Germanic peoples: The Chauci were at the mouth of the Weser, and south of them lived the Cherusci, the people of Arminius. The Suebi, who have given their name to Schwaben, were a group of peoples inhabiting Mecklenburg, Brandenburg, Saxony, and Thuringia; the Semnones, living around the Havel…

Fernand Crommelynck: With Chaud et froid (1934; “Hot and Cold”), Crommelynck returned to the theme of marital constancy. He also published a Shakespearean adaptation, Le Chevalier de la lune (1957; “Knight of the Moon”), based on the character of Sir John Falstaff.

aspic: … mixed with liquid aspic yields chaud-froid, a sauce that can be coloured and used to decorate cold foods.

Neoclassical art: France: Joseph Chinard, Joseph-Charles Marin, Antoine-Denis Chaudet, and Baron François-Joseph Bosio. The early sculpture of Ingres’s well-known contemporary François Rude was Neoclassical.

Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan was a Pakistani politician, diplomat, and international jurist, known particularly for his representation of Pakistan at the United Nations (UN). The son of the leading attorney of his native city, Zafrulla Khan studied at Government College in Lahore and received his

Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry is a Pakistani judge who was named to the Pakistan Supreme Court in 2000 and later served as its chief justice (2005–07; 2009–13). Chaudhry received his early education in Balochistan before moving to Sindh province, where he studied law at Hyderabad University, receiving

Fiji: History of Fiji: In May 1999 Mahendra Chaudhry became Fiji’s first prime minister of Indian ancestry. Fijian nationalists strongly opposed Chaudhry’s premiership, and during his first months in office there were a number of arson and bomb attacks in Suva linked to extremists. However, Chaudhry easily survived a no-confidence motion by…

Nirad C. Chaudhuri was a Bengali author and scholar who was opposed to the withdrawal of British colonial rule from the Indian subcontinent and the subsequent rejection of Western culture in independent India. He was an erudite and complex individual who seemed to have been born at the wrong place

Nirad C. Chaudhuri was a Bengali author and scholar who was opposed to the withdrawal of British colonial rule from the Indian subcontinent and the subsequent rejection of Western culture in independent India. He was an erudite and complex individual who seemed to have been born at the wrong place

Turkmenistan: Turkmen tribes and Russian invasion: …16th and 17th centuries the Chaudor tribe led a powerful tribal union in the north, while the Salor tribe was dominant in the south. During the 17th and 18th centuries the ascendancy passed to the Yomuts, Tekkes, Ersaris, and Saryks, who began to move out of the desert into the…

Chaudor carpet, floor covering handmade by the Chaudor (Chodor) Turkmen. Usually, they are made either in carpet size or as bag faces (the fronts of bags used for storage in tents or for baggage on camels). They are characterized by their colouring, which ranges from plum through violet-brown

Chauk, town and port, north-central Myanmar (Burma). Situated in the Irrawaddy River basin, it is a petroleum port for the Singu-Chauk oil fields. Traditionally, people of the Mon group gathered asphalt in the area to weatherproof houses. In 1902 the British discovered the Chauk-Lonywa oil field.

Songkran, splashy and water-filled New Year festival in Thailand, and, by other names, in Cambodia, Myanmar (Burma), and Laos as well as in parts of India and China. Songkran is celebrated approximately April 13–15 and marks the entrance of the sun into the astrological sign of Mesha (“ram,” or

Guy de Chauliac was the most eminent surgeon of the European Middle Ages, whose Chirurgia magna (1363) was a standard work on surgery until at least the 17th century. In this work, he describes a narcotic inhalation used as a soporific for surgical patients, as well as numerous surgical procedures,

viperfish, any of nine species of marine fishes belonging to the genus Chauliodus (order Stomiiformes). They are found in tropical regions of the major oceans. The viperfishes are deep-sea dwellers and have luminescent organs along the sides; the lights sometimes function in the attraction of other

viperfish: …small, the largest being the Pacific viperfish (C. macouni), which attains a length of 30 centimetres (1 foot).

soldier beetle, any member of the approximately 3,500 species of the widely distributed insect family Cantharidae (order Coleoptera). These slender, soft-bodied beetles are brown or black and trimmed like a soldier’s uniform—with red, yellow, or orange. The adults range between 5 and 15 mm (0.2 and

Malpighiales: Achariaceae: …Hydnocarpus are a source of chaulmoogra oil, at one time important in the treatment of leprosy. The presumed active agent in the oil, hydnocarpic acid, is believed to have antibiotic properties. The seeds of Caloncoba echinata, from west-central Africa, are the source of gorli oil, also used in the treatment…

Pierre-Gaspard Chaumette was a French Revolutionary leader, social reformer, and promoter of the anti-Christian cult of the goddess Reason. He was put to death by the Revolutionary tribunal because of his democratic extremism. Chaumette went to sea as a cabin boy, studied botany, traveled widely in

Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre: In a later work, La Chaumière indienne (1790; “The Indian Cottage”), a traveler finds wisdom in the cottage of an Indian outcast. Cultural primitivism, which Bernardin was one of the first to celebrate, became one of the central ideas of the Romantic movement.

Chaumont, town, capital of Haute-Marne département, Grand Est région, eastern France, southeast of Paris. Situated on the edge of a plateau at the confluence of the Marne and the Suize rivers in the upper Marne valley, it was originally called Calvus Mons (Bald Mountain) and was built around a

Treaty of Chaumont, (1814) treaty signed by Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Britain binding them to defeat Napoleon. The British foreign secretary Viscount Castlereagh played a leading part in negotiating the treaty, by which the signatories undertook not to negotiate separately, and promised to

screamer: …east-central South America, and the black-necked screamer (C. chavaria), of Colombia and Venezuela, have hind crests of feathers.

screamer: The crested screamer, or chaja (a name that comes from its cry; Chauna torquata), of open country in east-central South America, and the black-necked screamer (C. chavaria), of Colombia and Venezuela, have hind crests of feathers.

West Lafayette, city, Tippecanoe county, west-central Indiana, U.S. It lies along the Wabash River (bridged) opposite Lafayette. A town was platted on the west bank of the Wabash in 1836, but it failed to attract settlers because it was located in an area prone to flooding. A second settlement was

Charles Chauncy was a great-grandson of the elder Charles Chauncy. He was a Congregationalist minister and one of the leading critics of the Great Awakening (q.v.) revivalist movement in the British American colonies in the mid-18th century. A graduate of Harvard in 1721, Chauncy served the First

Charles Chauncy was an American clergyman and the second president of Harvard College, described by Cotton Mather as “a most incomparable scholar.” Chauncy attended Trinity College, Cambridge, and was in turn vicar at Ware and at Marston St. Lawrence, but he twice incurred censure from the

Chanticleer, character in several medieval beast tales in which human society is satirized through the actions of animals endowed with human characteristics. Most famous of these works is a 13th-century collection of related satirical tales called Roman de Renart, whose hero is Reynard the Fox. The

Cerro de Pasco, mining city, located in the highlands of central Peru, northeast of Lima, to which it is connected by rail and highway. One of the world’s highest cities, it lies at an elevation of 14,232 feet (4,338 m). Rich silver ores were discovered nearby in 1630, and for about two centuries

Hariprasad Chaurasia is an Indian flutist in the Hindustani classical tradition whose performances and compositions brought global recognition to the bansuri, a simple side-blown bamboo flute. Unlike most other noted musicians of his generation, Chaurasia was not born into a family of musicians.

Canadian literature: Contemporary trends: Such writers include Normand Chaurette with Provincetown Playhouse, juillet 1919, j’avais 19 ans (1981; “Provincetown Playhouse, July 1919, I Was 19 Years Old”), René-Daniel Dubois with Being at Home with Claude (1986), and Michel Marc Bouchard with Les Feluettes; ou, la répétition d’un drame romantique (1987; Lilies; or,…

Chauri Chaura, village in eastern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. Chauri Chaura came to prominence during the struggle for Indian independence after a violent incident between the British Indian police and political activists. On February 4, 1922, supporters of the Khilafat movement and the

Shēr Shah of Sūr: At the Battle of Chausa on June 26, 1539, he defeated the Mughal emperor Humāyūn and assumed the royal title of Farīd al-Dīn Shēr Shah. In May 1540 at Kannauj he again defeated Humāyūn; he had driven his foes from Bengal, Bihar, Hindustan, and the Punjab and…

Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée was a French playwright who created the comédie larmoyante (“tearful comedy”), a verse-drama form merging tearful, sentimental scenes with an invariably happy ending. These sentimental comedies, which were precursors of Denis Diderot’s drames bourgeois, were

Ernest Chausson was a composer whose small body of compositions has given him high rank among French composers of the late 19th century. After obtaining a doctorate degree in law, Chausson entered the Paris Conservatory in 1879 for a course of study with Jules Massenet and César Franck. At this

Om Prakash Chautala is an Indian politician and government official who was a longtime president of the Indian National Lok Dal (INLD), a regional political party in Haryana state, northwest-central India. Between 1989 and 1991 he also served three brief terms as chief minister (head of government)

Chautauqua, resort-colony and town (township), Chautauqua county, western New York, U.S. The resort-colony lies on Chautauqua Lake (18 miles [29 km] long, 1–2 miles [1.5–3 km] wide), near Lake Erie, 16 miles (26 km) northwest of Jamestown. It originated in 1874 with the establishment of the

Chautauqua, county, extreme southwestern New York state, U.S., bordered by Lake Erie to the north and Pennsylvania to the west and south. A band of lowlands along Lake Erie rises to rolling hills that surround Chautauqua Lake in the interior. The county is drained by French, Cassadaga, and

New York: Cultural institutions: The Chautauqua Institution, founded in 1874 on Chautauqua Lake in southwestern New York, inspired the national chautauqua movement of public lectures and adult education during the late 19th and early 20th centuries; the institution now offers a wide range of cultural and educational activities, including concerts,…

chautauqua movement, popular U.S. movement in adult education that flourished during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The original Chautauqua Lake Sunday School Assembly in western New York, founded in 1874 by John H. Vincent and Lewis Miller, began as a program for the training of

Camille Chautemps was a French politician who served three times as premier of France and played a controversial role in the surrender of France to Nazi Germany during World War II. Born into a politically prominent family, Chautemps developed a highly successful law practice and became an

chauth, in 17th- and 18th-century India, a levy of one-fourth of the revenue demand (or actual collection) of a district from which the Marathas claimed rights of passage or overlordship. The name was derived from the Sanskrit word meaning “a fourth.” In practice, chauth was often the fee paid by

Indo-Aryan literature: …of the year; and the chautis (“34”), in which the 34 consonants of the northern Indian Devanagari alphabet are used as the initial letters of a poem of 34 lines or stanzas, describing 34 joys of love, 34 attributes, and so on.

Chauvelin Family, prominent French family that had great influence in affairs of state from the 16th to 19th centuries and produced many notable diplomats and clergymen and several peers. The first family member of note was Toussaint Chauvelin (d. c. 1552), who was a public prosecutor for

Chauvelin Family: Bernard Chauvelin (1662–1755), great-grandson of Toussaint, was successively counsellor to parliament, steward of Tours, Bordeaux, and Amiens, and counsellor of state.

Chauvelin Family: His son, Bernard-François, marquis de Chauvelin (b. Nov. 29, 1766—d. April 9, 1832), succeeded his father as an attendant to Louis XVI. Raised with strong liberal ideals, Chauvelin welcomed the Revolution and fought with Rochambeau’s army. In 1792 he was made ambassador to London, where he succeeded in obtaining British…

Chauvelin Family: Bernard-Louis, marquis de Chauvelin (b. March 1, 1716—d. Nov. 24, 1773), was the brother of Henri-Philippe and achieved great distinction as a soldier and diplomat. In 1732 he became a lieutenant in the king’s infantry and distinguished himself in the Italian campaign. Rising rapidly through the ranks, he…

Chauvelin Family: Germain-Louis Chauvelin (b. 1685—d. April 1, 1762) was general counsellor to parliament when he was appointed keeper of the seals (minister of justice) in 1727 and then secretary of state (1727–37) under the foreign minister Cardinal Fleury. Chauvelin’s policy was basically anti-Austrian, and the War…

Chauvelin Family: Henri-Philippe Chauvelin (b. April 18, 1714—d. Jan. 14, 1770), the son of Bernard, was the abbot of Montieramey and counsellor to the parliament. Along with his widespread political influence, he was known for his anti-Jesuitical writings.

Chauvelin Family: Louis de Chauvelin (b. 1640—d. July 31, 1719), the son of Louis Chauvelin (d. 1645), who was steward of the army of Italy, became counsellor to parliament and then steward of Picardie and Franche-Comté. At the time of his death he was counsellor of state.…

Chauvelin Family: …family member of note was Toussaint Chauvelin (d. c. 1552), who was a public prosecutor for parliament and then attorney general under Catherine de Médicis. His oldest son, François, became attorney general under Marie de Médicis. Bernard Chauvelin (1662–1755), great-grandson of Toussaint, was successively counsellor to parliament, steward of Tours,…

Chauvet–Pont d’Arc: Discovery of the site: …Ministry of Culture park ranger Jean-Marie Chauvet pursued the exploration. After destroying the obstruction, he and speleologist Éliette Brunel Deschamps crawled through the opening and reached the roof of an unknown cave. With the help of a spelunking ladder, they descended 26 feet (8 metres) to the ground below. That…

Chauvet–Pont d’Arc, painted cave in southeast France considered to be one of the greatest Paleolithic sanctuaries ever discovered. It is noted both for the originality and quality of its animal representations and for their great age. Chauvet–Pont d’Arc was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site

chauvinism: …derived from the name of Nicolas Chauvin, a French soldier who, satisfied with the reward of military honours and a small pension, retained a simpleminded devotion to Napoleon. Chauvin came to typify the cult of the glorification of all things military that was popular after 1815 among the veterans of…

Yves Chauvin was a French chemist who was corecipient, with Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock, of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2005 for developing metathesis, an important chemical reaction used in organic chemistry. Chauvin offered a detailed explanation of “how metatheses reactions

chauvinism, excessive and unreasonable patriotism, similar to jingoism. The word is derived from the name of Nicolas Chauvin, a French soldier who, satisfied with the reward of military honours and a small pension, retained a simpleminded devotion to Napoleon. Chauvin came to typify the cult of the

La Chaux-de-Fonds, town, Neuchâtel canton, western Switzerland. It is situated in the Jura Mountains, near the French border, northwest of Neuchâtel city. First mentioned in the 14th century, it was chartered in 1656 and was almost completely rebuilt after a fire in 1794. The watchmaking industry

Thaksin Shinawatra: …minister a second time under Chavalit Yongchaiyudh in 1997.

Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan was an Indian politician and government official who was prominent in the independence movement against British rule and became a senior leader of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party). He served as the third chief minister (head of government) of Bombay state

Yashwantrao Balwantrao Chavan was an Indian politician and government official who was prominent in the independence movement against British rule and became a senior leader of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party). He served as the third chief minister (head of government) of Bombay state

Georgian literature: The 18th and 19th centuries: Ilia Chavchavadze and Akaki Tsereteli had immense moral and intellectual authority and measurable narrative talent, as displayed, for example, in Chavchavadze’s Katsia-adamiani? (1859–63; “Is That a Human Being?”), which attacks the degenerate gentry, and Tsereteli’s fine autobiographical Chemi tavgadasavali (1894–1909; “The Story of My Life”).…

Chaves, city and concelho (municipality), northern Portugal. It lies along the Tâmega River, north-northeast of Vila Real town. The city, 5 miles (8 km) south of the Spanish frontier, is the site of a spa, the Chaves thermal springs, known as Aquae Flavius to the Romans, who fortified it. Chaves

Chaves, county, southeastern New Mexico, U.S. Most of Chaves county lies in the Great Plains, with the extreme western section including the Guadalupe and Sacramento Mountains and a portion of the Lincoln National Forest. On the east lies Mescalero Ridge. In the flat-to-rolling Pecos River valley

Costa Rica: Costa Rica in the 21st century: …early 2000s, and his opponent, Rodrigo Chaves Robles, a conservative economist and former finance minister, had seen his career at the World Bank undermined by charges of sexual harassment. In the April runoff Chaves claimed some 53 percent of the vote to become president. More than 43 percent of eligible…

Federico Chávez was a Paraguayan politician and soldier who served as president of his country (1949–54). Chávez, who received his law degree in 1905, was a longtime leader of the right-of-centre Colorado (National Republican) Party. When his party served in a coalition government in 1946, Chávez

Hugo Chávez was a Venezuelan politician who was president of Venezuela (1999–2013). Chávez styled himself as the leader of the “Bolivarian Revolution,” a socialist political program for much of Latin America, named after Simón Bolívar, the South American independence hero. Although the focus of the

Carlos Chávez was a Mexican conductor and composer whose music combines elements of traditional folk songs and modern compositional techniques. At age 16 Chávez completed Sinfonía, his first symphony. The ballet El fuego nuevo (1921; “The New Fire”) was his first significant work in a Mexican

Dina Boluarte: Pedro Castillo’s removal from office and Dina Boluarte’s accidental presidency: …Prime Minister Aníbal Torres with Betssy Chávez, Boluarte left the cabinet, resigning her post as minister for development and social inclusion but remaining as vice president. On December 7, with Congress preparing a third impeachment attempt, Castillo acted preemptively, going on national television to announce his intention to dissolve the…

Carlos Chávez was a Mexican conductor and composer whose music combines elements of traditional folk songs and modern compositional techniques. At age 16 Chávez completed Sinfonía, his first symphony. The ballet El fuego nuevo (1921; “The New Fire”) was his first significant work in a Mexican

Cesar Chavez was an organizer of migrant American farmworkers and a cofounder with Dolores Huerta of the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) in 1962. Chavez, who was a farm labourer himself, grew up in a family of Mexican American descent. After his parents lost their farm during the Great

Cesar Chavez was an organizer of migrant American farmworkers and a cofounder with Dolores Huerta of the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) in 1962. Chavez, who was a farm labourer himself, grew up in a family of Mexican American descent. After his parents lost their farm during the Great

Federico Chávez was a Paraguayan politician and soldier who served as president of his country (1949–54). Chávez, who received his law degree in 1905, was a longtime leader of the right-of-centre Colorado (National Republican) Party. When his party served in a coalition government in 1946, Chávez

Hugo Chávez was a Venezuelan politician who was president of Venezuela (1999–2013). Chávez styled himself as the leader of the “Bolivarian Revolution,” a socialist political program for much of Latin America, named after Simón Bolívar, the South American independence hero. Although the focus of the

Julio César Chávez is a Mexican professional boxer and world lightweight champion, for many years one of Mexico’s most popular sports figures. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Chávez began boxing at a young age; he had older brothers in boxing who took him to the gym where he

AFL–CIO: Merger of the AFL and the CIO: …an AFL-CIO executive office when Linda Chavez-Thompson became executive vice president. Sweeney pledged to increase union membership through aggressive organizing campaigns and political lobbying.

Daína Chaviano is an expatriate Cuban author of novels, novellas, short stories, and scripts for film and television. Chaviano grew up in Havana. She published her first book, the short-story collection Los mundos que amo (1980; “The Worlds I Love”), after winning a literary contest while attending

piperine: …is attributed to the compound chavicine, a geometric isomer (having the same molecular formula but differing in structure) of piperine. The loss of pungency of ground pepper on storage is associated with slow transformation of chavicine into piperine.

Léon Bouthillier, comte de Chavigny et de Buzançais was a prominent figure during the French civil wars of the Fronde. The son of one of Cardinal de Richelieu’s principal adjutants, he was created Count de Chavigny and secretary of state in 1632; in 1635 he was also made chancellor in the household

Chavín, earliest highly developed culture in pre-Columbian Peru, which flourished between about 900 and 200 bc. During this time Chavín artistic influence spread throughout the northern and central parts of what is now Peru. The name given to this early civilization derives from the great ruin of

Chavín de Huántar, site of temple ruins, west-central Peru. The ruins belong to the Chavín pre-Columbian culture, which flourished c. 900–c. 200 bc. The central building is a massive temple complex constructed of rectangular stone blocks; it contains interior galleries and incorporates bas-relief

Million Man March: …of Islam, and directed by Benjamin F. Chavis, Jr., the former executive director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, to bring about a spiritual renewal that would instill a sense of personal responsibility in African American men for improving the condition of African Americans. Among other…

zydeco: …Chenier, Queen Ida, Buckwheat Zydeco, Boozoo Chavis, and others.

zydeco: …Chenier, Queen Ida, Buckwheat Zydeco, Boozoo Chavis, and others.

Venezuela: The presidency of Nicolás Maduro: …outcome as a victory for chavismo, and the Maduro-friendly election commission pronounced the elections clear. In refuting the results, the opposition alleged that there had been widespread ballot manipulation and pointed to the last-minute relocation of hundreds of polling places without public notice (often away from opposition strongholds) and the…

Zambezi River: Physiography: …the river flows over the Chavuma Falls and enters a broad region of hummocky, sand-covered floodplains, the largest of which is the Barotse, or Zambezi, Plain. The region is inundated during the summer floods, when it receives fertile alluvial soils. The main tributaries intersecting the river along the plains are…

French literature: Prose fiction: Chantal Chawaf’s sensually charged prose offers a highly original version of the blood rhythms of the body in Rédemption (1989; Eng. trans. Redemption), a very new kind of vampire novel.

Ob River: Physiography: …after the Chulym, include the Chaya and the Parabel (both left), the Ket (right), the Vasyugan (left), and the Tym and Vakh rivers (both right). Down to the Vasyugan confluence the river passes through the southern belt of the taiga, thereafter entering the middle belt. Below the Vakh confluence the…

Paddy Chayefsky was an American playwright and screenwriter whose work was part of the flowering of television drama in the 1950s. He also wrote several critically acclaimed films. Chayefsky graduated from City College of New York in 1943 and served during World War II in the U.S. Army. On his

Paddy Chayefsky was an American playwright and screenwriter whose work was part of the flowering of television drama in the 1950s. He also wrote several critically acclaimed films. Chayefsky graduated from City College of New York in 1943 and served during World War II in the U.S. Army. On his

The Seagull, drama in four acts by Anton Chekhov, performed in 1896 and published in Russian the following year as Chayka. A revised edition was published in 1904. The play deals with lost opportunities and the clash between generations. The main characters, all artists, are guests at a country

Dances With Wolves: …the unhinged Major Fambrough (Maury Chaykin) assigns him to the army’s most distant outpost, Fort Sedgewick. When Dunbar arrives at the post, he is surprised to find it deserted and in disrepair, but he chooses to stay nonetheless. He sets about restoring the fort, and he keeps a journal…

Nikolay Vasilyevich Chaykovsky: …group became known as the Chaykovsky Circle. Dedicated to spreading socialist ideas as widely as possible, the circle distributed legally published political books and organized discussion groups among industrial workers. It attracted members from a variety of schools of radical thought, grew into the first major populist movement in Russia,…

Nikolay Vasilyevich Chaykovsky was a revolutionary socialist and leader of the early Narodnik movement in Russia. Having joined a radical students’ circle in St. Petersburg in 1869, Chaykovsky became its leader when its founder, Mark Natanson, was arrested (1871); the group became known as the

chayote, (Sechium edule), perennial vine of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), cultivated for its edible fruits. Chayote is native to the New World tropics and is also grown as an annual plant in temperate climates. The fruits are boiled, baked, or sautéed as a vegetable and taste similarly to

keyboard instrument: Great Britain: …complete diapason chorus, and the Choir, or Chayre, organ usually extended upward only to a single two-foot. Almost every organ had a cornet, and the reeds in common use were trumpet, vox humana, and cremona, or krummhorn, with half-length, cylindrical resonators. There were no pedals, but the manual compass almost…

cantor, in Judaism and Christianity, an ecclesiastical official in charge of music or chants. In Judaism the cantor, or ḥazzan, directs liturgical prayer in the synagogue and leads the chanting. He may be engaged by a congregation to serve for an entire year or merely to assist at the ceremonies of

Damien Chazelle is an American director and screenwriter who won numerous awards for his first two major films, Whiplash (2014) and La La Land (2016). Chazelle was the son of university professors, and as a child he had an interest in both filmmaking and music. He attended Princeton High School in

Damien Chazelle is an American director and screenwriter who won numerous awards for his first two major films, Whiplash (2014) and La La Land (2016). Chazelle was the son of university professors, and as a child he had an interest in both filmmaking and music. He attended Princeton High School in

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War: …leadership of Bernard Lown and Yevgeny I. Chazov, respectively. The organization promotes research on the medical, psychological, and biospheric effects that a nuclear war would have. At the time that it was awarded the prize, the group had more than 135,000 members in 41 countries, with about 30,000 of them…

cantor, in Judaism and Christianity, an ecclesiastical official in charge of music or chants. In Judaism the cantor, or ḥazzan, directs liturgical prayer in the synagogue and leads the chanting. He may be engaged by a congregation to serve for an entire year or merely to assist at the ceremonies of