Natyashastra, detailed treatise and handbook on dramatic art that deals with all aspects of classical Sanskrit theatre. It is believed to have been written by the mythic Brahman sage and priest Bharata (1st century bce–3rd century ce). Its many chapters contain detailed treatments of all the

Kerala: Relief and drainage: …Sea are the Ponnani (Bharatapuzha), Periyar, Chalakudi, and Pamba.

Kalidasa: …of the Indian nation (Bharatavarsha, “Subcontinent of Bharata”). Kalidasa remakes the story into a love idyll whose characters represent a pristine aristocratic ideal: the girl, sentimental, selfless, alive to little but the delicacies of nature, and the king, first servant of the dharma (religious and social law and duties),…

India, country that occupies the greater part of South Asia. It is made up of 28 states and eight union territories, and its national capital is New Delhi, built in the 20th century just south of the historic hub of Old Delhi to serve as India’s administrative center. Its government is a

bharata natyam, the principal of the main classical dance styles of India, the others being kuchipudi, kathak, kathakali, manipuri, and odissi. It is indigenous to the Tamil Nadu region and prevalent in southern India. Bharata natyam serves the expression of Hindu religious themes and devotions,

Ponnani River, river in central Kerala state, southwestern India. The Ponnani rises in the Western Ghats range northeast of Palakkad. Flowing first southwest and then west across the coastal plain, the river empties into the Arabian Sea at Ponnani after a course of about 100 miles (160

Subramania Bharati was an Indian writer of the nationalist period who is regarded as the father of the modern Tamil literary style. The son of a learned Brahman, Bharati became a Tamil scholar at an early age. He received little formal education, however, and in 1904 he moved to Madras (now

Subramania Bharati was an Indian writer of the nationalist period who is regarded as the father of the modern Tamil literary style. The son of a learned Brahman, Bharati became a Tamil scholar at an early age. He received little formal education, however, and in 1904 he moved to Madras (now

Subramania Bharati was an Indian writer of the nationalist period who is regarded as the father of the modern Tamil literary style. The son of a learned Brahman, Bharati became a Tamil scholar at an early age. He received little formal education, however, and in 1904 he moved to Madras (now

Bharatiya Janata Party: Origin and establishment: …traces its roots to the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS; Indian People’s Association), which was established in 1951 as the political wing of the pro-Hindu group Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS; “National Volunteers Corps”) by Shyama Prasad Mukherjee. The BJS advocated the rebuilding of India in accordance with Hindu culture and called…

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), pro-Hindu political party of postindependence India. The party has enjoyed broad support among members of the higher castes and in northern India. It has attempted to attract support from lower castes, particularly through the appointment of several lower-caste members

Rajnath Singh: Early rise in politics: …of the BJP’s youth wing, Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (BJYM; Indian People’s Youth Movement). In 1986 he became the BJYM’s national general secretary, and in 1988 he was appointed as the organization’s national president.

Bharatpur, former state of India. Situated in eastern Rajputana, lying to the south of Delhi and bordering on the Mathura and Agra districts of British India, it was ruled by Hindu princes of the Jat clan or caste. In the 19th and 20th centuries its area was nearly 2,000 square miles (5,200 square

Bharatpur, city, eastern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It is situated on an immense alluvial plain with isolated hilly areas in the north and south about 35 miles (55 km) west of Agra. The locality constitutes most of the former princely state of Bharatpur, which was established in the 18th

Keoladeo Ghana National Park, wildlife sanctuary in eastern Rajasthan state, northwestern India, just south of the city of Bharatpur. It was founded in the late 19th century as a hunting preserve by Suraj Mal, the maharaja of Bharatpur princely state, and became a bird sanctuary in 1956. Declared a

Keshab Chunder Sen: …society in 1866 called the Bharatvarshiya Brahmo Samaj (“Brahmo Samaj of India”). The original society was renamed the Adi Samaj (“Original Society”) and was quickly purged of Christian teaching.

Bharavi was a Sanskrit poet who was the author of Kiratarjuniya (“Arjuna and the Mountain Man”), one of the classical Sanskrit epics classified as a mahakavya (“great poem”). His poetry, characterized by its lofty expression and intricate style, may have influenced the 8th-century poet Magha.

Bharavi was a Sanskrit poet who was the author of Kiratarjuniya (“Arjuna and the Mountain Man”), one of the classical Sanskrit epics classified as a mahakavya (“great poem”). His poetry, characterized by its lofty expression and intricate style, may have influenced the 8th-century poet Magha.

Bharhut, village, 120 miles (190 km) southwest of Prayagraj, in northeastern Madhya Pradesh state, India. It is believed to have been founded by the Bhoro people. Bharhut is famous for the ruins of a Buddhist stupa (shrine) discovered there by Major General Alexander Cunningham in 1873. The stupa’s

Bharhut sculpture, early Indian sculpture of the Shunga period (mid-2nd century bce) that decorated the great stupa, or relic mound, of Bharhut, in Madhya Pradesh state. It has been largely destroyed, and most of the existing remains—railings and entrance gateways—are now in the Indian Museum in

Akbar: Imperial expansion: But in 1562, when Raja Bihari Mal of Amber (now Jaipur), threatened by a succession dispute, offered Akbar his daughter in marriage, Akbar accepted the offer. The Raja acknowledged Akbar’s suzerainty, and his sons prospered in Akbar’s service. Akbar followed the same feudal policy toward the other Rajput chiefs.…

Harishchandra was an Indian poet, dramatist, critic, and journalist, commonly referred to as the “father of modern Hindi.” His great contributions in founding a new tradition of Hindi prose were recognized even in his short lifetime, and he was admiringly called Bhartendu (“Moon of India”), an

Bhartrihari was a Hindu philosopher and poet-grammarian, author of the Vakyapadiya (“Words in a Sentence”), on the philosophy of language according to the shabdadvaita (“word nondualism”) school of Indian philosophy. Of noble birth, Bhartrihari was attached for a time to the court of the Maitraka

Indian philosophy: Concepts of bhedabheda: …pre-Shankara commentators on the Vedanta-sutras, Bhartriprapancha defended the thesis of bhedabheda, and Bhaskara (c. 9th century) closely followed him. Bhartriprapancha’s commentary is not extant; the only known source of knowledge is Shankara’s reference to him in his commentary on the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, in which Bhartriprapancha is said to have held…

Bharuch, city, southeastern Gujarat state, west-central India. It lies along the Narmada River near the Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay) of the Arabian Sea. Bharuch was one of the most-celebrated harbours in ancient India, being mentioned in the Periplus Maris Erythraei (c. 80 ce) and by Ptolemy as

Bharuch, city, southeastern Gujarat state, west-central India. It lies along the Narmada River near the Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay) of the Arabian Sea. Bharuch was one of the most-celebrated harbours in ancient India, being mentioned in the Periplus Maris Erythraei (c. 80 ce) and by Ptolemy as

Bhāsa was the earliest known Sanskrit dramatist, many of whose complete plays have been found. In 1912 an Indian scholar discovered and published the texts of 13 of Bhāsa’s dramas, previously known only by the allusions of ancient Sanskrit dramatists. His best work, Svapnavāsavadattā (“The Dream of

Indian philosophy: The old school: …syncretist texts are the following: Bhasarvajna’s Nyayasara (written c. 950; “The Essence of Nyaya”), Varadaraja’s Tarkikaraksha (c. 1150; “In Defense of the Logician”), Vallabha’s Nyayalilavati (12th century; “The Charm of Nyaya”), Keshava Mishra’s Tarkabhasha (c. 1275; “The Language of Reasoning”), Annam Bhatta’s

bhashya, in Indian philosophy, a long commentary on a basic text of a system or school (shorter commentaries are called vakyas, or vrittis). Bhashyas may be primary, secondary, or even tertiary. The primary bhashyas are those written on the basic sutras (or texts), such as the Nyaya Sutras, the

Indian philosophy: Varieties of Vedanta schools: …nondualism (vishishtadvaita); Madhva’s dualism (dvaita); Bhaskara’s doctrine of identity and difference (bhedabheda); and the schools of Nimbarka and Vallabha, which assert both identity and difference though with different emphasis on either of the two aspects. From the religious point of view, Shankara extolled metaphysical knowledge as the sole means to…

Bhaskara I was an Indian astronomer and mathematician who helped to disseminate the mathematical work of Aryabhata (born 476). Little is known about the life of Bhaskara; I is appended to his name to distinguish him from a 12th-century Indian astronomer of the same name. In his writings there are

Bhāskara II was the leading mathematician of the 12th century, who wrote the first work with full and systematic use of the decimal number system. Bhāskara II was the lineal successor of the noted Indian mathematician Brahmagupta (598–c. 665) as head of an astronomical observatory at Ujjain, the

Bhāskara II was the leading mathematician of the 12th century, who wrote the first work with full and systematic use of the decimal number system. Bhāskara II was the lineal successor of the noted Indian mathematician Brahmagupta (598–c. 665) as head of an astronomical observatory at Ujjain, the

Bhāskara II was the leading mathematician of the 12th century, who wrote the first work with full and systematic use of the decimal number system. Bhāskara II was the lineal successor of the noted Indian mathematician Brahmagupta (598–c. 665) as head of an astronomical observatory at Ujjain, the

Dadasaheb Phalke: …leading role in his film Bhasmasur Mohini (1913) at a time when professional acting was taboo for women.

Bhaktapur, town, central Nepal, in the Nepal Valley, southeast of Kāthmāndu. Said to have been founded by Rājā Ananda Malla in 865, it was for 200 years the most important settlement in the valley. The old palace in Durbar Square, built in 1700, is well preserved and has beautifully carved woodwork

Akshay Kumar is an Indian actor who became one of Bollywood’s leading performers, known for his versatility. Bhatia was the son of a government worker in a country in which acting often runs in the family. As a young man, he trained extensively in dance and martial arts, and his first movie role,

Bathinda, city, southwest-central Punjab state, northwestern India. It is situated in the Malwa Plains on the Bathinda Branch Canal (which joins the Sutlej River to the northeast). Bathinda is a major rail hub, with lines converging on it from other Indian states and from nearby Pakistan. It is a

South Asian arts: The modern period: Vishnu Narayana Bhatkande, one of the leading Indian musicologists of this century, contributed a great deal toward diminishing the gap. Being both a scholar and a performer, he devoted much effort to collecting and notating representative versions of a number of ragas from musicians belonging…

Hanumangarh, city, northern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It lies on the right bank of the Ghaggar River about 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Ganganagar. Previously called Bhatner (“The Fortress of the Bhatti Rajputs”), it became Hanumangarh in 1805 when it was annexed by the princely state

Bhatpara, city, southeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India. It lies on the east bank of the Hugli (Hooghly) River opposite Chandannagar (Chandernagore), in the northern part of the Kolkata (Calcutta) urban agglomeration. Bhatpara is an ancient seat of Sanskrit learning, with several schools

Ela Bhatt was the founder of the Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), a trade union representing self-employed female textile workers in India. Her successful leadership of SEWA won her national and international recognition. After graduating from Sarwajanik Girls High School in Surat in 1948,

Ela Bhatt was the founder of the Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), a trade union representing self-employed female textile workers in India. Her successful leadership of SEWA won her national and international recognition. After graduating from Sarwajanik Girls High School in Surat in 1948,

Ry Cooder: …the River with Indian guitarist V.M. Bhatt won a Grammy Award for best world music album of 1993 and was the recording debut of Cooder’s son Joachim as a percussionist. Two years later father and son took part in the Los Angeles recording sessions by Malian guitarist Ali Farka Touré,…

Indian philosophy: Purva-Mimamsa: the Bhatta and Prabhakara schools: Kumarila commented on Jaimini’s sutras as well as on Shabara’s bhashya. The Varttika (critical gloss) that he wrote was commented upon by Sucharita Mishra in

Manabendra Nath Roy was a leader of India’s communists until the independence of India in 1947. His interest in social and political issues eventually led to involvement with various Indian groups engaged in trying to overthrow British colonial rule by acts of terrorism. In 1915 he became involved

Indian philosophy: The ultralogical period: …he calls Integral Advaita; and K.C. Bhattacharyya, who developed a phenomenologically oriented philosophy of subjectivity that is conceived as freedom from object.

Indian philosophy: 19th- and 20th-century philosophy in India and Pakistan: Banerjee (1901–81) and Kalidas Bhattacharyya (1911–84), the son of K.C. Bhattacharyya, have made important contributions. In Language, Meaning and Persons (1963), Banerjee examines the development of personhood from a stage of individualized bondage to liberation in a collective identity, a life-with-others. This liberation, according to Banerjee, also entails…

Baburam Bhattarai is a Nepali Marxist scholar, politician, and former guerrilla leader who served as prime minister of Nepal from August 2011 to March 2013. Bhattarai was raised in a small remote village in the vicinity of Gurkha (Gorkha) in central Nepal. His family was poor, but he was an

Bhatti was a Sanskrit poet and grammarian, author of the influential Bhattikavya, which is a mahakavya (“great poem”), or classical epic composed of a variable number of comparatively short cantos. He is often confused with the writers Bhartrihari and Vatsabhatti. Bhatti lived in the ancient Indian

Bhatti: …grammarian, author of the influential Bhattikavya, which is a mahakavya (“great poem”), or classical epic composed of a variable number of comparatively short cantos. He is often confused with the writers Bhartrihari and Vatsabhatti.

Bhavnagar, city, south-central Gujarat state, west-central India. It lies on the western shore of the Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay) of the Arabian Sea. Bhavnagar was founded in 1723. It grew to be an important commercial and industrial centre, with spinning and weaving mills, metalworks, tile and brick

South Asian arts: Techniques and types of classical dance: …expressing a particular emotion (bhava) and evoking the rasa. Literally, rasa means “taste” or “flavour.” The rasa is that exalted sentiment or mood that the spectator experiences after witnessing a performance. The critics do not generally concern themselves so much about plot construction or technical perfection of a poem…

bhava, (Sanskrit), in the Buddhist chain of dependent origination, the “becoming” that immediately precedes birth. See

bhava-cakra, in Buddhism, a representation of the endless cycle of rebirths governed by the law of dependent origination (pratītya-samutpāda), shown as a wheel clutched by a monster, symbolizing impermanence. In the centre of the wheel are shown the three basic evils, symbolized by a red dove

Bhavabhuti was an Indian dramatist and poet, whose dramas, written in Sanskrit and noted for their suspense and vivid characterization, rival the outstanding plays of the better-known playwright Kalidasa. A Brahman of Vidarbha (the part of central India later called Berar), Bhavabhuti passed his

bhava-cakra, in Buddhism, a representation of the endless cycle of rebirths governed by the law of dependent origination (pratītya-samutpāda), shown as a wheel clutched by a monster, symbolizing impermanence. In the centre of the wheel are shown the three basic evils, symbolized by a red dove

bhava-cakra, in Buddhism, a representation of the endless cycle of rebirths governed by the law of dependent origination (pratītya-samutpāda), shown as a wheel clutched by a monster, symbolizing impermanence. In the centre of the wheel are shown the three basic evils, symbolized by a red dove

Bhāvaviveka was an Indian Buddhist philosopher who was an interpreter of Nāgārjuna, the founder of Mādhyamika school of philosophy. The disciples of Nāgārjuna who continued to limit the use of logic to a negative and indirect method, known as prasaṅga, are called the prāsaṅgikas: of these,

Vinoba Bhave was one of India’s best-known social reformers and a widely venerated disciple of Mohandas K. (Mahatma) Gandhi. Bhave was the founder of the Bhoodan Yajna (“Land-Gift Movement”). Born of a high-caste Brahman family, he abandoned his high school studies in 1916 to join Gandhi’s ashram

Vinoba Bhave was one of India’s best-known social reformers and a widely venerated disciple of Mohandas K. (Mahatma) Gandhi. Bhave was the founder of the Bhoodan Yajna (“Land-Gift Movement”). Born of a high-caste Brahman family, he abandoned his high school studies in 1916 to join Gandhi’s ashram

South Asian arts: Modern theatre: …theatre, founded in 1843 by Visnudas Bhave, a singer-composer-wood-carver in the court of the Raja of Sangli, was developed by powerful dramatists such as Khadilkar and Gadkari, who emphasized Maratha nationalism. The acting style in Maharashtrian theatre remained melodramatic, passionately arousing audiences to laughter or tears.

Bhavnagar, city, south-central Gujarat state, west-central India. It lies on the western shore of the Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay) of the Arabian Sea. Bhavnagar was founded in 1723. It grew to be an important commercial and industrial centre, with spinning and weaving mills, metalworks, tile and brick

Bhiwani, city, southwest-central Haryana state, northwestern India. It is located on a tributary of the Ganges (Ganga) River northeast of the Thar (Great Indian) Desert. The city was ruled by the British in 1817 as a free-market site and was incorporated as a municipality in 1867. A road and rail

benzene hexachloride (BHC), any of several stereoisomers of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane formed by the light-induced addition of chlorine to benzene. One of these isomers is an insecticide called lindane, or Gammexane. Benzene hexachloride was first prepared in 1825; the insecticidal

River Barrow, river rising in the Slieve Bloom mountain range in the centre of Ireland and flowing for about 120 miles (190 km) to Waterford harbour in the southeast, where it joins the Rivers Nore and Suir. From its upper mountain course in counties Laoighis and Offaly, it flows east across bogs

Bhedabheda, an important branch of Vedanta, a system of Indian philosophy. Its principal author was Bhaskara, probably a younger contemporary of the great 8th-century-ce thinker Shankara of the Advaita (nondualist) school. The mainstay of Bhaskara’s philosophy was the conviction that acts and

Vidisha, city, west-central Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It lies just east of the Betwa River, about 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Bhopal. The city, originally called Besnagar and later dubbed Bhilsa (or Bhelsa), was renamed Vidisha in 1956. Vidisha is of great antiquity, being mentioned in

Olympe Bhêly-Quénum is an African French-language novelist, journalist, and short-story writer whose works are richly symbolic and metaphorical. They often illustrate an apprehensive, pessimistic view of life. Bhêly-Quénum was educated at home (in what is now Cotonou, Benin) and at the Sorbonne in

Pentecostalism: International growth of Pentecostalism: Nicholas B.H. Bhengu, a former Lutheran who joined the Assemblies of God, was the first great African-born Pentecostal evangelist. With the emergence of the African Independent church movement after World War II, Pentecostalism became a mass movement across sub-Saharan Africa.

bhikku, in Buddhism, one who has renounced worldly life and joined the mendicant and contemplative community. While individuals may enter the monastic life at an early age—some renunciate communities include children in their pre-teens—a candidate for ordination must be 21 years of age, have

bhikku, in Buddhism, one who has renounced worldly life and joined the mendicant and contemplative community. While individuals may enter the monastic life at an early age—some renunciate communities include children in their pre-teens—a candidate for ordination must be 21 years of age, have

bhikku, in Buddhism, one who has renounced worldly life and joined the mendicant and contemplative community. While individuals may enter the monastic life at an early age—some renunciate communities include children in their pre-teens—a candidate for ordination must be 21 years of age, have

bhikku, in Buddhism, one who has renounced worldly life and joined the mendicant and contemplative community. While individuals may enter the monastic life at an early age—some renunciate communities include children in their pre-teens—a candidate for ordination must be 21 years of age, have

Samkhya: Vijnanabhikshu wrote an important treatise on the system in the 16th century.

bhikku, in Buddhism, one who has renounced worldly life and joined the mendicant and contemplative community. While individuals may enter the monastic life at an early age—some renunciate communities include children in their pre-teens—a candidate for ordination must be 21 years of age, have

bhikku, in Buddhism, one who has renounced worldly life and joined the mendicant and contemplative community. While individuals may enter the monastic life at an early age—some renunciate communities include children in their pre-teens—a candidate for ordination must be 21 years of age, have

Bhil, ethnic group of some 12.6 million people of western India. Historically, many Bhil communities have been known for rugged independence, and some have been associated with banditry. The Bhil are distributed widely in upland areas of several states, from Ajmer in central Rajasthan on the north,

Bhilai, city and major industrial centre, central Chhattisgarh state, east-central India. It is located on the South Eastern Railway about 4 miles (6 km) west of the city of Durg and some 15 miles (24 km) west-southwest of Raipur. Bhilai was part of the Haihaivanshi Rajputs kingdom until 1740, when

Bhilai, city and major industrial centre, central Chhattisgarh state, east-central India. It is located on the South Eastern Railway about 4 miles (6 km) west of the city of Durg and some 15 miles (24 km) west-southwest of Raipur. Bhilai was part of the Haihaivanshi Rajputs kingdom until 1740, when

Yadava dynasty: …paramount in the Deccan under Bhillama (c. 1187–91), who founded Devagiri (later Daulatabad) as his capital. Under Bhillama’s grandson Singhana (reigned c. 1210–47) the dynasty reached its height, as the Yadava campaigned against the Hoysalas in the south, the Kakatiyas in the east, and the Paramaras and Chalukyas in the…

Vidisha, city, west-central Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It lies just east of the Betwa River, about 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Bhopal. The city, originally called Besnagar and later dubbed Bhilsa (or Bhelsa), was renamed Vidisha in 1956. Vidisha is of great antiquity, being mentioned in

Sir Alexander Cunningham: …on Ladākh (1854), he published The Bhilsa Topes (1854), the first serious attempt to trace Buddhist history through its architectural remains.

Bhilwara, city, south-central Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It lies in an upland region about 30 miles (48 km) north of Chittaurgarh. Bhilwara was formerly a part of Udaipur princely state, and it became part of the state of Rajasthan in 1948. The city is a rail and road communications hub

Kathmandu: …a tall watchtower built by Bhim Sen Thapa, a former prime minister. On the outskirts of Kathmandu are many palaces built by the Rana family, the most imposing of which is the Singha Palace, once the official residence of the hereditary prime ministers and now housing the government secretariat. About…

Bhima River, major tributary of the Krishna River, flowing through Maharashtra and Karnataka states, western India. It rises in the Bhimashankar heights of the Western Ghats and flows southeastward for 450 miles (725 km) in Maharashtra to join the Krishna in Karnataka. Major tributaries are the

Bhimbetka rock shelters, series of natural rock shelters in the foothills of the Vindhya Range, central India. They are situated some 28 miles (45 km) south of Bhopal, in west-central Madhya Pradesh state. Discovered in 1957, the complex consists of some 700 shelters and is one of the largest

Ahmadnagar, city, west-central Maharashtra state, western India. It lies in the Balaghat Range along the Sina River, 130 miles (210 km) east of Mumbai (Bombay). The city was known as Bhinar in early Yadava times. It was conquered by Malik Aḥmad Niẓām Shah, founder of the Niẓām Shāhī dynasty, in

Bhind, city, northern Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It is situated in a lowland on a tributary of the Yamuna River. Bhind is an agricultural market centre. Cotton processing and brass ware manufacture are the major industries. It was the seat of the Bhadwriya Cauhan Rajputs until it fell in

Bhind, city, northern Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It is situated in a lowland on a tributary of the Yamuna River. Bhind is an agricultural market centre. Cotton processing and brass ware manufacture are the major industries. It was the seat of the Bhadwriya Cauhan Rajputs until it fell in

Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale was a Sikh religious leader and political revolutionary whose violent campaign for autonomy for the Sikh state of Punjab and armed occupation of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) complex in Amritsar led to a violent and deadly confrontation with the Indian military

Bid, city, central Maharashtra state, western India, on a tributary of the Krishna River near a gap in a range of low hills. Bid was known earlier as Champavatinagar. Its other name, Bir or Bhir, probably was derived from the Persian bhir (“water”). In its early history it belonged to the Chalukya

Hyderabad: Historic sites include Bhit Shah (4 miles [6 km] east of Hala), containing the tomb of Shāh ʿAbd-ul-Laṭīf (died 1753), the poet and Ṣūfī saint, and an ancient Buddhist stupa. Pop. (2007 est.) urban agglom., 1,459,000.

South Asian arts: The Gupta period (4th–6th centuries ad): …are a brick temple at Bhītargaon and the Vishnu temple at Deogarh, built entirely of stone. The pyramidal superstructure of each consists essentially of piled-up cornice moldings of diminishing size, which are decorated primarily with candraśālā (ogee arch) ornament derived from the arched windows and doors so frequently found in…

Bhiwani, city, southwest-central Haryana state, northwestern India. It is located on a tributary of the Ganges (Ganga) River northeast of the Thar (Great Indian) Desert. The city was ruled by the British in 1817 as a free-market site and was incorporated as a municipality in 1867. A road and rail

Blarney, village, County Cork, Ireland, 5 miles (8 km) northwest of Cork city, famous for Blarney Castle (c. 1446). Below the battlements on the southern wall of the castle is the Blarney Stone, reputed to confer eloquence on those who kiss it; this feat can be achieved only by hanging head

Assam: Cultural life: The Magh Bihu, celebrated in mid-January (in the month of Magh), is a harvest festival. Known also as Bhogali Bihu (from bhog, meaning enjoyment and feasting), it is a time of community feasts and bonfires. The third Bihu festival, the Kati Bihu (in mid-October or November),…

River Boyne, river rising in the Bog of Allen, County Kildare, Ireland, and flowing 70 miles (110 km) northeast to enter the Irish Sea just below Drogheda. Neolithic passage graves at Knowth, Newgrange, and Dowth are of archaeological significance, and nearby in the Boyne valley is Tara, seat of

Indian philosophy: Texts and commentaries until Vachaspati and the Samkhya-sutras: …Yogavarttika, besides the vritti by Bhoja (c. 1000).

Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty: …was succeeded by his son Mihira Bhoja about 836. Under Bhoja and his successor Mahendrapala (reigned c. 890–910), the Pratihara empire reached its peak of prosperity and power. The extent of its territory rivaled that of the Guptas and, in the time of Mahendrapala, reached from Gujarat and Kathiawar to…