partition of Bengal, (1905), division of Bengal carried out by the British viceroy in India, Lord Curzon, despite strong Indian nationalist opposition. It began a transformation of the Indian National Congress from a middle-class pressure group into a nationwide mass movement. Bengal, Bihar, and

Chittagong, city that is the chief Indian Ocean port of Bangladesh. It lies about 12 miles (19 km) north of the mouth of the Karnaphuli River, in the southeastern arm of the country. Chittagong is the second largest city in Bangladesh, after Dhaka. Pop. (2001) city, 2,023,489; metro. area,

Sir Surendranath Banerjea: Three years later he purchased The Bengalee, a newspaper he edited for 40 years from his nationalist viewpoint.

Bengali, majority population of Bengal, the region of northeastern South Asia that generally corresponds to the country of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. The Bengali people speak dialects of Bangla—as they call the Bengali language—which belongs to the Indo-Aryan group of the

Bengali language: Writing systems: The Bengali script is derived from Brahmi, one of the two ancient Indian scripts, and particularly from the eastern variety of Brahmi. Bengali script followed a different line of development from that of Devanagari and Oriyan scripts, but the characters of Bengali and Assamese scripts generally…

Bengali language, member of the Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It is spoken by more than 210 million people as a first or second language, with some 100 million Bengali speakers in Bangladesh; about 85 million in India, primarily in the states of

Bengali literature, the body of writings in the Bengali language of the Indian subcontinent. Its earliest extant work is a pre-12th-century collection of lyrics that reflect the beliefs and practices of the Sahajiyā religious sect. The dispersal of the poets of the Muslim invasion of 1199 broke off

Bangladesh: Literature: …foundation for the so-called “Bengali Renaissance” of the 19th century. The renaissance was centred in Kolkata (Calcutta) and led by Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833); its luminary poet, Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941), composed the national anthems of both India and Bangladesh and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913.…

Bengali language: Writing systems: The Bengali script is derived from Brahmi, one of the two ancient Indian scripts, and particularly from the eastern variety of Brahmi. Bengali script followed a different line of development from that of Devanagari and Oriyan scripts, but the characters of Bengali and Assamese scripts generally…

Bengaluru, city, capital (since 1830) of Karnataka state, southern India. Bengaluru is one of India’s largest cities. It lies 3,113 feet (949 metres) above sea level, atop an east-west ridge in the Karnataka Plateau in the southeastern part of the state, at a cultural meeting point of the Kannada-,

Bengaluru, city, capital (since 1830) of Karnataka state, southern India. Bengaluru is one of India’s largest cities. It lies 3,113 feet (949 metres) above sea level, atop an east-west ridge in the Karnataka Plateau in the southeastern part of the state, at a cultural meeting point of the Kannada-,

Benghazi, city and major seaport of northeastern Libya, on the Gulf of Sidra. It was founded by the Greeks of Cyrenaica as Hesperides (Euesperides) and received from the Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy III the additional name of Berenice in honour of his wife. After the 3rd century ce it superseded Cyrene

Solo River, river, the longest in Java, Indonesia. It rises on the slope of Mount Lawu volcano (10,712 feet [3,265 m]) and the southern limestone range (Sewu Mountains) and flows north, then east to discharge into the Java Sea at a point opposite Madura Island, northwest of Surabaya. Its longest

Bengbu, city, north-central Anhui sheng (province), China. The area is mentioned in the early 1st millennium bce in connection with myths surrounding the cultural hero Emperor Yu. Throughout most of Chinese history, however, it was only a small market town and port on the middle course of the Huai

J.A. Bengel was a German Lutheran theologian and biblical scholar who was the founder of Swabian Pietism and a pioneer in the critical exegesis of the New Testament. Bengel studied at Tübingen and in 1713 was appointed professor in a seminary at Denkendorf, where he published his early works on the

J.A. Bengel was a German Lutheran theologian and biblical scholar who was the founder of Swabian Pietism and a pioneer in the critical exegesis of the New Testament. Bengel studied at Tübingen and in 1713 was appointed professor in a seminary at Denkendorf, where he published his early works on the

Benghazi, city and major seaport of northeastern Libya, on the Gulf of Sidra. It was founded by the Greeks of Cyrenaica as Hesperides (Euesperides) and received from the Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy III the additional name of Berenice in honour of his wife. After the 3rd century ce it superseded Cyrene

Bengkalis Island: …only towns of importance are Bengkalis, a port on the western end of the island that ships timber, rubber, resin, and tobacco, and Meskum on the northwestern tip of the island. Travel between the island and Riau province is by steamer.

Bengkalis Island, island in the Strait of Malacca, off the eastern coast of Sumatra, Riau provinsi (“province”), Indonesia. The island, situated about 120 miles (195 km) west of Singapore, stretches northwest-southeast for about 42 miles (68 km); its width east-west is about 12 miles (19 km); and

Bengkalis Island, island in the Strait of Malacca, off the eastern coast of Sumatra, Riau provinsi (“province”), Indonesia. The island, situated about 120 miles (195 km) west of Singapore, stretches northwest-southeast for about 42 miles (68 km); its width east-west is about 12 miles (19 km); and

Bengkulu, city, port, and capital of Bengkulu propinsi (or provinsi; province), southwestern Sumatra, Indonesia. It lies on the Indian Ocean, about 180 miles (290 km) southwest of Palembang. The British had a trading post there in the 17th century, and in 1710 the Fort of Marlborough was built. In

Bengkulu, propinsi (or provinsi; province), southwestern Sumatra, Indonesia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the west and by the provinces of West Sumatra (Sumatera Barat) to the north, Jambi and South Sumatra (Sumatera Selatan) to the east, and Lampung to the southeast. The province also

Gabon: Relief and drainage: Gabon’s highest point, Mount Bengoué (3,510 feet [1,070 metres]), is in the northeastern part of the country.

Pop art: Pop art in the United States: Billy Al Bengston, Allan D’Arcangelo, Ray Johnson, Mel Ramos, and John Wesley.

Frans Gunnar Bengtsson was a poet, biographer, novelist, and writer of numerous informal essays, a genre that he virtually introduced to Swedish literature and that brought him his greatest success. Despite the dilatory pursuit of his studies at the University of Lund, Bengtsson eventually managed

Benguela, city, western Angola. The city was founded in 1617 around São Filipe fortress and was one of the bases for Portuguese expansion in Africa. Benguela is the political and economic coordinating centre for the activities of the hinterland to the east and is linked by rail via the Benguela

Benguela Current, oceanic current that is a branch of the West Wind Drift of the Southern Hemisphere. It flows northward in the South Atlantic Ocean along the west coast of southern Africa nearly to the Equator before merging with the westward-flowing Atlantic South Equatorial Current. The

Angola: Colonial transition, 1820s–1910: …began in 1902 on the Benguela Railway, which was intended to serve the Katanga mines in the Belgian Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo). Portuguese small farmers were settled in the Huíla highlands from the 1880s to counterbalance an influx of Boer trekkers from South Africa, and the…

Benguela, city, western Angola. The city was founded in 1617 around São Filipe fortress and was one of the bases for Portuguese expansion in Africa. Benguela is the political and economic coordinating centre for the activities of the hinterland to the east and is linked by rail via the Benguela

Banhā, town, capital of Al-Qalyūbiyyah muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Lower Egypt. The town lies on the right (east) bank of the Damietta Branch of the Nile River and on the Al-Tawfīqī Canal in the delta area. It is about 30 miles (48 km) northwest of Cairo on the highway to Alexandria. Its Arabic name

Sirionó: …parts of the department of Beni. Unlike other Indians of the Chiquitos-Moxos region, the Sirionó are linguistically Tupians (q.v.) who long ago became separated from the main group of Tupian-speakers through migration; their traditional seminomadic culture was less complex than those of their neighbours. Early efforts by missionaries and government…

Nupe: …territorial groups, of which the Beni, Zam, Batache (Bataci), and Kede (Kyedye) are the most important. The Kede and Batache are river people, subsisting primarily by fishing and trading; the other Nupe are farmers, who grow the staple crops millet, sorghum, yams, and rice. Commercial crops include rice, peanuts (groundnuts),…

Edo, people of southern Nigeria who speak a language of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. The Edo numbered about 3.8 million at the turn of the 21st century. Their territory is west of the Niger River and extends from hilly country in the north to swamps in the Niger Delta.

Ebola: Outbreaks: …epicentre of the outbreak was Beni, a town that was also the site of violent attacks and protests in a conflict between armed groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The complexity of the situation in Beni raised significant challenges for health response teams that were mobilized to bring…

Beni Abbès, oasis town, west-central Algeria. It lies in the northwestern Sahara on the western edge of the Grand Erg (sand dunes) Occidental. The Wadi Saoura divides the stony desert and the sand dunes to the east and south. Beni Abbès is a small town of roofed streets that are so dark that

Tigre: …Tigre is that of the Amer (Beni Amer), a branch of the historically important Beja peoples. These Muslims all recognize the religious supremacy of the Mirghanīyah family of eastern Sudan. Another group, the Bet-Asgade (Bet Asgede), converted from Ethiopic Christianity to Islam. The life of the nomadic herdsman, so characteristic…

Beni Hasan, Egyptian archaeological site from the Middle Kingdom (1938–c. 1630 bce), lying on the eastern bank of the Nile roughly 155 miles (245 km) south of Cairo. The site is noted for its rock-cut tombs of 11th- and 12th-dynasty officials of the 16th Upper Egyptian (Oryx) nome, or province.

Beni Isguene, town, one of five in the oasis of Mʾzab (q.v.), central Algeria, in the Sahara. The name is derived from Berber words meaning “the sons of those who keep the faith.” Beni Isguene was founded in the middle of the 11th century by the Ibāḍīyah, a Berber Muslim heretical sect originally

Beni Isguene, town, one of five in the oasis of Mʾzab (q.v.), central Algeria, in the Sahara. The name is derived from Berber words meaning “the sons of those who keep the faith.” Beni Isguene was founded in the middle of the 11th century by the Ibāḍīyah, a Berber Muslim heretical sect originally

Beni Mellal, town, central Morocco. It is situated among the foothills of the Middle Atlas (Moyen Atlas) mountains. The Kasba bel-Kush, at the town entrance, was built in the 17th century and restored in the 19th. Beni Mellal overlooks the Beni Amir plain and is the chief market for the products of

Mʾzabite, member of a Berber people who inhabit the Mʾzab oases of southern Algeria. Members of the Ibāḍīyah subsect of the Muslim Khārijite sect, the Mʾzabites are descendants of the Ibāḍī followers of ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān ibn Rustam, who were driven from Tiaret (now Tagdempt) and took refuge (probably

Beni River, river in Bolivia, formed by many confluents arising in the north sector of the Cordillera Real north of La Paz, the country’s administrative capital. It flows northeast through the densely forested Yungas, or northeastern Andean slopes, and plains. It is joined by the Madre de Dios

Beni Saf, port, town, northwestern Algeria. It lies on the Mediterranean Sea coast midway between Cape Falcon and Cape l’Eau. With the discovery of iron deposits in the surrounding hills, an artificial harbour enclosing 45 acres (18 hectares) of water was built (1876–81) by the Companie de Mines de

Banī Suwayf, city, capital of Banī Suwayf muḥāfaẓah (governorate), northern Upper Egypt. It is an important agricultural trade centre on the west bank of the Nile River, 70 miles (110 km) south of Cairo. In the 9th and 10th dynasties (c. 2130–c. 1970 bce), Heracleopolis (modern Ihnāsiyat

Beni River, river in Bolivia, formed by many confluents arising in the north sector of the Cordillera Real north of La Paz, the country’s administrative capital. It flows northeast through the densely forested Yungas, or northeastern Andean slopes, and plains. It is joined by the Madre de Dios

beni-e, Japanese wood-block prints hand-coloured with a saffron-derived pinkish rose red and a few subsidiary colours. This technique was first used by ukiyo-e (q.v.) artists in 1710 and continued until the development of two-colour printing (benizuri-e) about

John C. Heenan was an American heavyweight champion (i.e., of the United States and Canada) under the London Prize Ring, or bare-knuckle, rules. He fought Tom Sayers for the world championship in a famous bout. On October 20, 1858, at Long Point, Ontario, Canada, in a match for the American

cystinosis: By comparison, nonnephropathic cystinosis is much less severe, being characterized mainly by the accumulation of cystine crystals in the cornea, which can result in photophobia (abnormal visual sensitivity to bright light). Intermediate cystinosis is similar to the nephropathic form but has a later onset, typically in adolescence,…

human disease: Disease: signs and symptoms: The terms benign and malignant, most often used to describe tumours, can be used in a more general sense. Benign diseases are generally without complications, and a good prognosis (outcome) is usual. A wart on the skin is a benign tumour caused by a virus; it produces…

glossitis: Geographic tongue (benign migratory glossitis) refers to the chronic presence of irregularly shaped, bright red areas on the tongue, surrounded by a narrow white zone; normal tongue epithelium may grow back in one area while new areas of glossitis develop elsewhere, making the disease seem…

cancer: Malignant tumours and benign tumours: Tumours, or neoplasms (from Greek neo, “new,” and plasma, “formation”), are abnormal growths of cells arising from malfunctions in the regulatory mechanisms that oversee the cells’ growth and development. However, only some types of tumours threaten health and life. With few exceptions, that distinction…

nephrosclerosis: Benign nephrosclerosis is a gradual and prolonged deterioration of the renal arteries. First the inner layer of the walls of smaller vessels thickens, and gradually this thickening spreads to the whole wall, sometimes closing the central channel of the vessel. Fat then becomes deposited in…

vertigo: …disorders of the inner ear—including benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV; a mechanical inner-ear disorder), Ménière disease (a progressive ear disease), and vestibular neuritis (inflammation of the vestibulocochlear nerve)—can cause the condition. Minor or severe head injury, migraine, and prolonged bed rest are other causes.

bullous pemphigoid, a chronic, generalized skin disorder characterized by an eruption of serum-filled vesicles (blisters). These vesicles form under the epidermis, the outermost, nonvascular layer of the skin, and have walls of stretched epidermal cells. The cause of bullous pemphigoid is not

prostate cancer: …should not be confused with benign prostate hyperplasia, which has similar symptoms and occurs often in older men but is not a type of cancer.

cancer: Malignant tumours and benign tumours: Tumours, or neoplasms (from Greek neo, “new,” and plasma, “formation”), are abnormal growths of cells arising from malfunctions in the regulatory mechanisms that oversee the cells’ growth and development. However, only some types of tumours threaten health and life. With few exceptions, that distinction…

Roberto Benigni is an Italian actor and director known for his comedic work, most notably La vita è bella (1997; Life Is Beautiful), for which he won an Academy Award for best actor. Benigni was the son of a poor tenant farmer who had worked in a German forced-labour camp during World War II. The

Modernism: …to ensure enforcement, the priest-scholar Umberto Benigni organized, through personal contacts with theologians, a nonofficial group of censors who would report to him those thought to be teaching condemned doctrine. This group, known as Integralists (or Sodalitium Pianum, “Solidarity of Pius”), frequently employed overzealous and clandestine methods and hindered rather…

Manoel de Oliveira: …a play by Vicente Sanches; Benilde; ou, a Virgem Mãe (1975; “Benilde; or, The Virgin Mother”) from a play by José Régio; Amor de perdição (originally presented as a TV miniseries, 1978; “Doomed Love”) from a novel by Camilo Castelo Branco; and Francisca (1981) from a novel by Agustina Bessa…

Benin, one of the principal historic kingdoms of the western African forest region (fl. 13th–19th century). Tradition asserts that the Edo people became dissatisfied with the rule of a dynasty of semimythical kings, the ogisos, and in the 13th century they invited Prince Oranmiyan of Ife to rule

Benin, country of western Africa. It consists of a narrow wedge of territory extending northward for about 420 miles (675 kilometres) from the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean, on which it has a 75-mile seacoast, to the Niger River, which forms part of Benin’s northern border with Niger. Benin

Benin City, capital and largest city of Edo state, southern Nigeria. Benin City is situated on a branch of the Benin River and lies along the main highways from Lagos to the eastern states. The city is also linked by roads to Sapele, Siluko, Okene, and Ubiaja and is served by air and the Niger

flag of Benin: The Benin People’s Revolutionary Party expressed its socialist program in a red flag bearing a green star in the upper hoist. The national flag was exactly the reverse—a flag of green, representing the agricultural base of the economy, with a red star for national unity and…

Bight of Benin, bay of the Atlantic Ocean on the western coast of Africa that extends eastward for about 400 miles (640 km) from Cape St. Paul (Ghana) to the Nun outlet of the Niger River (Nigeria). It lies within the Gulf of Guinea and is bordered by southeastern Ghana, Togo, Benin, and

national flag with horizontal stripes of yellow and red and, at the hoist, a vertical green stripe. It has a width-to-length ratio of 2 to 3.The national flag of Dahomey (now Benin) was officially adopted on November 16, 1959, following the establishment of an autonomous republic in that former

history of Benin, history of Benin from the precolonial period to the present. As a political unit, Benin was created by the French colonial conquest at the end of the 19th century. In the precolonial period, the territory comprised a multiplicity of independent states, differing in language and

Benin, one of the principal historic kingdoms of the western African forest region (fl. 13th–19th century). Tradition asserts that the Edo people became dissatisfied with the rule of a dynasty of semimythical kings, the ogisos, and in the 13th century they invited Prince Oranmiyan of Ife to rule

Benin: Education: The University of Abomey-Calavi (previously known as the University of Dahomey [1970–75] and the National University of Benin [1975–2001]), located in Cotonou, was founded in 1970. The university’s student body has been, along with workers, the main political force in the country since the early 1980s.…

Benin, country of western Africa. It consists of a narrow wedge of territory extending northward for about 420 miles (675 kilometres) from the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean, on which it has a 75-mile seacoast, to the Niger River, which forms part of Benin’s northern border with Niger. Benin

Benin, country of western Africa. It consists of a narrow wedge of territory extending northward for about 420 miles (675 kilometres) from the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean, on which it has a 75-mile seacoast, to the Niger River, which forms part of Benin’s northern border with Niger. Benin

Benin, country of western Africa. It consists of a narrow wedge of territory extending northward for about 420 miles (675 kilometres) from the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean, on which it has a 75-mile seacoast, to the Niger River, which forms part of Benin’s northern border with Niger. Benin

Edo: …Institute of Nigeria, and the University of Benin (founded 1970) are located at Benin City, while a state university (founded 1981) is at Ekpoma. Pop. (2006) 3,218,332.

Cotonou: …starting point of the so-called Benin-Niger Railway, which extends northward 273 miles (439 km) into the interior but ends in the middle of Benin at Parakou. Goods can be moved another 200 miles (322 km) by road to the navigable Niger River. Modern artificial deepwater port facilities at Cotonou serve…

wax gourd, (Benincasa hispida), fleshy vine of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), grown for its edible fruits. The wax gourd is native to tropical Asia, where it is commonly used in soups, curries, and stir-fries and is sometimes made into a beverage. Like other gourds, the fruit has a long shelf

St. Catherine of Siena ; canonized 1461; feast day April 29) was a Dominican tertiary, mystic, and one of the patron saints of Italy. She was declared a doctor of the church in 1970 and a patron saint of Europe in 1999. Catherine was the youngest of 25 children born to a lower middle-class family;

Annette Bening is an American actress known for her poise and quiet presence in a wide range of roles. Bening was the youngest of four children. Her father was an insurance salesman, and, when she was a child, his job caused the family to move from Kansas to San Diego, California, where she grew

Ghent-Bruges school: …chiefly by Gerard Horenbout and Simon Bening, the calendar of the Breviary is an updating of the calendar from the Très riches heures du duc de Berry (Condé Museum, Chantilly, Fr.), which had been executed a century earlier.

plate tectonics: Subduction zones: …Kiyoo Wadati and American seismologist Hugo Benioff, who pioneered its study. Between 10 and 20 percent of the subduction zones that dominate the circum-Pacific ocean basin are subhorizontal (that is, they subduct at angles between 0° and 20°). The factors that govern the dip of the subduction zone are not…

plate tectonics: Subduction zones: …mantle and is called the Wadati-Benioff zone, for Japanese seismologist Kiyoo Wadati and American seismologist Hugo Benioff, who pioneered its study. Between 10 and 20 percent of the subduction zones that dominate the circum-Pacific ocean basin are subhorizontal (that is, they subduct at angles between 0° and 20°). The factors…

El Cordobés was a Spanish bullfighter, the most highly paid torero in history. The crudity of his technique was offset by his exceptional reflexes, courage (sometimes considered total indifference to his own safety), and crowd appeal. Reared in an orphanage in his native town, Benítez was

Antonio Benítez Rojo was a short-story writer, novelist, and essayist who was one of the most notable Latin American writers to emerge in the second half of the 20th century. His first book, the short-story collection Tute de reyes (“King’s Flush”), won Cuba’s major literary award, the Casa de las

Sugar Ray Leonard: …Boxing Council (WBC) welterweight champion, Wilfred Benítez, only to lose the title in June 1980 in a famous match against Roberto Durán. Five months later Leonard regained the title by defeating Durán, and he successfully defended it thereafter, winning the World Boxing Association (WBA) version of the title with a…

Benito Cereno, short story by Herman Melville, published in Putnam’s Monthly Magazine in 1855 and later included in the collection The Piazza Tales (1856). It is a chilling story narrated by Amasa Delano, the captain of a seal-hunting ship who encounters off the coast of Chile a slave ship whose

mineral: Cyclosilicates: The rare titanosilicate benitoite (BaTiSi3O9) is the only mineral that is built with the simple Si3O9 ring. Axinite [(Ca, Fe, Mn)3Al2(BO3)(Si4O12)(OH)] contains Si4O12 rings, along with BO3 triangles and OH groups. The two common and important cyclosilicates,

Romanian literature: After World War II: …later turn against the dictatorship; Mihai Beniuc became, as he said, “the drummer of the new age,” praising the achievements of the postwar period. Demostene Botez, whose prewar poetry described the sadness of provincial life, later revealed a vigorous optimism, and Eugen Jebeleanu, who spent much of the 1930s as…

autopsy: History of autopsy: Antonio Benivieni, a 15th-century Florentine physician, carried out 15 autopsies explicitly to determine the “cause of death” and significantly correlated some of his findings with prior symptoms in the deceased. Théophile Bonet of Geneva (1620–89) collated from the literature the observations made in 3,000 autopsies.…

Girolamo Benivieni was a poet who was an intimate of several great men of Renaissance Florence. He is important for his versification of the philosopher Marsilio Ficino’s translation of Plato’s Symposium, which influenced other writers during the Renaissance and afterward. As a member of the

Benjamin, according to biblical tradition, one of the 12 tribes that constituted the people of Israel, and one of the two tribes (along with Judah) that later became the Jewish people. The tribe was named after the younger of two children born to Jacob (also called Israel) and his second wife,

Sir Ranulph Fiennes: …by their support ship, the Benjamin Bowring, and the rest of their team, and over the next several months they undertook a series of sea voyages northward through the Pacific Ocean, arriving at the Yukon River delta in western Alaska at the end of June. In July and August Fiennes…

Ralph Modjeski: …board of engineers of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge over the Delaware River, which, upon completion in 1926, was the longest suspension bridge in the world.

Benjamin of Tudela was a rabbi who was the first known European traveler to approach the frontiers of China and his account of his journey, Massaʿot (The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela, 1907), illuminates the situation of Jews in Europe and Asia in the 12th century. Motivated by commercial

Lil Wayne: …Legend, Busta Rhymes, and OutKast’s Andre 3000. I Am Not a Human Being II followed in 2013. By then, some critics had begun to suspect that Lil Wayne’s creative peak was behind him, although he remained a vital commercial force.

Asher Benjamin was an American architect who was an early follower of Charles Bulfinch. His greatest influence on American architecture, lasting until about 1860, was through the publication of several handbooks, from which many other 18th-century architects and builders, including Ammi Young and

Motown: …Earl Van Dyke on keyboards, Benny Benjamin and Uriel Jones on drums, and James Jamerson on bass. They played a huge role in the development of the Motown sound, a branch of soul music that featured more sophisticated arrangements and orchestration than the grittier Southern soul that contemporaneously flourished at…

Harry Benjamin was a German-born American endocrinologist and sexologist known for his pioneering role in recognizing transsexuality and developing medical interventions for transsexual and transgender individuals. Benjamin earned a medical degree in 1912 from the University of Tübingen. The

Judah P. Benjamin was a prominent lawyer in the United States before the American Civil War (1861–65) and in England after that conflict; he also held high offices in the government of the Confederate States of America. The first professing Jew elected to the U.S. Senate (1852; reelected 1858), he

Judah P. Benjamin was a prominent lawyer in the United States before the American Civil War (1861–65) and in England after that conflict; he also held high offices in the government of the Confederate States of America. The first professing Jew elected to the U.S. Senate (1852; reelected 1858), he

Global Exchange: …political activists Kevin Danaher and Medea Benjamin to promote social, economic, and environmental justice. The membership-based organization, headquartered in San Francisco, criticized the model of globalization that empowered multinational corporations and sometimes required the support of military authority. Instead, the organization championed fair trade, promoted the economic rights and political…

Regina Benjamin is an American physician who served as the 18th surgeon general of the United States (2009–13). Prior to her government appointment, she had spent most of her medical career serving poor families in a shrimping village on the Gulf Coast of Alabama. Benjamin received a B.S. (1979)

Walter Benjamin was a man of letters and aesthetician, now considered to have been the most important German literary critic in the first half of the 20th century. Born into a prosperous Jewish family, Benjamin studied philosophy in Berlin, Freiburg im Breisgau, Munich, and Bern. He settled in