Platonism: Medieval Platonism: …4th century the Christian exegete Calcidius (Chalcidius) prepared a commentary on Plato’s Timaeus, which exerted an important influence on its medieval interpretation. A Christian Platonic theism of the type of which Boethius is the finest example thus arose; based on a reading of the Timaeus with Christian eyes, it continued…

vitamin D: …plants and better known as ergocalciferol (or calciferol), and vitamin D3, found in animal tissues and often referred to as cholecalciferol. Both of these compounds are inactive precursors of potent metabolites and therefore fall into the category of prohormones. This is true not only for cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol obtained from…

animal disease: Characteristics of cell and tissue changes: …salts, which is known as hypercalcification, may occur as a result of several diseases involving the blood vessels and the heart, the urinary system, the gallbladder, and the bonelike tissue called cartilage. Pigments (coloured molecules) from coal dust or asbestos dust may infiltrate the lungs of certain dogs in two…

sedimentary rock: Origin of limestones: …(marls) and limestone muds (or calcilutites) of deep-water abyssal plains. Freshwater limestones of limited extent represent a spectrum of small-scale settings developed within and along the margins of lacustrine basins. Deep-water abyssal plain limestones are quite restricted in volume and age in the geologic record for a number of reasons.…

calcination, the heating of solids to a high temperature for the purpose of removing volatile substances, oxidizing a portion of mass, or rendering them friable. Calcination, therefore, is sometimes considered a process of purification. A typical example is the manufacture of lime from limestone.

sponge: Annotated classification: Subclass Calcinea Larva called parenchymella (solid, compact, with outer layer of flagellated cells, inner mass of cells); flagella of choanocytes (collar cells) arise independently of nucleus; some 3-rayed spicules in most species; water-current system ascon, sycon, or leucon type; includes pharetronid sponges with rigid skeleton of…

aluminum processing: Aluminum oxide: Calcined alumina is aluminum oxide that has been heated at temperatures in excess of 1,050 °C (1,900 °F) to drive off nearly all chemically combined water. In this form, alumina has great chemical purity, extreme hardness (9 on the Mohs hardness scale, on which diamond…

Tonegawa Susumu: …to produce an enzyme called calcineurin. Calcineurin plays important roles in the immune system and in the brain, where it is associated with receptors that bind chemicals involved in neural synaptic transmission. Tonegawa’s mice unexpectedly displayed symptoms characteristic of schizophrenia. Further studies indicated that genetic variations in the calcineurin gene…

immunosuppressant: Calcineurin inhibitors are the most effective immunosuppressive drugs in use. These drugs target intracellular signaling pathways induced by the activation of T lymphocytes (or T cells), a type of white blood cell that directly attacks and eliminates foreign molecules from the body. Cyclosporine and

sports: Sports in the Renaissance and modern periods: …the cultivated Florentine game of calcio, a form of football that stressed the good looks and elegant attire of the players. Within the world of sports, the emphasis on aesthetics, rather than achievement, was never stronger.

rare-earth element: Calciothermic method: The calciothermic process is used for all the rare-earth metals except the four with high vapour pressures—i.e., low boiling points. The rare-earth oxide is converted to the fluoride by heating it with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas to form RF3. The fluoride can…

Calcisol, one of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Calcisols are characterized by a layer of translocated (migrated) calcium carbonate—whether soft and powdery or hard and cemented—at some depth in the soil profile. They are usually

calcite, the most common form of natural calcium carbonate (CaCO3), a widely distributed mineral known for the beautiful development and great variety of its crystals. It is polymorphous (same chemical formula but different crystal structure) with the minerals aragonite and vaterite and with

calcite compensation depth (CCD), in oceanography, the depth at which the rate of carbonate accumulation equals the rate of carbonate dissolution. The input of carbonate to the ocean is through rivers and deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The CCD intersects the flanks of the world’s oceanic ridges, and

mineral: Carbonates: …that differ in structure type: calcite, aragonite, and dolomite. The copper carbonates azurite and malachite are the only notable hydrous varieties.

calcite: Origin and occurrence: The resulting rocks are calcite marbles. Some calcite marbles, however, appear to have had dolostone rather than limestone precursors; i.e., the dolostone underwent dedolomitization during metamorphism. The calcite grains in some marbles have cleavage planes that are curved; this is usually interpreted to reflect recrystallization during deformation or plastic…

calcitonin, a protein hormone synthesized and secreted in humans and other mammals primarily by parafollicular cells (C cells) in the thyroid gland. In birds, fishes, and other nonmammalian vertebrates, calcitonin is secreted by cells of the glandular ultimobranchial bodies. The overall effect of

bone: Calcium and phosphate equilibrium: …form of vitamin D to calcitrial. Calcitrial enters the circulation and travels to the small intestine where it acts to increase the absorption efficiency of dietary calcium into the bloodstream.

calcium (Ca), chemical element, one of the alkaline-earth metals of Group 2 (IIa) of the periodic table. It is the most abundant metallic element in the human body and the fifth most abundant element in Earth’s crust. atomic number20 atomic weight40.078 melting point842 °C (1,548 °F) boiling

alcoholism: Physiological therapies: …naltrexone (an opiate antagonist) and acamprosate, or calcium acetylhomotaurinate (a modulator of gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA] and N-methyl-D-aspartate [NMDA] receptors), have, like disulfiram, been effective in reducing relapse over periods up to a year. But there is no evidence that either of these agents reduces the risk of relapse over the…

bentonite: Calcium bentonites are nonswelling and break down to a finely granular aggregate that is widely used as an absorbent clay sometimes called fuller’s earth.

chemical industry: Ethylene: …from a completely different source, calcium carbide.

calcium carbonate (CaCO3), chemical compound consisting of one atom of calcium, one of carbon, and three of oxygen that is the major constituent of limestone, marble, chalk, eggshells, bivalve shells, and corals. Calcium carbonate is either a white powder or a colorless crystal. When heated, it

nervous system: Calcium channels: As with potassium channels, there is more than one type of calcium channel. The inward calcium current is slower than the sodium current. There are at least two types of current in certain neurons of the central nervous system—a long-lasting current activated at…

deliquescence: The effectiveness of calcined calcium chloride in settling road dust is a result of its deliquescence. When spread in the form of a powder or flakes, it absorbs more than its own weight of water and forms a liquid that keeps the road wet. See also efflorescence.

carbide: Ionic carbides: …°C [1,800–2,200 °F]) to form calcium cyanamide, CaCN2. CaC2 + N2 → CaCN2 + C This is an important industrial reaction because CaCN2 finds extensive use as a fertilizer owing to its reaction with water to produce cyanamide, H2NCN. Most MC2 acetylides have the CaC2 structure, which is derived from…

calcium deficiency, condition in which calcium is insufficient or is not utilized properly. Calcium is the mineral that is most likely to be deficient in the average diet. It is the chief supportive element in bones and teeth. Calcium salts make up about 70 percent of bone by weight and give that

chemical industry: Uses: …goes to the manufacture of superphosphate and related fertilizers. Other uses of the acid are so multifarious as almost to defy enumeration, notable ones being the manufacture of high-octane gasoline, of titanium dioxide (a white pigment, also a filler for some plastics, and for paper), explosives, rayon, the processing of…

cadmium poisoning: …includes the oral administration of calcium edetate.

calcium: Compounds: The fluoride, CaF2, is important to the production of hydrofluoric acid, which is made from CaF2 by the action of sulfuric acid. CaF2 is used in laboratory instruments as a window material for both infrared and ultraviolet radiation.

svabite, arsenate mineral, calcium fluoride arsenate [Ca5(AsO4)3F], in the apatite group of phosphates. Typical specimens are transparent, colourless prisms and masses, as at Pajsberg, Swed., and Franklin, N.J., U.S. The svabite series, also containing hedyphane (calcium and lead chloride

parturient paresis: …is the intravenous injection of calcium gluconate, upon which the animal makes a speedy recovery. There is no effective means of preventing parturient paresis, but modern treatment methods have made deaths from it a rarity in the developed nations. A variety of dietary modifications and supplements have been tried with…

calcium: Compounds: The hydrogen sulfite, Ca(HSO3)2, is made by the action of sulfur dioxide on a slurry of Ca(OH)2. Its aqueous solution under pressure dissolves the lignin in wood to leave cellulose fibres and thus finds considerable application in the paper industry.

calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), a soft white powder that is widely used as a raw material in the chemical industry. It forms when calcium oxide is mixed with water. The compound has two hydroxide ions (OH−) for each ion of calcium (Ca2+). The chemical is ionic, with aqueous and electrolytic

bleach: calcium hypochlorite, and hydrogen peroxide are commonly used as bleaches.

cardiovascular drug: Heart rate: In the mid-1970s the calcium channel blockers, another type of antiarrhythmic drug, were introduced. Verapamil and diltiazem are important examples of this class of drugs. They reduce the influx of calcium ions through the cell membrane, which normally occurs when the cell is depolarized. This movement of calcium ions…

geology: Sedimentary petrology: carbonate (calcite) and calcium magnesium carbonate (dolomite). Much of the complexity in classifying carbonate rocks stems partly from the fact that many limestones and dolomites have been formed, directly or indirectly, through the influence of organisms, including bacteria, lime-secreting algae, various shelled organisms (e.g., mollusks and brachiopods), and…

inorganic polymer: Borates: ) For example, calcium metaborate, CaB2O4, consists of infinite chains of B2O42− units, whereas potassium borate, K[B5O6(OH)4] · 2H2O (commonly written as KB5O8 · 4H2O), consists of two B3O3 rings linked through a common four-coordinated boron atom. The tetraborates, B4O5(OH)

powellite, the mineral calcium molybdate, CaMoO4, ordinarily found only as a component of solid solutions in the calcium tungstate mineral scheelite

saltpetre: …lime saltpetre, wall saltpetre, or calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2. These three nitrates generally occur as efflorescences caused by the oxidation of nitrogenous matter in the presence of the alkalis and alkaline earths.

nitride: Preparation of nitrides: …here for the synthesis of calcium nitride, Ca3N2. 3Ca + N2 → Ca3N2 A second method is through the loss of ammonia by thermal decomposition of a metal amide, shown here with barium amide. 3Ba(NH2)2 → Ba3N2 + 4NH3 Nitrides are also formed during surface hardening of steel

quicklime (CaO), compound of one atom of calcium and one atom of oxygen that is a white or grayish white solid produced in large quantities by roasting calcium carbonate so as to drive off carbon dioxide. At room temperature, CaO will spontaneously absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere,

connective tissue: Bone: …impregnated with minute crystals of calcium phosphate in the form of the mineral hydroxyapatite. The mineralization of the matrix is responsible for the hardness of bone. It also provides a large reserve of calcium that can be drawn upon to meet unusual needs for this element elsewhere in the body.…

arthritis: Crystalloid arthritis: Pseudogout is caused by rhomboid-shaped calcium pyrophosphate crystals deposition (CPPD) into the joint space, which leads to symptoms that closely resemble gout. Typically occurring in one or two joints, such as the knee, ankles, wrists, or shoulders, pseudogout can last between one day and four weeks and is self-limiting in…

cement: Hydration: …with water molecules to form calcium silicate hydrate (3CaO · 2SiO2 · 3H2O) and calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2). These compounds are given the shorthand notations C–S–H (represented by the average formula C3S2H3) and CH, and the hydration reaction can be crudely represented by the following reactions: 2C3S + 6H = C3S2H3…

ale: …brewed with water rich in calcium sulfate, are made with top-fermenting yeast, and are processed at higher temperatures than the lagers popular in the United States. Pale ale has up to 5 percent alcohol content, while India pale ale—a variety of pale ale—typically has more; both usually have even stronger…

crystal: Ionic bonds: …such as barium oxide (BaO), calcium sulfide (CaS), barium selenide (BaSe), or strontium oxide (SrO). They have the same structure as sodium chloride, with each atom having six neighbours. Oxygen can be combined with various cations to form a large number of ionically bonded solids.

sedimentary rock: Lithic arenites: …predominant, the name chert or calclithite is applied.

Giuseppe Peano: Peano’s Calcolo differenziale e principii di calcolo integrale (1884; “Differential Calculus and Principles of Integral Calculus”) and Lezioni di analisi infinitesimale, 2 vol. (1893; “Lessons of Infinitesimal Analysis”), are two of the most important works on the development of the general theory of functions since the…

calcrete, calcium-rich duricrust, a hardened layer in or on a soil. It is formed on calcareous materials as a result of climatic fluctuations in arid and semiarid regions. Calcite is dissolved in groundwater and, under drying conditions, is precipitated as the water evaporates at the surface.

metalogic: Decidability and undecidability: …truth: that all recursive or computable functions and relations are representable in the system (e.g., in N). Since truth in the language of a system is itself not representable (definable) in the system, it cannot, by the lemma, be recursive (i.e., decidable).

Mark Clark: He wrote Calculated Risk (1950), an account of his experience of World War II, and From the Danube to the Yalu (1954), his perspective on the Korean War.

Calculating Clock, the earliest known calculator, built in 1623 by the German astronomer and mathematician Wilhelm Schickard. He described it in a letter to his friend the astronomer Johannes Kepler, and in 1624 he wrote again to explain that a machine that he had commissioned to be built for

And the foundation of long-term trading success.Position sizing is a crucial, yet often overlooked, aspect of risk management that determines how much of a particular asset—whether it’s stocks, options, or even cryptocurrency—you should buy or sell per trade. Position sizing involves calculating

Tailor the formula to your unique needs.If you’re like most Americans, you’ve been paying into Social Security ever since you received your first paycheck. As you reach middle age and start thinking about life beyond your working years, one of the first decisions you’ll need to make is when to

chemical bonding: Computational approaches to molecular structure: In the semiempirical approach, the calculation draws on a number of experimentally determined characteristics to help in the overall calculation. In the ab initio approach, the calculation proceeds from first principles (the Schrödinger equation) and makes no use of imported information. The former approach was dominant in the 1970s, but…

calculator, machine for automatically performing arithmetical operations and certain mathematical functions. Modern calculators are descendants of a digital arithmetic machine devised by Blaise Pascal in 1642. Later in the 17th century, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz created a more-advanced machine,

calculus, branch of mathematics concerned with the calculation of instantaneous rates of change (differential calculus) and the summation of infinitely many small factors to determine some whole (integral calculus). Two mathematicians, Isaac Newton of England and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz of

mineral: Definition: …of bones and teeth, and calculi are concretions of mineral substances found in the urinary system.

James M. Buchanan: …best known of which is The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy (1962), with Gordon Tullock. In this and other books, Buchanan discussed the politician’s self-interest and other social (that is, noneconomic) forces that affect governmental economic policy.

history of logic: Leibniz: …a “calculus of reason” (calculus ratiocinator). This would naturally first require a symbolism but would then involve explicit manipulations of the symbols according to established rules by which either new truths could be discovered or proposed conclusions could be checked to see if they could indeed be derived from…

calculus of variations, branch of mathematics concerned with the problem of finding a function for which the value of a certain integral is either the largest or the smallest possible. Many problems of this kind are easy to state, but their solutions commonly involve difficult procedures of the

Pioneers of calculus, such as Pierre de Fermat and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, saw that the derivative gave a way to find maxima (maximum values) and minima (minimum values) of a function f(x) of a real variable x, since f′(x) = 0 at all such points. However, real variable optimization problems were

history of logic: Leibniz: …a “calculus of reason” (calculus ratiocinator). This would naturally first require a symbolism but would then involve explicit manipulations of the symbols according to established rules by which either new truths could be discovered or proposed conclusions could be checked to see if they could indeed be derived from…

fundamental theorem of calculus, Basic principle of calculus. It relates the derivative to the integral and provides the principal method for evaluating definite integrals (see differential calculus; integral calculus). In brief, it states that any function that is continuous (see continuity) over

formal system: …and is more properly called logical calculus; this kind of formulation deals rather with validity and satisfiability than with truth or falsity, which are at the root of formal systems.

Kolkata, city, capital of West Bengal state, and former capital (1772–1911) of British India. It is one of India’s largest cities and one of its major ports. The city is centred on the east bank of the Hugli (Hooghly) River, once the main channel of the Ganges (Ganga) River, about 96 miles (154 km)

Amitav Ghosh: The Calcutta Chromosome: A Novel of Fevers, Delirium, and Discovery (1995) represents Ghosh’s first foray into science fiction; this densely layered novel offers an alternate history of the discovery of the parasite that causes malaria. His subsequent novels include The Glass Palace (2000), a familial…

Kolkata: Government of Kolkata: …is the responsibility of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation; the corporation’s council is composed of one elected representative from each of the city’s wards. The council members annually elect a mayor, a deputy mayor, and a number of committees to conduct the activities of the corporation. A commissioner, the executive head…

University of Calcutta, state-controlled institution of higher learning founded by the British in India in 1857. Modeled on the University of London, Calcutta was originally a purely affiliating university that offered no actual instruction but was the examining and degree-granting authority for

Vincenzo Cardarelli was an Italian poet, essayist, literary critic, and journalist whose traditional, lyrical verse was influenced by the poet Giacomo Leopardi. With no formal schooling beyond the fifth grade, Cardarelli was largely self-educated. He worked in Rome (from 1905) and in Florence (from

Caldas, departamento, west-central Colombia. It is situated in the Cordillera Central of the Andes Mountains and is bounded by the Magdalena River on the east and the Cauca River on the west. Penetrated by Spaniards early in the 16th century, Caldas gained prominence as a gold-mining region. It was

Caldecott Medal, annual prize awarded “to the artist of the most distinguished American picture book for children.” It was established in 1938 by Frederic G. Melcher, chairman of the board of the R.R. Bowker Publishing Company, and named for the 19th-century English illustrator Randolph Caldecott.

Randolph Caldecott was an English artist chiefly known for the gently satirical drawings and coloured book illustrations that won him great popularity. While a bank clerk at Whitchurch, Shropshire, and at Manchester, Caldecott began drawing for local magazines. Through his acquaintance with George

Copeland: …Kingdom’s first nuclear power station, Calder Hall (opened 1956; decommissioned 2003), was 10 miles (16 km) south of Whitehaven. The adjacent Windscale nuclear power research station was shut down in 1981 and became a test case for dismantling a nuclear reactor. Area 283 square miles (732 square km). Pop. (2001)…

ice hockey: The National Hockey League: …permitting the fewest goals; the Calder Memorial Trophy, for the rookie of the year; the Hart Memorial Trophy, for the most valuable player; the James Norris Memorial Trophy, for the outstanding defenseman; the Art Ross Trophy, for the top point scorer; the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy, for the player best…

ice hockey: The National Hockey League: …permitting the fewest goals; the Calder Memorial Trophy, for the rookie of the year; the Hart Memorial Trophy, for the most valuable player; the James Norris Memorial Trophy, for the outstanding defenseman; the Art Ross Trophy, for the top point scorer; the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy, for the player best…

James Iredell: Iredell’s opinion in Calder v. Bull (1798) helped establish the principle of judicial review five years before it was actually tested in Marbury v. Madison. He is, however, remembered primarily for his dissents, most notably that in Chisholm v. Georgia (1793), which maintained that an action of assumpsit…

Alexander Calder was an American artist best known for his innovation of the mobile suspended sheet metal and wire assemblies that are activated in space by air currents. Visually fascinating and emotionally engaging, those sculptures—along with his monumental outdoor bolted sheet metal stabiles,

caldera, large bowl-shaped volcanic depression more than one kilometre in diameter and rimmed by infacing scarps. Calderas usually, if not always, form by the collapse of the top of a volcanic cone or group of cones because of removal of the support formerly furnished by an underlying body of magma

volcano: Gas clouds: …the sudden overturn of a crater lake may contain suffocating or poisonous gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide. At Lake Nyos, a crater lake in Cameroon, West Africa, more than 1,700 people were killed by a sudden release of carbon

Calderdale, westernmost metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of West Yorkshire, England. The borough is part of the historic county of Yorkshire, except for a small area west of Todmorden that belongs to the historic county of Lancashire. Halifax is the administrative centre. The bleak

Pedro Calderón de la Barca was a dramatist and poet who succeeded Lope de Vega as the greatest Spanish playwright of the Golden Age. Among his best-known secular dramas are El médico de su honra (1635; The Surgeon of His Honour), La vida es sueño (1635; Life Is a Dream), El alcalde de Zalamea (c.

Costa Rica: Costa Rica from 1974 to 2000: …in 1990, was succeeded by Rafael Angel Calderón Fournier of the PUSC. Calderón Fournier, son of the reform president of the 1940–44 period, Rafael Angel Calderón Guardia, had lost two previous presidential campaigns. Calderón Fournier had campaigned to expand social welfare programs and to reduce income inequalities, but, faced with…

José Figueres Ferrer: …criticism of the government of Rafael Angel Calderón Guardia in July 1942 forced him into exile in Mexico for two years.

Felipe Calderón is a Mexican politician who served as president of Mexico (2006–12). Calderón studied law at the Free School of Law in Mexico City and later did postgraduate study in economics at the Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico. In 2000 he earned a master’s degree in public

El Salvador: The postconflict era: Armando Calderón Sol of Arena triumphed in the presidential election of 1994, and his party also won control of the National Assembly. Under Calderón’s leadership the government reduced the number of its troops and turned over public security to the new PNC; however, violent crime…

Felipe Calderón is a Mexican politician who served as president of Mexico (2006–12). Calderón studied law at the Free School of Law in Mexico City and later did postgraduate study in economics at the Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico. In 2000 he earned a master’s degree in public

Frida Kahlo was a Mexican painter best known for her uncompromising and brilliantly colored self-portraits that deal with such themes as identity, the human body, and death. Although she denied the connection, she is often identified as a Surrealist. In addition to her work, Kahlo was known for her

Rodrigo Calderón, count de Oliva was a Spanish royal favourite who enjoyed considerable authority during the ascendancy of Francisco Gómez, duque de Lerma in the reign of Philip III. Calderón was the son of an army officer. On the accession of Philip III in 1598, he attached himself to the king’s

Sila María Calderón is a Puerto Rican politician and was the governor of Puerto Rico (2001–05), the first woman to hold the post. Calderón was born into a wealthy and politically active family, her father being a strong supporter of Puerto Rico’s Popular Democratic Party. After a conventional

Gran Sasso d’Italia: …Corno Grande is the small Calderone glacier, the southernmost in Europe. Wild boars still roam the Alpine region below the summit, and there are some dense woods of beech and pine. The area is much frequented by winter sports enthusiasts and mountaineers.

Mary Steichen Calderone was an American physician and writer who, as cofounder and head of the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS), crusaded for the inclusion of responsible sex education in the public-school curriculum. Mary Steichen, daughter of the

David Calderwood was a Scottish Presbyterian minister and historian of the Church of Scotland. About 1604 Calderwood became minister of Crailing, near Jedburgh, Roxburghshire (now Scottish Borders). When King James I later attempted to introduce prelacy (government by king and bishops and other

Caldey Island, island in Carmarthen Bay of the Bristol Channel, Pembrokeshire (Sir Benfro) county, southwestern Wales. It lies 2.3 miles (3.7 km) south of the port of Tenby. The island is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long and 1 mile (1.6 km) across at its widest. Since at least the 6th century, when it was

Helen Caldicott is an Australian-born American physician and activist whose advocacy focused on the medical and environmental hazards of nuclear weapons. Helen Broinowski graduated in 1961 from the University of Adelaide Medical School with Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery degrees (the

New Caledonia: People of New Caledonia: …life, known as kanak and caldoche; people of mixed descent tend to adhere to one or the other. The kanak identity is based on clan membership, a network of family alliances and specific land rights. The caldoche way of life is essentially integrated into a cash economy. The Polynesian minority…

Caldwell, borough (township), Essex county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. It lies 9 miles (14 km) northwest of Newark. Settled in the 1780s and incorporated in 1892, it is known as the birthplace of Grover Cleveland, the only American president born (1837) in New Jersey. His birthplace, a

Caldwell, city, seat (1892) of Canyon county, southwestern Idaho, U.S., on the Boise River. It originated (1883) as a construction camp for the Oregon Short Line Railroad and was named for Alexander Caldwell, the railroad president. Lake Lowell (formerly Deer Flat Reservoir), a unit in the Boise

Erskine Caldwell was an American author whose unadorned novels and stories about the rural poor of the American South mix violence and sex in grotesque tragicomedy. His works achieved a worldwide readership and were particularly esteemed in France and the Soviet Union. Caldwell’s father was a home