Luisa Tetrazzini: The dish chicken tetrazzini was named in her honour.

chicken tikka masala, dish consisting of marinated boneless chicken pieces that are traditionally cooked in a tandoor and then served in a subtly spiced tomato-cream sauce. It is a popular takeout dish in Britain and is a staple menu item in the curry houses of London, especially in the East End

chicken turtle, (Deirochelys reticularia), edible freshwater turtle (family Emydidae) found in the southeastern United States. The chicken turtle has an exceptionally long neck and a finely grooved upper shell covered with an open network of yellowish lines on a brownish background. Shell length is

Buffalo wing, deep-fried unbreaded chicken wings or drumsticks coated with a vinegar-and-cayenne-pepper hot sauce mixed with butter. They commonly are served with celery and a blue cheese dipping sauce, which acts as a cooling agent for the mouth. A popular bar food and appetizer, wings can be

chicken-fried steak, battered and fried steak dish popular in the southern United States. The meat—usually tenderized cube steak—is dipped in a milk or egg wash, dredged with seasoned flour, and fried in a skillet or deep-fried. It is served smothered in a creamy gravy traditionally made with pan

chickenpox, contagious viral disease characterized by an eruption of vesicles (small blisters) on the skin. The disease usually occurs in epidemics, and the infected persons are generally between two and six years old, although they can be of any age. Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster

keyboard instrument: Bracing and frame: …and in 1843 another Bostonian, Jonas Chickering, patented a one-piece frame for grands. With the adoption of such frames, the tension exerted by each string (about 24 pounds [11 kilograms] for an English piano of 1800) rose to an average of approximately 170 pounds (77 kilograms) in modern instruments, the…

chickpea, (Cicer arietinum), annual plant of the pea family (Fabaceae), widely grown for its nutritious seeds. Chickpeas are an important food plant in India, Africa, and Central and South America. The seeds are high in fibre and protein and are a good source of iron, phosphorus, and folic acid.

the Chicks, American country music group that achieved crossover success in the pop market. The group’s principal members include Martie Maguire (née Erwin; b. October 12, 1969, York, Pennsylvania, U.S.), Emily Robison (née Erwin; b. August 16, 1972, Pittsfield, Massachusetts, U.S.), and Natalie

chickweed, either of two species of small-leaved plants of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae). Both species of chickweed have inconspicuous but delicate, white, somewhat star-shaped flowers. The common chickweed, or stitchwort (Stellaria media), is native to Europe but is widely naturalized. It

Chiclana de la Frontera, city, Cádiz provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southwestern Spain. The city is an agricultural centre and summer resort near the Atlantic coast (Gulf of Cádiz) and is surrounded by vineyards and pine groves. The city was

Chiclayo, city, northern Peru. It is located on the Pan-American Highway approximately 475 miles (764 km) northwest of Lima, in an irrigated area producing sugarcane, cotton, and rice. Founded in 1720, it became a city in 1835 and is the leading commercial centre of Lambayeque. The bustling city

chicle, gum that consists of the coagulated milky latex of the sapodilla tree (Manilkara zapota), a tropical American fruit tree principally from Yucatán and regions of Central America. Chicle is obtained as pinkish to reddish brown pieces and is said to contain both rubber and gutta-percha.

Patagonia: Drainage and soils: Negro, Chubut, Senguerr, Chico, and Santa Cruz rivers). Most of the valleys either have intermittent streams—such as the Shehuen, Coig, and Gallegos rivers, which have their sources east of the Andes—or contain streams like the Deseado River, which completely dry up along all or part of their courses…

Chico, city, Butte county, northern California, U.S. Chico lies in the Sacramento River valley, nearly 90 miles (145 km) north of Sacramento. It was founded in 1860 by John Bidwell, a state congressman and horticulturist, and developed as an agricultural-processing centre, especially for almonds,

Jack Albertson: …owner in the television series Chico and the Man, and another Emmy for a guest appearance on the Cher show in 1975. His last theatrical motion picture, Dead & Buried, was released in 1981, and his last two TV movies, My Body, My Child and Terror at Alcatraz, aired posthumously…

Chiapas Highlands: Chicoasén, a major hydroelectric project, is situated about 12 miles (19 km) north of Tuxtla on the Grijalva River. An inter-American railway and a paved highway run along the base of the Chiapas Sierra Madres, and the Pan-American Highway extends through the central Chiapas valley…

China 1, first Earth satellite orbited by the People’s Republic of China. It was launched on April 24, 1970, from the rocket facility at Shuang Cheng Tsu, and it made China the fifth nation to place a satellite into Earth orbit. Little is known about China 1. It weighed approximately 173 kg (381

Chicomecóatl, Aztec goddess of sustenance and, hence, of corn (maize), one of the most ancient and important goddesses in the Valley of Mexico. The number seven in her name is associated with luck and generative power. She was often portrayed as the consort of the corn god, Centéotl. Chicomecóatl

Chicopee, city, Hampden county, southwestern Massachusetts, U.S., lying at the juncture of the Chicopee and Connecticut rivers. Originally part of Springfield, it was settled in the 1650s. Industrialization began in 1825 with the construction of cotton mills. Services (including health care) are

chicory, (Cichorium intybus), blue-flowered perennial plant of the family Asteraceae. Native to Europe and introduced into the United States late in the 19th century, chicory is cultivated extensively in the Netherlands, Belgium, France, and Germany and to some extent in North America. Its leaves

Saguenay, city, Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region, southern Quebec province, Canada. In 2002 Chicoutimi merged with Jonquière and other former municipalities to form the city of Saguenay; the two former cities became districts of the new entity. Chicoutimi district is situated at the head of

bullfighting: Act one: …the matador’s body, and the chicuelina, in which the bullfighter spins in against the bull’s charge; these maneuvers were invented, respectively, by the Mexican Rodolfo Gaona and by the Spaniard Manuel Jiménez, known as “Chicuelo.” The rebolera is a finishing flourish to the passes in which the cape is swirled…

Earth impact hazard: …of the impact, called the Chicxulub crater, off Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula and have come to suspect that similar catastrophic impacts may have triggered other mass extinctions as well. In addition to causing tremendous immediate devastation and ensuing earthquakes, firestorms, and giant sea waves (tsunamis), collisions of such magnitude are believed…

Chidambaram, town, east-central Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India. It is situated in the fertile Kollidam River valley, on the road and rail system between Chennai (Madras; north) and Thanjavur (southwest). The town supports silk and cotton hand-loom weaving and garment industries but is

Palaniappan Chidambaram is an Indian politician and government official who rose to a prominent position in the leadership of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party). He is best known for his service in a variety of ministerial posts in Congress-led governments, notably in the cabinet of the

nuclear weapon: India: …the BARC physics group, and Rajagopala Chidambaram, who headed a team that designed the plutonium core. Chidambaram later became chairman of the AEC and oversaw the 1998 tests described below. Others mentioned with important roles were P.K. Iyengar, Satinder K. Sikka, Pranab R. Dastidar, Sekharipuram N.A. Seshadri, and Nagapattinam S.…

Hudson Bay: Physical characteristics: …eastern Hudson Strait coast, rounding Chidley Cape (the northernmost tip of the Quebec-Newfoundland border), and passing into the Labrador Current. Flow is highest in July. Currents in the bay also respond to the fierce tidal flow off the Labrador coast.

African literature: Shona: …“The Way to Get Married”), Paul Chidyausiku attempts to bring into union traditional Shona beliefs and Christianity: using marriage as the focal point, it describes a modern African couple, Tadzimirwa and Chiwoniso, moving into their married life within the context of the two conflicting forces. Chidyausiku’s novel Nyadzi dzinokunda rufu…

chief, political leader of a social group, such as a band, tribe, or confederacy of tribes. Among many peoples, chiefs have very little coercive authority and depend on community consensus for implementing recommendations; often a number of recognized chiefs form a tribal chiefs’ council. Among

heraldry: Ordinaries: Among them are: the chief, being the top third of the shield; the pale, a third of the shield, drawn perpendicularly through the centre; the bend, a third of the shield, drawn from the dexter chief to sinister base (when drawn from the dexter base to sinister chief, it…

constable: A chief or high constable in every local area (hundred or franchise) was responsible for suppressing riots and violent crimes and for arming the militia to enable him to do so. Under him were petty constables in each tithing, or village. The high and petty, or parish, constables…

China: The chief councillors: The later Nan Song emperors preferred not to take on the awesome burden of managing the huge and complex bureaucracy. Most of them were concerned chiefly with security and the status quo. The Nan Song court delegated a tremendous amount of power and…

Hong Kong: Constitutional framework: …vests executive authority in a chief executive, who is under the jurisdiction of the central government in Beijing and serves a five-year term. Legislative authority rests with a Legislative Council (LegCo), whose 70 members (increased from 60 for the 2012 legislative elections) serve a four-year term; the chief executive, however,…

The chief executive officer (CEO) is the senior manager or leader of a business or other organization, such as a nonprofit or nongovernmental organization (NGO). A CEO has final decision-making authority within the organization (subject to the general consent of a board of directors, if there is

chief justice, the presiding judge in the Supreme Court of the United States and the highest judicial officer of the nation. The chief justice is appointed by the president of the United States with the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate and has life tenure. The primary functions of the office

chief justice: The title of chief justice is also usually accorded to the presiding judicial officer within any multi-judge court, as well as to the highest judicial officer within a state of the United States. In the United Kingdom the title of lord chief justice is held by the officer…

lord chief justice, the head of the judiciary of England and Wales. The lord chief justice traditionally served as head of the Queen’s (or King’s) Bench Division of the High Court of Justice and as head of the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal. Under a constitutional reform of 2005 that was

head of state, the highest representative of a sovereign state, who may or may not also be its head of government. The role of the head of state is primarily representative, serving to symbolize the unity and integrity of the state at home and abroad. The specific title of the head of state depends

chief rabbinate, in Judaism, a supreme religious authority whose decisions bind all those under its jurisdiction. The prototype of the chief rabbinate was the Great Sanhedrin of Jerusalem, which, until the destruction of the Second Temple in ad 70, issued legislation and interpreted Jewish Law for

chief rabbinate, in Judaism, a supreme religious authority whose decisions bind all those under its jurisdiction. The prototype of the chief rabbinate was the Great Sanhedrin of Jerusalem, which, until the destruction of the Second Temple in ad 70, issued legislation and interpreted Jewish Law for

T.M. Aluko: Chief the Honourable Minister (1970) satirizes the calamity resulting from a schoolmaster’s appointment as minister of works in a newly independent country. His subsequent novels include His Worshipful Majesty (1973), Wrong Ones in the Dock (1982), and A State of Our Own (1986). The economy…

Heinrich Mann: …Patrioteer); and Der Kopf (1925; The Chief)—carries even further his indictment of the social types produced by the authoritarian state. These novels were accompanied by essays attacking the arrogance of authority and the subservience of the subjects. A lighter work of this period is Die kleine Stadt (1909; The Little…

chiefdom, in anthropology, a notional form of sociopolitical organization in which political and economic power is exercised by a single person (or group of persons) over many communities. The term was given this technical meaning by scholars who espoused cultural evolution, a theory that was

Botswana: Constitutional framework: The Ntlo ya Dikgosi (House of Chiefs) serves in an advisory role on matters of legislation pertaining to tribal law and custom. It is composed of permanent members (representing each of the eight Tswana “tribes”) and members who are selected to serve a five-year term. Botswana’s judicial system consists…

tank: Gun calibre: …Centurions were entirely replaced by Chieftains armed with new and more-effective 120-mm guns.

chief, political leader of a social group, such as a band, tribe, or confederacy of tribes. Among many peoples, chiefs have very little coercive authority and depend on community consensus for implementing recommendations; often a number of recognized chiefs form a tribal chiefs’ council. Among

Ry Cooder: …with Irish folk band the Chieftains for San Patricio (2010), which chronicled the exploits of a group of Irish immigrants in the Mexican-American War.

Nan-ga: The Chieh-tzu yüan hua chuan (“Painting Manual of the Mustard Seed Garden”), published in China in 1679 and in Japan in 1748, contributed to the formation of the principles of this school.

Chiemsee, lake, Bavaria Land (state), southeastern Germany. It lies 1,699 feet (518 m) above sea level, between the Inn (to which it drains through the Alz) and Salzach rivers. The largest lake in Bavaria, it is 9 miles (15 km) long and 5 miles (8 km) wide, has an area of 32 square miles (82 square

jian, type of ancient Chinese bronze vessel having a large, deep bowl with a heavy rim that is meant to contain water or ice. The jian, which has a simple silhouette, is supported upon a narrow ring base. It has two or four ring handles that freely hang from slightly modeled monster masks (taotie).

Luis Buñuel: Life and work: …in Un Chien andalou (1929; An Andalusian Dog), a short film in Surrealist style. Using the free-association technique pioneered by André Breton and Philippe Soupault, Buñuel and Dalí wrote the film, which Buñuel directed and Duverger photographed; Batcheff played a major role. Dalí arrived from Spain only for the last…

Jian ware, dark brown or blackish Chinese stoneware made for domestic use chiefly during the Song dynasty (960–1279) and into the early 14th century. Jian ware was made in Fujian province, first in kilns at Jian’an and later at Jianyang. The clay used for Jian ware was of a very hard, coarse grain.

Japan: Beginning of the imperial state: …most important of these was Ganjin (Chinese: Jianzhen), who finally reached Nara in 753 on his sixth attempt and founded the Ritsu sect at Tōshōdai Temple.

Concise Encyclopædia Britannica, 11-volume short-entry encyclopaedia in the Chinese language, published in Beijing in 1985–91 and believed to be the first joint venture by a socialist state and a privately owned Western publishing enterprise. The Concise Encyclopædia Britannica was published as a

Jianwen was the reign name (nianhao) of the second emperor of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), under whose brief reign (1398–1402) a civil war nearly destroyed the newly founded dynasty. Succeeding to the throne in 1398, Jianwen continued the efforts of his predecessor to erase the Mongol legacies of

Lan Na, One of the first major Tai (Siamese) kingdoms in Thai history. It was founded by Mangrai (r. c. 1259–1317) in the northern region of present-day Thailand; its capital was the city of Chiang Mai. Lan Na was a powerful state and a centre for the spread of Theravada Buddhism. Under Tilokaracha

Chiang Mai, largest city in northern Thailand and the third largest city in the nation after metropolitan Bangkok and Nakhon Ratchasima. It is located on the Ping River, a major tributary of the Chao Phraya River, near the centre of a fertile intermontane basin at an elevation of 1,100 feet (335

Chiang Rai, town, northern Thailand. Chiang Rai lies at an elevation of 1,150 feet (350 m) in the basin of the Kok River, near the Khun Tan Range. It has an airport with scheduled flights, and road connections lead south to Lampang and north to Myanmar (Burma) and the Laotian border. It is a

Jean Renoir: Early years: …Laxative) and proved himself with La Chienne (1931; “The Bitch”), a fierce and bitter film adapted from a comic novel by Georges de la Fouchardière.

Jan van Ruysbroeck: …Chierheit der gheesteliker Brulocht (1350; The Spiritual Espousals), considered to be his masterpiece, develops his view of the Trinity and is a guide for the soul in search of God. Though his many writings were produced for his contemporary Augustinians, they spread rapidly through Latin translations and anticipated the 15th-century…

Andrea Palladio: Visits to Rome and work in Vicenza: …first, in 1550, was the Palazzo Chiericati, in which he extended his Palazzo Civena forum idea of a block with its axis parallel to the pavement, which it envelops in a loggia, or roofed open gallery. The tripartite division of the colonnaded elevation, which gives the building a definite central…

Benedict XV was the pope from 1914 to 1922. After graduating from the University of Genoa, he studied for the priesthood in the Collegio Capranica in Rome and entered the papal diplomatic service, later spending four years in Spain before being employed in the department of the secretary of state

Western architecture: Italy: …in Italy appeared in the Chiesetta di Piazza di Siena in the gardens of the Villa Borghese, Rome, designed by Mario Asprucci, 20 years after Stuart’s temple at Hagley. Also Greek was the Gymnasium, in the Botanic Garden, Palermo (1789–92), built by Léon Dufourny, who had been a pupil of…

Chieti, city, Abruzzi regione, central Italy, on a hill overlooking the Pescara River, south of Pescara. It originated as Teate, chief town of the Marrucini (an ancient Italic tribe), and was taken by the Romans in 305 bc. Destroyed by the barbarians and rebuilt by Theodoric the Ostrogoth king in

Chifeng, city, southeastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (qu), northeastern China. It lies on the upper reaches of the Yingjin River, a tributary of the upper Liaoha River (itself a branch of the West Liao River). The name, meaning “Red Mountain” in Chinese, refers to the red-coloured peak

chiffchaff, (Phylloscopus collybita), warbler (family Sylviidae, order Passeriformes) of western Eurasia, named for its song. This greenish brown bird, 11 cm (4.5 inches) long, with pale eye stripe, restlessly hunts insects in trees and makes a domed nest near the

chiffon, in textiles, lightweight, sheer fabric of plain weave, usually of silk or one of the synthetic fibres. Although delicate in appearance, it is a relatively strong, balanced fabric and can be dyed or printed for use in dresses, millinery, scarves, and lampshades. The word chiffon is also

baking: Cakes: …alkaline level with sodium bicarbonate; chiffon cakes, deriving their unique texture from the effect of liquid shortening on the foam structure; and gingerbread, similar to yellow cake but containing large amounts of molasses and spices.

Joseph Benedict Chifley was a statesman, prime minister of Australia from 1945 to 1949, and leader of the Australian Labor Party (1945–51). His ministry was noted for banking reform and expansion of social services and immigration, aiding the country’s growth in the postwar period. Having been a

Bulgaria: Decline of the Ottoman Empire: …in converting their fiefs to çiftliks, hereditary estates that could not be regulated by the government. Owners of çiftliks were free to impose higher obligations on the peasantry or to drive them off the land. Turkish refugees from lands liberated by Christian states were frequently resettled on çiftliks in Bulgaria,…

African theatre: Zambia: The playwright Stephen Chifunyise, Zimbabwean by birth, was another major contributor to Zambian theatre both through his involvement with Chikwakwa and later as director of cultural services. He later made an equal contribution to the resurgent theatre in his home country. A significant contribution was made by…

chigai-dana, in Japanese architecture, shelves built into a wall, a feature of the shoin style of domestic architecture, which first appeared during the Kamakura period (1192–1333). What was previously a freestanding bookcase for scrolls and other objects became, with the chigai-dana, a built-in

Chigasaki, city, southern Kanagawa ken (prefecture), north-central Honshu, Japan. It is located on Sagami Bay of the Pacific Ocean between Hiratsuka (west) and Kamakura (east). Originally a small post town, it developed in the late 19th century as a fashionable suburb of the Tokyo-Yokohama

perissodactyl: The wild horse: The chigetia or kulan (E. hemionus hemionus), which was formerly widespread over an immense region of the Gobi, now occurs only in semidesert steppe country in central Mongolia. Hunting and competition for water by pastoral tribesmen are responsible for its decline. The kulan is slightly smaller than the…

chigger, (suborder Prostigmata), the larva of any of approximately 10,000 species of mites in the invertebrate subclass Acari (the mites and ticks). The name is also erroneously applied to an insect better known as the chigoe, jigger, or jigger flea. Chiggers range in length from 0.1 to 16 mm

chigger, (suborder Prostigmata), the larva of any of approximately 10,000 species of mites in the invertebrate subclass Acari (the mites and ticks). The name is also erroneously applied to an insect better known as the chigoe, jigger, or jigger flea. Chiggers range in length from 0.1 to 16 mm

jinja: …of Shintō architecture is the chigi, a scissors-shaped finial formed by the projecting ends of the bargeboards at the front and rear of the roof.

Rome: Piazza del Popolo: The Chigi Chapel, unique for the early 16th century in being a miniature church, was designed by Raphael. Bernini sculpted two of the four prophets in the corners.

Chigi Family, a Sienese family that rose from banking in the 13th century to princely rank in papal Rome and in the Holy Roman Empire in the 17th century. The first member of the family to win more than local eminence was Agostino Chigi, “il Magnifico” (c. 1465–1520), a merchant prince who, as a

National Etruscan Museum: …Greek vases includes the famous Chigi vase, found at Veii, a fine example of Proto-Corinthian vase painting dating from the first half of the 6th century bce. The Castellani Collection comprises Greek vases and jewelry (a few pieces of which were dramatically stolen in 2013 and later recovered).

Chigi Family: …more than local eminence was Agostino Chigi, “il Magnifico” (c. 1465–1520), a merchant prince who, as a banker in Rome, developed one of the richest business houses in Europe, lending money to popes, administering church revenue, and spending lavishly on display and the patronage of artists and writers. It was…

Alexander VII was the pope from 1655 to 1667. Grandnephew of Pope Paul V, Chigi served the church as vice legate at Ferrara and as nuncio at Cologne (1639–51). During the negotiations leading to the Peace of Westphalia (1648), he refused to deliberate with the Protestant heretics and urged the

Bay of Fundy: …separate into two narrow niches, Chignecto Bay on the north and Minas Basin on the south. In these, the tide range is magnified by the narrowness and shape of the bay, a rise of 46 feet (14 meters) being common in Chignecto Bay and 53 feet (16 meters) in Minas…

Chignecto Isthmus, narrow neck of land in the centre of the Maritime Provinces of Canada, connecting Nova Scotia with New Brunswick and the Canadian mainland, between Northumberland Strait (leading to the Gulf of St. Lawrence) and Chignecto Bay, a northern extension of the Bay of Fundy. Its name is

mamey apple: …used locally for destroying skin-infesting chigoe fleas, and the bitter resinous seeds are used as an antiworming agent.

Chigua, genus of two species of cycads in the family Zamiaceae endemic to lowland rainforest habitats in Colombia. The genus is similar to the closely related Zamia, but Chigua differs in details of its cone morphology and in having leaflets with a well-defined midrib and branched secondary veins.

Chigwell, town in the Epping Forest district, administrative and historic county of Essex, eastern England. It is situated on the River Roding on the northeastern perimeter of the metropolitan area of London. It includes the communities of Buckhurst Hill and Loughton and parts of Epping and

Korean literature: The Three Kingdoms period and unification: 57 bce–935 ce: …a tyrannical king, and “Chigwi sŏlhwa” (“Tale of Chigwi”), about a man who, after having fallen in love with a queen, dies and turns into a ghost. In their depiction of human protagonists, these tales differ from older legends, which instead recount the heroic struggles and accomplishments of mythical…

Japan: The Oda regime: …the size of fiefs (chigyō) of Nobunaga’s retainers in order to confirm the extent of their military services and obligations to him.

Zhiyi was a Buddhist monk, founder of the eclectic Tiantai (Japanese: Tendai) Buddhist sect, which was named for Zhiyi’s monastery on Mount Tiantai in Zhejiang, China. His name is frequently but erroneously given as Zhikai. Orphaned at age 17, Zhiyi turned to monastic life and was a disciple of the

India: Consolidation of the sultanate: …came to be known as the Forty (Chihilgān), a political faction whose membership was characterized by talent and by loyalty to the family of Iltutmish.

Bohai Sea, gulf, shallow northwestern arm of the Yellow Sea, off the northern coast of China. It is enclosed by the Liaodong Peninsula (northeast) and the Shandong Peninsula (south). Liaodong Bay to the northeast and Laizhou Bay to the south are generally considered part of Bohai Sea. Within these

Japan: Traditional regions: …1905 a system of eight chihō (regions) had been set up, dividing the country from northeast to southwest. The chihō are Hokkaido, Tōhoku (northern Honshu), Kantō (eastern Honshu), Chūbu (central Honshu), Kinki (west-central Honshu), Chūgoku (western Honshu), Shikoku, and Kyushu (including the Ryukyus). Another system used by some governmental agencies…

Chihuahua, city, capital of Chihuahua estado (state), northern Mexico. The city lies at an elevation of about 4,800 feet (1,460 metres) in a valley of the Sierra Madre Occidental at the edge of the Chihuahuan Desert. Originally settled in the 16th century and officially founded in 1709, Chihuahua

Chihuahua, estado (state), northern Mexico. It is bounded to the north and northeast by the United States (New Mexico and Texas), to the east by the state of Coahuila, to the south by the state of Durango, and to the west by the states of Sinaloa and Sonora. Its capital is the city of Chihuahua. In

Chihuahua dog, smallest recognized dog breed, named for the Mexican state of Chihuahua, where it was first noted in the mid-19th century. The Chihuahua is thought to have been derived from the Techichi, a small mute dog kept by the Toltec people of Mexico as long ago as the 9th century ce.

Mexico: Climate: …in the northern Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts. Outside the high mountainous areas of northern Mexico and the north central portion of the Mesa del Norte, the lowest temperatures normally do not descend below 32 °F (0 °C).

Dale Chihuly: In 2002 his Chihuly Bridge of Glass accompanied the opening of the Museum of Glass in his native Tacoma, Washington.

Dale Chihuly: In 1996 he completed Chihuly over Venice, a collaborative international undertaking involving glassblowers from Finland, Ireland, and Mexico. That project included Chandeliers (an enduring theme), which were installed around the city and lit by natural light, and numerous other glass forms that were released to float freely along the…