations of plays, several of which he also staged on Broadway. After attending New York’s Professional Children’s School, Mann studied at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre. He later directed theatre productions,

Abdur Rahman Chughtai was a Pakistani artist. In the 1920s he created large watercolours in a modified Bengal-school style. By the 1940s his painting style was influenced by Mughal architecture, Islamic calligraphy, miniature painting, and Art Nouveau, and his diverse subject matter included heroes

Chūgoku Range, mountain range, in Chūgoku (“China”) chihō (region), western Honshu, Japan. It forms the major mountain system of Yamaguchi, Hiroshima, Shimane, Okayama, and Tottori ken (prefectures) and extends to the fault scarp of the Hira Range along Lake Biwa. The mountains to the east of the

Chūgoku Range, mountain range, in Chūgoku (“China”) chihō (region), western Honshu, Japan. It forms the major mountain system of Yamaguchi, Hiroshima, Shimane, Okayama, and Tottori ken (prefectures) and extends to the fault scarp of the Hira Range along Lake Biwa. The mountains to the east of the

Japan: The Hideyoshi regime: The feudal chigyō system, based on the kokudaka assessment, was established throughout the country. The provincial daimyo all submitted to Hideyoshi’s regime, and the more egalitarian, alliance-like relationship between Nobunaga and the former Sengoku daimyo was replaced by a clear lord-vassal relationship.

pottery: Underglaze blue and red: …powder blue, or, in Chinese, chui qing (“blown blue”), and is distinct from the sponged blue grounds of the Ming dynasty. It was subsequently used at several of the porcelain factories in Europe. Clair de lune (yue bai, “moon white”), a cobalt glaze of the palest blue shade, was also…

Wong Kar-Wai: …gangster drama Chuihau singlee (1987; Final Victory). In addition, Tam introduced the work of Argentine novelist Manuel Puig to Wong, who was particularly influenced by the fragmentary narrative of Heartbreak Tango (1969).

pottery: Coloured glazes: …Chinese as “blown red” (chui hong). It was certainly used as a monochrome in early Ming times and possibly even earlier, and is the direct ancestor of the showy flambé glazes (yao bian) of the Qianlong period that are often vividly streaked with unreduced copper blue.

Vasily Chuikov was a Soviet general (and later marshal) who in World War II commanded the defense at the Battle of Stalingrad, joined in turning Adolf Hitler’s armies back, and led the Soviet drive to Berlin. The son of peasants, Chuikov worked as a mechanic apprentice from the age of 12. At the

Vasily Chuikov was a Soviet general (and later marshal) who in World War II commanded the defense at the Battle of Stalingrad, joined in turning Adolf Hitler’s armies back, and led the Soviet drive to Berlin. The son of peasants, Chuikov worked as a mechanic apprentice from the age of 12. At the

Tucson, city, seat (1864) of Pima county, southeastern Arizona, U.S. Tucson lies along the Santa Cruz River on a hilly plain of the Sonoran Desert that is rimmed by the Santa Catalina and other mountains. The city lies at an elevation of 2,410 feet (735 metres) and is situated about 115 miles (185

chukar, popular small game bird, a species of partridge

Chukchi, people inhabiting the northeasternmost part of Siberia, the Chukotskiy (Chukotka) autonomous okrug (district) in Russia. They numbered 14,000 in the late 20th century and are divided into two chief subgroups, reindeer Chukchi and maritime Chukchi. The reindeer Chukchi inhabit the interior

Chukchi Sea, part of the Arctic Ocean, bounded by Wrangel Island (west), northeastern Siberia and northwestern Alaska (south), the Beaufort Sea (east), and the Arctic continental slope (north). It has an area of 225,000 square miles (582,000 square km) and an average depth of 253 feet (77 m). The

Chukchi, people inhabiting the northeasternmost part of Siberia, the Chukotskiy (Chukotka) autonomous okrug (district) in Russia. They numbered 14,000 in the late 20th century and are divided into two chief subgroups, reindeer Chukchi and maritime Chukchi. The reindeer Chukchi inhabit the interior

Paleo-Siberian languages: Yeniseian, Luorawetlan, and Nivkh: …Luorawetlan family consists of (1) Chukchi, spoken by no more than 11,000 people in the northeasternmost parts of Siberia, west of the small enclaves of Siberian Yupik (Eskimo), (2) Koryak, also called Nymylan, with approximately 3,500 speakers, spoken on northern Kamchatka and northward to the Anadyr River basin, (3) the…

Chukchi Sea, part of the Arctic Ocean, bounded by Wrangel Island (west), northeastern Siberia and northwestern Alaska (south), the Beaufort Sea (east), and the Arctic continental slope (north). It has an area of 225,000 square miles (582,000 square km) and an average depth of 253 feet (77 m). The

polo: The game.: …7 12 minutes each, called chukkers, chukkars, or chukkas. Eight chukkers are played in Argentina, and four is a common number in England and on the European continent.

polo: The game.: …7 12 minutes each, called chukkers, chukkars, or chukkas. Eight chukkers are played in Argentina, and four is a common number in England and on the European continent.

polo: The game.: …7 12 minutes each, called chukkers, chukkars, or chukkas. Eight chukkers are played in Argentina, and four is a common number in England and on the European continent.

Chukotka, autonomous okrug (district), Russia, in the extreme northeastern portion of Siberia. Apart from the basin of the Anadyr River, most of the okrug is mountainous or hilly. Almost everywhere a severe Arctic climate permits only tundra vegetation, with some stunted forest in the south. The

Chukotka, autonomous okrug (district), Russia, in the extreme northeastern portion of Siberia. Apart from the basin of the Anadyr River, most of the okrug is mountainous or hilly. Almost everywhere a severe Arctic climate permits only tundra vegetation, with some stunted forest in the south. The

Chukchi Sea, part of the Arctic Ocean, bounded by Wrangel Island (west), northeastern Siberia and northwestern Alaska (south), the Beaufort Sea (east), and the Arctic continental slope (north). It has an area of 225,000 square miles (582,000 square km) and an average depth of 253 feet (77 m). The

Chukchi Sea, part of the Arctic Ocean, bounded by Wrangel Island (west), northeastern Siberia and northwestern Alaska (south), the Beaufort Sea (east), and the Arctic continental slope (north). It has an area of 225,000 square miles (582,000 square km) and an average depth of 253 feet (77 m). The

Chukotka, autonomous okrug (district), Russia, in the extreme northeastern portion of Siberia. Apart from the basin of the Anadyr River, most of the okrug is mountainous or hilly. Almost everywhere a severe Arctic climate permits only tundra vegetation, with some stunted forest in the south. The

Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky was a Russian critic and writer of children’s literature, often considered the first modern Russian writer for children. Chukovsky grew up in impoverished circumstances. In 1901 he began working for the newspaper Odesskiye Novosti (“Odessa News”); he spent two years in

Chūkyō Industrial Zone, industrial region centring on Nagoya, Japan, and comprising portions of the ken (prefectures) of Aichi, Gifu, and Mie; Chūkyō is neither an administrative nor a political entity. Bordered by Ise Bay on the south, the region is drained by the Ibi River, Kiso River, and Nagara

Chūkyō Industrial Zone, industrial region centring on Nagoya, Japan, and comprising portions of the ken (prefectures) of Aichi, Gifu, and Mie; Chūkyō is neither an administrative nor a political entity. Bordered by Ise Bay on the south, the region is drained by the Ibi River, Kiso River, and Nagara

Chula Vista, city, San Diego county, southern California, U.S. Chula Vista lies on the eastern shore of San Diego Bay, south of San Diego and just north of Tijuana, Mexico. Once the territory of the Kumeyaay Indians, the area now known as Chula Vista was claimed by the Spanish, the Mexicans, and

Chulalongkorn was the king of Siam who avoided colonial domination and embarked upon far-reaching reforms. Chulalongkorn was the ninth son of King Mongkut, but since he was the first to be born to a royal queen, he was recognized as heir to the throne. He was only 15 years old when his father died

Thailand: Education: …in Bangkok in 1917 (Chulalongkorn University) to dozens of state and private institutions spread across the country. There are also numerous teachers’ colleges, as well as open universities, military and police academies, and universities for monks that offer bachelor’s degrees. Some postsecondary students who do not attend university obtain…

São Paulo FC: …played for São Paulo, including Serginho Chulapa (also known as Sérgio Bernardino)—the club’s leading goal scorer with more than 240 goals—and Rogerio Ceni, the long-serving goalkeeper who played in more than 800 matches with the club.

Barwani: Nearby lies Chulgiri Hill, a pilgrimage site of special sanctity to the Jains; on the face of the hill is carved a gigantic figure of the Jain saint Bahubali (Gommateshvara). Pop. (2001) 43,232; (2011) 55,504.

origins of agriculture: Korea: …8000 and 4000 bp the Chulmun culture flourished in the Korean peninsula. Chulmun people lived in pit-house villages and made pottery that was undecorated or decorated with linear designs. Their economy seems to have been based largely on hunting, gathering, and fishing. Foxtail millet and broomcorn millet directly dated to…

China: Foreign affairs under Yangdi: …the western Turks, whose ruler, Chuluo, was part Chinese, were on good terms with the Sui. In 610, however, Yangdi supported a rival, Shegui, who drove out Chuluo. The latter took service, with an army of 10,000 followers, at Yangdi’s court. When Sui power began to wane after 612, the…

Chulym River, river in Krasnoyarsk kray (region) and Tomsk oblast (province), Russia, and the longest right-bank tributary of the Ob River; it is 1,118 miles (1,799 km) long and has a basin of 53,400 square miles (134,000 square km). The Chulym, formed by the convergence of the Bely and Chyorny

chum salmon, (Oncorhynchus keta), lightly speckled North Pacific fish, family Salmonidae, weighing up to 15 kg (33 pounds). During the spawning season in autumn, it may swim more than 3,200 km (2,000 miles) up the Yukon River. (See also

Chumash, any of several related North American Indian groups speaking a Hokan language. They originally lived in what are now the California coastlands and adjacent inland areas from Malibu northward to Estero Bay, and on the three northern Channel Islands off Santa Barbara. The Chumash were among

Chumbi Valley, valley in the eastern Great Himalaya Range of the southern Tibet Autonomous Region, China. It is situated on a small south-pointing protuberance of territory between Bhutan (east) and Sikkim state, India (west). Formed by the passage of the Amo (Torsa) River, which rises below Tang

Nicephorus Chumnus was a Byzantine Greek scholar and statesman who left a number of writings, some still unpublished, including letters and orations on occasional philosophical and religious topics. Chumnus went at an early age to Constantinople, where he was educated by George (Gregory) of Cyprus.

Chumbi Valley, valley in the eastern Great Himalaya Range of the southern Tibet Autonomous Region, China. It is situated on a small south-pointing protuberance of territory between Bhutan (east) and Sikkim state, India (west). Formed by the passage of the Amo (Torsa) River, which rises below Tang

Ch’ŏndogyo: …in a 21-word formula (chumun) that is recited as the way to enlightenment. It is translated: “May the creative power of the universe be within me in abundance. May heaven be with me and every creation will be done. Never forgetting this truth, everything will be known.” This formula…

Ob River: Physiography: …receives a right-bank tributary, the Chumysh River, from the Salair Ridge. The valley there is 3 to 6 miles (5 to 10 km) wide, with steeper ground on the left than on the right; the floodplain is extensive and characterized by diversionary branches of the river and by lakes; the…

Chun Doo-Hwan Korean soldier and politician who was president of South Korea from 1980 to 1988. Born into a peasant family, Chun entered the Korean Military Academy in 1951. Following his graduation in 1955, he became an infantry officer and in 1958 married Lee Soon Ja, daughter of Brig. Gen. Lee

Yang Yang: …win with two-time world champion Chun Lee-Kyung of South Korea. In doing so she became China’s first short-track world champion.

Jun kiln, Chinese kiln known for the stoneware it created during the Northern Song period (960–1126) in Junzhou (now Yuzhou), in northern Henan. One class of glazed wares produced at the kiln consisted mostly of opalescent blue pieces (ranging from grayish blue to a plum colour), many strikingly

Jun kiln, Chinese kiln known for the stoneware it created during the Northern Song period (960–1126) in Junzhou (now Yuzhou), in northern Henan. One class of glazed wares produced at the kiln consisted mostly of opalescent blue pieces (ranging from grayish blue to a plum colour), many strikingly

warlord, independent military commander in China in the early and mid-20th century. Warlords ruled various parts of the country following the death of Yuan Shikai (1859–1916), who had served as the first president of the Republic of China from 1912 to 1916. Yuan’s power had come from his position

Junggar Basin, extensive basin in the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, northwestern China. The basin is located between the Mongolian Altai Mountains, on the Sino-Mongolian border, to the north, and the Borohoro (Poluokenu) and Eren Habirga mountains, to the south; the latter run east and west

equal-field system, official institution of land distribution and tax collection in traditional China and Japan. The system originated in China in 485 ce by order of the emperor Xiaowendi of the Bei (Northern) Wei dynasty (386–534/535 ce). It provided for the assignment of agricultural lands to all

junzi, in Chinese philosophy, a person whose humane conduct (ren) makes him a moral exemplar. The term junzi was originally applied to princes or aristocratic men. Confucius invested the term with an ethical significance while maintaining its connotation of noble refinement. Unlike the petty person

Chuna River, river, east-central Russia. It rises in the Eastern Sayan Mountains, in Irkutsk oblast (region), and flows about 746 miles (1,203 km) north and west through Krasnoyarsk kray (territory) into the Taseyeva River. Its upper course is called the

Kaveri River: …metres) in the rapids of Chunchankatte, the river widens about 900 to 1,200 feet (275 to 365 metres) across the Karnataka Plateau. There its flow is interrupted by a number of anicuts or weirs. At the Krishnaraja Sagara, the Kaveri is joined by two tributaries, the Hemavati and Lakshmantirtha, and…

Chuncheon, city and provincial capital, Gangwon do (province), northern South Korea. It is in the basin formed by the confluence of the Han and Soyang rivers. During the Korean War (1950–53), Chuncheon sustained heavy damage, but after the war it was reconstructed as a modern city. The city is a

Buddha: The death of the Buddha: …pork) from a smith named Chunda, instructing the smith to serve him alone and bury the rest of the meal without offering it to the other monks. The Buddha became severely ill shortly thereafter, and at a place called Kusinara (also spelled Kushinagar; modern Kasia) lay down on his right…

Qianlong was the fourth emperor of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911/12) whose six-decade reign (1735–96) was one of the longest in Chinese history. He conducted a series of military campaigns that eliminated the Turk and Mongol threats to northeastern China (1755–60), enlarged his empire by

zhong, Chinese clapperless bronze bells produced mainly during the late Zhou (c. 600–255 bc) dynasty and used as a percussion instrument in ancient China. Although the term also denotes the religious bells used daily in Buddhist temples, this article treats only the ancient bells rarely used today.

Roh Moo-Hyun: …December 2007 his chosen successor, Chung Dong-Young, was soundly defeated by Grand National Party candidate Lee Myung-Bak. Roh was later investigated over allegations of bribery, and in May 2009 he committed suicide by jumping off a cliff.

Park Geun-Hye: The Park administration: Prime Minister Chung Hong-Won apologized and offered his resignation 10 days after the disaster. The following month Park’s top national security adviser and the director of the national intelligence service both stepped down. Moreover, the coast guard’s poor response during the crisis led to its being disbanded…

Chung Il Kwon was a Korean army officer and politician, the commander of South Korean troops during some of the most intense fighting against North Korean and Chinese forces during the Korean War (1950–53). Chung was a 1940 graduate of Tokyo’s Military Academy and served in Japan’s Imperial Army in