Christian Democratic People’s Party, Swiss centre-right political party that endorses Christian democratic principles. With FDP. The Liberals, the Social Democratic Party, and the Swiss People’s Party, the Christian Democratic People’s Party (CVP) has governed Switzerland as part of a grand

Christianity: Apologetics: defending the faith: …comprehensive account of Christian doctrine, The Christian Faith (1821–22; 1831). In his wake, Protestant systematic theology in the 19th and 20th centuries generally sought to operate within the “plausibility structures” of “modernity.” Sometimes it got no further than apologetically oriented considerations of method.

Hegelianism: Theological radicalism: Strauss, in Die christliche Glaubenslehre (1840–41; “The Christian Doctrine of Faith”), reaffirmed the opposition of philosophical pantheism to religious theism as a means of reunifying the finite and the infinite; and Feuerbach established a philosophical anthropology in his major work Das Wesen des Christentums (1841; The Essence…

Albrecht Ritschl: …der Rechtfertigung und Versöhnung (The Christian Doctrine of Justification and Reconciliation), 3 vol. (1870–74).

Matthias Zell: …by his bishop in his Christliche Verantwortung (1523; “Christian Response”), a discussion of the scriptural basis for the Reformation. He also assembled a number of his writings in the form of a catechism, Frag und Antwort (1536; “Question and Answer”). Although eclipsed in Strassburg by the reformers Wolfgang Capito and…

Christmas, Christian festival celebrating the birth of Jesus. The English term Christmas (“mass on Christ’s day”) is of fairly recent origin. The earlier term Yule may have derived from the Germanic jōl or the Anglo-Saxon geōl, which referred to the feast of the winter solstice. The corresponding

Audrey Tautou: …comedy Santa & Cie (2017; Christmas & Co.) and En liberte! (2018; The Trouble with You), in which she played the wife of a man wrongfully imprisoned. She played a free-spirited hairdresser in The Jesus Rolls (2019), an adaptation of Les valseuses (1974; Going Places) that was a spin-off of…

Kiritimati Atoll, coral island in the Northern Line Islands, part of Kiribati, in the west-central Pacific Ocean. It is the largest island of purely coral formation in the world, having a circumference of about 100 miles (160 km). Kiritimati Atoll was sighted on Christmas Eve in 1777 by the English

Christmas cactus, (hybrid Schlumbergera ×buckleyi), popular cactus of the family Cactaceae that has flattened stems and is grown for its striking cerise flowers, blooming indoors about Christmastime in the Northern Hemisphere. Most Christmas cacti now in cultivation are considered to be hybrids of

Christmas card, form of greeting card usually sent by mail as an expression of goodwill at Christmastime. Although many cards display religious symbols or themes, secular winter motifs are equally popular. The practice of sending Christmas cards, which has been followed in all English-speaking

Moon Jae-In: Early life and education: …Hungnam, North Korea, during “Christmas Cargo,” a massive sealift that marked the conclusion of the Battle of the Chosin Reservoir. Moon was born at a refugee relocation center on Geoje, an island southwest of Busan. His family moved to Busan, and Moon spent his childhood there. He entered Kyung…

Christmas: Origin and development: …of “lessons and carols” intertwines Christmas carols with Scripture readings narrating salvation history from the Fall in the Garden of Eden to the coming of Christ. The service, inaugurated by E.W. Benson and adopted at the University of Cambridge, has become widely popular.

A Christmas Carol, British dramatic film, released in 1951, that is widely considered the best adaptation of Charles Dickens’s classic tale of the same name. It is a perennial favourite at Christmastime, when it is frequently broadcast on television. Dickens’s timeless tale depicts the life of

A Christmas Carol, short novel by Charles Dickens, originally published in 1843. The story, suddenly conceived and written in a few weeks, is one of the outstanding Christmas stories of modern literature. Through a series of spectral visions, the miserly Ebenezer Scrooge is allowed to review his

A Christmas Carol, short novel by Charles Dickens, originally published in 1843. The story, suddenly conceived and written in a few weeks, is one of the outstanding Christmas stories of modern literature. Through a series of spectral visions, the miserly Ebenezer Scrooge is allowed to review his

Friedrich Schleiermacher: Halle and Berlin: In Die Weihnachtsfeier (1805; Christmas Celebration), written in the style of a Platonic dialogue, Schleiermacher adopted the definition of religion he later incorporated into Der christliche Glaube. Instead of speaking of religion as “feeling and intuition,” he now called it simply “feeling”—namely, the immediate feeling that God lives and…

Goldie Hawn: …Christmas Chronicles (2018) and its sequel (2020), Hawn and Russell appeared as Mrs. Claus and Santa Claus, respectively.

Goldie Hawn: In The Christmas Chronicles (2018) and its sequel (2020), Hawn and Russell appeared as Mrs. Claus and Santa Claus, respectively.

Patrick Stewart: …in the ensemble holiday comedy Christmas Eve and oozed menace as the leader of a group of white supremacists in the thriller Green Room (both 2015). Stewart later assumed the role of legendary wizard Merlin in The Kid Who Would Be King (2019), a contemporary take on the Arthurian legend.…

Christianity: Christian practice in the modern world: …rural Romania, for instance, on Christmas Eve groups of young carolers would (colindatori) proceed from house to house in the village, singing and collecting gifts of food. Often these carolers impersonated the saints, especially Saints John, Peter, George, and Nicholas. The words of their songs (colinde) described legendary heroes who…

parody: …century is Sir Max Beerbohm’s Christmas Garland (1912), a series of Christmas stories in the style and spirit of various contemporary writers, most notably Henry James. Sir John Squire has been credited with creating “double parody” in the period between World Wars I and II. This type of parody renders…

Preston Sturges: Films of the early 1940s: …the Night (1940), Sturges directed Christmas in July (1940), a deftly crafted low-budget compendium of comic confusions about a lowly clerk (played by Dick Powell) who goes on a mad shopping spree after mistakenly thinking that he has won $25,000 in a contest. The Lady Eve (1941) was Sturges’s first…

Christmas Island, island in the Indian Ocean, about 224 miles (360 km) south of the island of Java and 870 miles (1,400 km) northwest of Australia, that is administered as an external territory of Australia. The island is the summit of an oceanic mountain whose highest point on the island is Murray

Kiritimati Atoll, coral island in the Northern Line Islands, part of Kiribati, in the west-central Pacific Ocean. It is the largest island of purely coral formation in the world, having a circumference of about 100 miles (160 km). Kiritimati Atoll was sighted on Christmas Eve in 1777 by the English

Christmas Island: …six years later to the Christmas Island Phosphate Company, Ltd., which was largely owned by the former lessees. In 1900 Christmas Island was incorporated in the British crown colony of the Straits Settlements with its capital at Singapore. During World War II the island was occupied by the Japanese. In…

Christmas Island, island in the Indian Ocean, about 224 miles (360 km) south of the island of Java and 870 miles (1,400 km) northwest of Australia, that is administered as an external territory of Australia. The island is the summit of an oceanic mountain whose highest point on the island is Murray

Viscaceae, one of the mistletoe families of flowering plants of the sandalwood order (Santalales), including about 11 genera and more than 450 species of semiparasitic shrubs. This family is sometimes considered a subfamily of the sandalwood family (Santalaceae). Members of the Viscaceae are

Abby Morton Diaz: …Story Book for Children (1875), Christmas Morning (1880), Jimmyjohns (1881), Polly Cologne (1881), and Bybury to Beacon Street (1887).

Jostein Gaarder: Gaarder’s next novel, Julemysteriet (1992; The Christmas Mystery), was a journey through the history of Christianity, while I et speil, I en gate (1993; Through a Glass, Darkly), which took its title from a line in the First Letter of Paul to the Corinthians, was written as a dialogue between…

Heinrich Schütz: The Christmas Oratorio (from a publication of 1664) for soloists, choir, and instruments foreshadows his austere last works. These are a cappella Passions, settings of the text of the Gospels according to Matthew, Luke, and John. In these works even the sparing vocal figuration of the…

Johann Sebastian Bach: Instrumental works: …words and reused in the Christmas Oratorio. The “Kyrie” and “Gloria” of the Mass in B Minor, written in 1733, were also dedicated to the elector, but the rest of the Mass was not put together until Bach’s last years. On his visits to Dresden, Bach had won the regard…

the Monkees: …the recording of the holiday-themed Christmas Party (2018). Dolenz and Nesmith also began touring under the Monkees banner in 2018.

Fezziwig: …during Scrooge’s encounter with the Ghost of Christmas Past. Scrooge and the ghost visit Fezziwig’s workplace, where Scrooge was an apprentice, on Christmas Eve. The generous Fezziwig hosts a lively party, and the vision gives Scrooge the opportunity to ponder the value of generosity. Scrooge sees the bright face of…

J.K. Rowling: Writing for adults: ” She later published The Christmas Pig (2021), about a boy who loses his favourite toy and then embarks on a fantastical quest to find it.

Christmas tree: …the same room was the “Christmas pyramid,” a triangular construction of wood that had shelves to hold Christmas figurines and was decorated with evergreens, candles, and a star. By the 16th century the Christmas pyramid and the paradise tree had merged, becoming the Christmas tree.

Christmas rose, (Helleborus niger), small poisonous perennial herb of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae), known for its tendency to bloom from late autumn to early spring, often in the snow. It has evergreen compound leaves, of seven or more leaflets arranged like the fingers on a hand, that

Mel Tormé: His most familiar, “The Christmas Song”—cowritten with Robert Wells and better known by its opening line, “Chestnuts roasting on an open fire”—was made famous by Nat King Cole in 1946 and subsequently recorded in more than 1,700 versions.

Star of Bethlehem, celestial phenomenon mentioned in the Gospel According to Matthew as leading “wise men from the East” to the birthplace of Jesus Christ. Natural events that might well have been considered important omens and described as stars include exploding stars (novae and supernovae),

Christmas tree, an evergreen tree, often a pine, spruce, or fir, decorated with lights and ornaments as a part of Christmas festivities. Christmas trees can be fresh-cut, potted, or artificial and are used as both indoor and outdoor decorations. While the trees are traditionally associated with

drag racing: …starting device known as a Christmas Tree between the lanes. Each driver interrupts a pair of infrared beams on his approach to the starting line; the first turns on the pre-staging light and the second turns on the staging light at the top of the Tree. Typically, when all four…

petroleum production: Surface valves: …valves, referred to as a Christmas tree, is installed at the top of the well. The valves regulate flow from the well and allow tools for subsurface work to be lowered through the tubing on a wire line. Christmas trees may be very simple, as in those found on low-pressure…

Jennifer Johnston: The protagonist of The Christmas Tree (1981) attempts to salvage her troubled life before it is cut short by leukemia.

Christmas Truce, (December 24–25, 1914), unofficial and impromptu cease-fire that occurred along the Western Front during World War I. The pause in fighting was not universally observed, nor had it been sanctioned by commanders on either side, but, along some two-thirds of the 30-mile (48-km) front

James Patterson: …written with Gabrielle Charbonnet, and The Christmas Wedding (2011) was a family drama written with Richard DiLallo. Patterson later collaborated with former U.S. president Bill Clinton on the thrillers The President Is Missing (2018) and The President’s Daughter (2021). Run, Rose, Run (2022) was written with country singer

Irving Pichel: Directing: …Honor (1949) had little merit, The Great Rupert (1950; also called A Christmas Wish) was an enjoyable family comedy, featuring a deft performace by Jimmy Durante as a down-on-his-luck hoofer whose fortunes improve dramatically with the help of a trained squirrel. Pichel returned to film noir wth Quicksand (1950), about…

Santa Claus, legendary figure who is the traditional patron of Christmas in the United States and other countries, bringing gifts to children. His popular image is based on traditions associated with Saint Nicholas, a 4th-century Christian saint. Father Christmas fills the role in many European

Robert Browning: Life.: …in 1849 he published only Christmas-Eve and Easter-Day (1850), an examination of different attitudes toward Christianity, perhaps having its immediate origin in the death of his mother in 1849; an introductory essay (1852) to some spurious letters of Shelley, Browning’s only considerable work in prose and his only piece of…

Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Early life: Christo attended the Fine Arts Academy in Sofia, Bulgaria, and had begun working with the Burian Theatre in Prague when the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 broke out. He fled to Vienna, where he studied for a semester, and then, after a brief stay in Switzerland,…

Christo and Jeanne-Claude were environmental sculptors noted for their controversial outdoor sculptures that often involved monumental displays of fabrics and plastics. Christo attended the Fine Arts Academy in Sofia, Bulgaria, and had begun working with the Burian Theatre in Prague when the

Christodoulos was the archbishop of Athens and All Greece and head of the Orthodox Church of Greece (1998–2008), the youngest man ever to be named head of the church. He was a controversial participant in Greek politics and one of the most popular figures in Greece. The future archbishop was the

Coriolis force: …this compensation is called the Christoffel voltage.

Christopher III was the king of the Danes (1439–48), Swedes (1441–48), and Norwegians (1442–48) whose reign saw a sharp decline in royal power as a result of commercial domination by the north German trading centres of the Hanseatic League and increasing political authority of the Danish and

Christopher III was the king of the Danes (1439–48), Swedes (1441–48), and Norwegians (1442–48) whose reign saw a sharp decline in royal power as a result of commercial domination by the north German trading centres of the Hanseatic League and increasing political authority of the Danish and

Christopher, count of Oldenburg was a professional soldier after whom the Count’s War, Denmark’s 1533–36 civil conflict, was named. A leader of mercenary forces, Christopher’s greatest opportunity for fame and power came in 1534, when he was given command over Danish and Lübeck forces favouring the

Anthony Melissa: …also wrote an informal work, Christoithia (“Good Manners”), designed for the social and moral edification of Greek youth, which gained popularity in Byzantine society. Some historians claim the work is actually that of an 18th-century Greek scholar, Anthony the Byzantine, headmaster of the Greek school in Istanbul, who supposedly in…

Western painting: Germany and Austria: …monument is the late 11th-century Christological cycle in the west choir of the abbey Church at Lambach, apparently by artists from Salzburg. This work was strongly influenced by the contemporary Byzantinizing art of the Veneto. Salzburg painting of the 1150s can be seen in a lyrical female figure personifying the…

Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg: …Old Testament, and by his Christologie des Alten Testaments, 3 vol. (1829–35; “Christology of the Old Testament”). These works opposed the growing reliance upon historical-critical interpretation and followed the traditional method of reading the Old Testament as a Christian book filled with prophecies of the Messiah fulfilled by the coming…

Christology, Christian reflection, teaching, and doctrine concerning Jesus of Nazareth. Christology is the part of theology that is concerned with the nature and work of Jesus, including such matters as the Incarnation, the Resurrection, and his human and divine natures and their relationship. The

Christopher, count of Oldenburg was a professional soldier after whom the Count’s War, Denmark’s 1533–36 civil conflict, was named. A leader of mercenary forces, Christopher’s greatest opportunity for fame and power came in 1534, when he was given command over Danish and Lübeck forces favouring the

comic strip: The 19th century: Christophe (pseudonym of Georges Colomb) raised this type of popular imagery to the level of the intelligent urban child, first in the children’s periodical and then in various albums published separately. These were originally designed, like Töpffer’s, for the children of his own household and…

Henry Christophe was a leader in the war of Haitian independence (1791–1804) and later president (1807–11) and self-proclaimed King Henry I (1811–20) of northern Haiti. The facts of Christophe’s early life are questionable and confused. An official document issued on his own order gives the birth

Württemberg: His son Duke Christopher (reigned 1550–68) set up a centralized state church and became the leader of German Protestantism; his judicial and civil reforms, which included recognition of the Estates’ control over finances, endured for two centuries. Duke Frederick (1593–1608) secured the duchy’s release from Habsburg overlordship and…

Christopher was an antipope from 903 to 904. Once a cardinal, he appears in many lists of the popes (including the Liber Pontificalis, edited by Louis Duchesne, and Pontificum Romanorum), but he is now regarded as an antipope. In the summer of 903 he drove Leo V from the papal chair but in January

Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation, nonprofit organization focused on advancing scientific knowledge of spinal cord injuries, in search of a cure for such injuries and to improve the quality of life of individuals who are paralyzed. The organization had its origin in the American Paralysis

Fletcher Henderson: That year Henderson issued “Christopher Columbus,” which became the biggest hit released under his own name. Henderson had little success in his subsequent attempts to organize bands and spent most of the 1940s arranging for Goodman, Count Basie, and others. He formed a sextet in 1950 that became the…

Denmark: The church of Denmark: …lasted through the reign of Christopher I (1252–59) and Erlandsen’s appointment as archbishop of Lund. Christopher’s imprisonment of the prelate caused several German rulers to attack Denmark, and in the ensuing war the king died.

Denmark: Declining royal power and Holstein rule: …was succeeded by his brother, Christopher II, who was forced by the nobles to sign a strict coronation charter; he was also the first king to accept the hof as a permanent institution. He did not abide by the charter, however, and was driven into exile after a battle with…

Christopher III was the king of the Danes (1439–48), Swedes (1441–48), and Norwegians (1442–48) whose reign saw a sharp decline in royal power as a result of commercial domination by the north German trading centres of the Hanseatic League and increasing political authority of the Danish and

Christopher III was the king of the Danes (1439–48), Swedes (1441–48), and Norwegians (1442–48) whose reign saw a sharp decline in royal power as a result of commercial domination by the north German trading centres of the Hanseatic League and increasing political authority of the Danish and

Dorothy Arzner: Films of the 1930s and ’40s: More noteworthy was Christopher Strong (1933), which starred Katharine Hepburn in her second film role, as an aviator who falls in love with a married man; the drama is a visually absorbing portrait of a woman living outside societal conventions. Arzner next made Nana (1934), which was adapted…

Christopher, count of Oldenburg was a professional soldier after whom the Count’s War, Denmark’s 1533–36 civil conflict, was named. A leader of mercenary forces, Christopher’s greatest opportunity for fame and power came in 1534, when he was given command over Danish and Lübeck forces favouring the

Saint Christopher ; Western feast day July 25; Eastern feast day May 9) was a legendary martyr of the early church. Venerated as one of the 14 Auxiliary Saints (Holy Helpers), he is the patron saint of travelers and, beginning in the 20th century, of motorists. Though one of the most popular

Kavála, commercial town and seaport, periféreia (region) of East Macedonia and Thrace (Modern Greek: Anatolikí Makedonía kai Thrakí), northeastern Greece. It lies along the Gulf of Kaválas in the northern Aegean Sea. Since 1924 it has been the seat of the metropolitan bishop of Fílippoi (ancient

Theotokos: …proper term for Mary was Christotokos (“Christ-Bearer”). The Council of Ephesus (431), basing its arguments on the unity of the person of Christ, anathematized all who denied that Christ was truly divine, and asserted that Mary was truly the mother of God. The Council of Chalcedon (451) used the term…

puppetry: Styles of puppet theatre: …Netherlands Jan Klaassen, in Spain Christovita, and so on. All these characters are glove puppets; many speak through a squeaker in the mouth of the performer that gives a piercing and unhuman timbre to their voices; and all indulge in the fights and other business typical of glove-puppet shows. It…

Thomas Nashe: In Christs Teares over Jerusalem (1593), Nashe warned his countrymen during one of the country’s worst outbreaks of bubonic plague that, unless they reformed, London would suffer the fate of Jerusalem. The Terrors of the Night (1594) is a discursive, sometimes bewildering, attack on demonology.

oratorio: Oratorio after 1750: …two oratorios of Franz Liszt, Christus (composed 1855–56) and Die Legende von der heiligen Elisabeth (The Legend of St. Elizabeth; 1873), combine devotional and theatrical elements on the grandest scale. Italian oratorio remained in abeyance after the 18th century, and Slavic composers produced few oratorios. Perhaps the only French oratorio…

oratorio: Oratorio after 1750: …oratorio, Christus am Ölberg (1803; Christ on the Mount of Olives), does not succeed, nor do most of those occasioned by the 19th-century large halls, choral societies, and festivals, especially in Germany and England.

Petrus Christus was a South Netherlandish painter who reputedly introduced geometric perspective into the Netherlands. In 1444 Christus became a citizen of Bruges, where he worked until his death. He is believed to have been trained in Jan van Eyck’s studio. His naturalistic mature style,

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Song of Hiawatha, Paul Revere’s Ride, and other poetry: …intended to be his masterpiece, Christus: A Mystery, a trilogy dealing with Christianity from its beginning. He followed this work with two fragmentary dramatic poems, “Judas Maccabaeus” and “Michael Angelo.” But his genius was not dramatic, as he had demonstrated earlier in The Spanish Student (1843). Long after his death…

minstrel show: …the early companies was the Christy Minstrels, who played on Broadway for nearly 10 years; Stephen Foster wrote songs for this company.

Edwin P. Christy was an early American minstrel show performer who founded (c. 1842) the Christy Minstrels, the most important of the early minstrel companies, and who originated the format of the typical minstrel show (q.v.). Details of his early life are unknown. He first performed with his

Édouard Lartet: …support of the English banker-ethnologist Henry Christy, he turned his attention to the Dordogne district and excavated a number of sites well known in the annals of prehistory, including Les Eyzies and La Madeleine, where, in particular, a mammoth bone bearing the engraved figure of an extinct animal was found…

Charon: …on June 22, 1978, by James W. Christy and Robert S. Harrington at the U.S. Naval Observatory station in Flagstaff, Arizona. Its diameter—1,208 km (751 miles)—is a little more than half that of Pluto, and its mass is more than one-tenth of Pluto’s mass. Charon is so large and massive…

Saint Clotilda ; feast day June 3) was the queen consort of Clovis I, king of the Franks, in whose momentous conversion to Christianity she played a notable part. Clotilda was the granddaughter of Gundioc, king of Burgundy, who was related to the Visigothic kings and shared their Arian Christian

Saint Clotilda ; feast day June 3) was the queen consort of Clovis I, king of the Franks, in whose momentous conversion to Christianity she played a notable part. Clotilda was the granddaughter of Gundioc, king of Burgundy, who was related to the Visigothic kings and shared their Arian Christian

Saint Clotilda ; feast day June 3) was the queen consort of Clovis I, king of the Franks, in whose momentous conversion to Christianity she played a notable part. Clotilda was the granddaughter of Gundioc, king of Burgundy, who was related to the Visigothic kings and shared their Arian Christian

colour: Tristimulus measurement and chromaticity diagrams: …graphically represented on a standard chromaticity diagram (see also the location of emerald green on a chromaticity diagram). Standardized by the Commission Internationale d’Éclairage (CIE) in 1931, the chromaticity diagram is based on the values x, y, and z, where x = X/(X + Y + Z), y = Y/(

human nervous system: The endocrine system: Within the adrenal medulla are chromaffin cells, which are homologous to sympathetic neurons and, like sympathetic neurons, are developed from embryonic neural crest cells. Chromaffin cells produce epinephrine (adrenaline) and, to a much lesser extent, norepinephrine as well as other chemicals, such as chromogranins, enkephalins, and neuropeptide Y—all of which…

adrenal gland: Adrenal medulla: … that are named for the granules within the cells that darken after exposure to chromium salts. These cells migrate to the adrenal medulla from the embryonic neural crest and represent specialized neural tissue. Indeed, the adrenal medulla is an integral part of the sympathetic nervous system, a major subdivision of…

pheochromocytoma, tumour, most often nonmalignant, that causes abnormally high blood pressure (hypertension) because of hypersecretion of substances known as catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine). Usually the tumour is in the medullary cells of the adrenal gland; however, it

protozoan: Annotated classification: Chromalveolata All descended from a heterotrophic ancestor that acquired a red algal plastid by secondary endosymbiosis; plastid has been lost in some subgroups, such as the ciliates. Many are heterotrophic. In the autotrophic groups, chlorophyll c is usually present. Alveolata Alveolar sacs (alveolae) present beneath…

heterocyclic compound: Six-membered rings with one heteroatom: Chroman, or 3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran, is itself not found in nature, but the chroman unit is present in many natural products. Vitamin E (α-tocopherol), a substituted chroman, is found in plant oils and the leaves of green vegetables, whereas coumarin, or 2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, used in perfumes and flavourings,…

chromate mineral, any member of a small group of rare inorganic compounds that have formed from the oxidation of copper-iron-lead sulfide ores containing minor amounts of chromium. A noteworthy occurrence is at Dundas, Tasmania, known for its large, brilliant orange prismatic crystals of crocoite;

full-cell process: …solutions of compounds such as chromated copper arsenate (CCA), ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA), and copper azole (CA-B). Creosote, PCP, and CCA are used on heavy structural members such as railroad ties, utility poles, marine pilings, and bridge timbers; ACZA and CA-B are used on common structural lumber.

bacteria: Phototrophic metabolism: …and purple sulfur bacteria (Chromatiaceae) use elemental sulfur, sulfide, thiosulfate, or hydrogen gas as electron donor, whereas the purple nonsulfur bacteria use electrons from hydrogen or organic substrates. These bacteria require anaerobic conditions for photosynthetic activity. The photosystem in green bacteria is related to photosystem I of higher plants,…

chromatic aberration, colour distortion in an image viewed through a glass lens. Because the refractive index of glass varies with wavelength, every property of a lens that depends on its refractive index also varies with wavelength, including the focal length, the image distance, and the image

chromium: Principal compounds: …is chromium oxide, commonly called chromium trioxide or chromic acid, CrO3, in which chromium is in the +6 oxidation state. An orange-red crystalline solid, chromic acid liquefies gradually when exposed to moist air. It is usually produced by treatment of sodium dichromate with sulfuric acid. Chromic acid is used chiefly…

colour: Colour effects: This effect, also called chromatic adaptation, is what causes browns to appear reddish to someone who has just viewed a green lawn. Thus, even when the colour of a given object is measured and its physical cause identified, visual effects can prevent the precise perception of that colour from…

harp: …12 strings per octave (chromatic harps).