bacteriophage, any of a group of viruses that infect bacteria. Bacteriophages were discovered independently by Frederick W. Twort in Great Britain (1915) and Félix d’Hérelle in France (1917). D’Hérelle coined the term bacteriophage, meaning “bacteria eater,” to describe the agent’s bacteriocidal

wilt: Bacterial wilt: Bacterial wilt, caused by numerous species of the genera Corynebacterium, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, and Xanthomonas, induces stunting, wilting, and withering, starting usually with younger leaves. Stems, which often shrivel and

coloration: Chlorophylls: …higher plants and green algae; bacteriochlorophyll is found in certain photosynthetic bacteria.

bacteria: Bacteria in medicine: Bacteroides fragilis inhabits the human intestinal tract in great numbers and causes no difficulties for the host as long as it remains there. If this bacterium gets into the body by means of an injury, the bacterial capsule stimulates the body to wall off the…

law of war: Weapons: By the Bacteriological Weapons Convention of 1972, states party to it agreed never in any circumstances to develop, produce, stockpile, retain, or acquire bacteriological or biological weapons or toxins. If a ban on chemical weapons came about, it would likely take the same form.

bacteriology, branch of microbiology dealing with the study of bacteria. The beginnings of bacteriology paralleled the development of the microscope. The first person to see microorganisms was probably the Dutch naturalist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who in 1683 described some animalcules, as they

bacteriophage, any of a group of viruses that infect bacteria. Bacteriophages were discovered independently by Frederick W. Twort in Great Britain (1915) and Félix d’Hérelle in France (1917). D’Hérelle coined the term bacteriophage, meaning “bacteria eater,” to describe the agent’s bacteriocidal

Franklin Stahl: …recombination in the more complex λ bacteriophage, eventually locating a site (dubbed Chi) on its DNA sequence necessary to initiate recombination. The discovery, made in 1972, had implications for the use of bacteriophages in cloning, as well as for the general understanding of the recombination process. His later work elucidated…

bacteria: 16S rRNA analysis: …it uses a single protein, bacteriorhodopsin, in which light energy is absorbed by retinal, a form of vitamin A, to activate a proton (hydrogen ion).

sulfa drug: Sulfa drugs are bacteriostatic; i.e., they inhibit the growth and multiplication of bacteria but do not kill them. They act by interfering with the synthesis of folic acid (folate), a member of the vitamin B complex present in all living cells. Most bacteria make their own folic acid…

bacteria, any of a group of microscopic single-celled organisms that live in enormous numbers in almost every environment on Earth, from deep-sea vents to deep below Earth’s surface to the digestive tracts of humans. Bacteria lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other internal structures and are

Balkh, village in northern Afghanistan that was formerly Bactra, the capital of ancient Bactria. It lies 14 miles (22 km) west of the city of Mazār-e Sharīf and is situated along the Balkh River. A settlement existed at the site as early as 500 bce, and the town was captured by Alexander the Great

Balkh, village in northern Afghanistan that was formerly Bactra, the capital of ancient Bactria. It lies 14 miles (22 km) west of the city of Mazār-e Sharīf and is situated along the Balkh River. A settlement existed at the site as early as 500 bce, and the town was captured by Alexander the Great

Bactria, ancient country lying between the mountains of the Hindu Kush and the Amu Darya (ancient Oxus River) in what is now part of Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Bactria was especially important between about 600 bce and about 600 ce, serving for much of that time as a meeting place not

Bactrian camel: either of two of the three living species of camels inhabiting the steppes and arid regions of Eurasia. The domesticated Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) is found from southern Ukraine south to the Middle East and east to the steppes of Mongolia; the wild Bactrian camel

Bactrian camel, either of two of the three living species of camels inhabiting the steppes and arid regions of Eurasia. The domesticated Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) is found from southern Ukraine south to the Middle East and east to the steppes of Mongolia; the wild Bactrian camel (also

Bactrian camel: …the steppes of Mongolia; the wild Bactrian camel (also known as the wild camel, C. ferus) is limited to a few small pockets in China and Mongolia. Both Bactrian camels are distinguished from Arabian camels, or dromedaries (C. dromedarius), of North Africa and the Middle East by their short stature,…

Iranian languages: Middle Iranian: Bactrian, but from what is known it would seem likely that those languages were equally distinctive. There was probably more than one dialect of each of the languages of the eastern group, although there is certainty only in the case of Saka, for which at…

Bactria, ancient country lying between the mountains of the Hindu Kush and the Amu Darya (ancient Oxus River) in what is now part of Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Bactria was especially important between about 600 bce and about 600 ce, serving for much of that time as a meeting place not

palm: Distribution: …379 is the largest and Bactris (the peach palm) with approximately 239 is second. Several other genera, Licuala, Pinanga, Chamaedorea, and Daemonorops, have more than 100 species each. Nearly a third of the genera (64), however, have only a single species, and more than half have fewer than 5 species…

peach palm, (Bactris gasipaes), species of palm (family Arecaceae), that is grown extensively for its edible fruits. The peach palm is cultivated from Central America as far south as Ecuador. Known as palm chestnuts, the fruits are commonly stewed and flavoured with salt or honey. The somewhat dry

Bactrites, genus of extinct cephalopods (animals related to the modern squid, octopus, and nautilus) found as fossils in marine rocks from the Devonian to the Permian periods (between 408 and 245 million years ago). Some authorities have identified specimens dating back to the Silurian Period

Baculites, genus of extinct cephalopods (animals related to the modern squid, octopus, and nautilus) found as fossils in Late Cretaceous marine rocks (formed from 99.6 million to 65.5 million years ago). Baculites, restricted to a narrow time range, is an excellent guide or index fossil for Late

baculum, the penis bone of certain mammals. The baculum is one of several heterotropic skeletal elements—i.e., bones dissociated from the rest of the body skeleton. It is found in all insectivores (e.g., shrews, hedgehogs), bats, rodents, and carnivores and in all primates except humans. Such wide

Garcinia: Bacupari (G. gardneriana) is native to South America and produces an edible aril. Garlic fruit, or bitter garcinia (G. spicata), is planted as an ornamental in tropical salt-spray oceanfront areas. Orange dyes (gamboge) are extracted from the bark of G. xanthochymus and G. cowa. A…

Michael Jackson: The King of Pop: Further solo albums—Bad (1987), which produced five chart-topping hits (among them the title song and “Man in the Mirror”), and Dangerous (1991), much of which was produced by New Jack Swing sensation Teddy Riley—solidified Jackson’s dominance of pop music. In 2001 he was inducted into the Rock…

The Bad and the Beautiful, American film drama, released in 1952, that—highlighted by an Academy Award-nominated performance by Kirk Douglas—helped solidify the unflattering popular image of the ruthless Hollywood mogul. The film, most of which is told in flashback, traces the rise and fall of

Tom Waits: …first studio release since 2004, Bad as Me (2011), a collection of blues-tinged, whiskey-soaked love songs, was greeted with wide critical acclaim. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2011.

Bad Aussee, town, central Austria, in the Traun Valley, southeast of Bad Ischl. The former centre of the Salzkammergut (salt region), it has the 15th-century Kammerhof (old offices of the salt administration) and two 14th- to 15th-century churches. Anna Plochl (1804–85), the wife of Archduke

Black Hawk War: Massacre at Bad Axe and surrender: …few miles downriver from the Bad Axe River in Wisconsin. Black Hawk and White Cloud suggested breaking up into small groups, turning north, and hiding out in the Ho-Chunk villages, but most of the Sauk and Fox wanted to build rafts to cross the river as quickly as possible. Some…

Black Hawk War: Massacre at Bad Axe and surrender: On August 1 Black Hawk’s band of perhaps 500 men, women, and children reached the eastern bank of the Mississippi, a few miles downriver from the Bad Axe River in Wisconsin. Black Hawk and White Cloud suggested breaking up…

Daniel Handler: The first volume, The Bad Beginning (1999), related the travails of three orphaned siblings; it also acquainted readers with Handler’s fondness for naming some characters after past literary luminaries—in this case, Klaus, Sunny, and Violet Baudelaire. The Bad Beginning and subsequent volumes, most of which featured alliterative titles,…

Eric Fischl: Fischl released an autobiography, Bad Boy: My Life On and Off the Canvas, in 2013.

Will Smith: Movie stardom: Bad Boys, Independence Day, and Ali: The action comedy-thriller Bad Boys (1995), however, proved to be the turning point in his film career. While the movie was not a critical success, it made more than $100 million worldwide, proving Smith’s star power. In 1996 he starred in that year’s top-grossing movie, Independence Day. He…

Sean Penn: …versatility—including a teenage delinquent in Bad Boys (1983), a punk rocker-burglar in Crackers (1984), a World War II marine about to ship out in the romance Racing with the Moon (1984), and a spy selling U.S. government secrets to the KGB in The Falcon and the Snowman (1985)—garnering favourable notices…

Martin Lawrence: …Bad Boys II (2003) and Bad Boys for Life (2020).

Martin Lawrence: He reunited with Smith for Bad Boys II (2003) and Bad Boys for Life (2020).

Black Flag: …as the punk reggae combo Bad Brains and the New York art rock band Sonic Youth. As the focus of the American independent music scene shifted to the Pacific Northwest in the 1990s, SST lost much of its cachet. Rollins continued performing as the lead singer of the Rollins Band,…

Bad Bunny is a Puerto Rican singer and songwriter who helped bring reggaeton and trap music to a wider audience. His urban music style also incorporated other genres, including rock, punk, and soul. He began singing when he was young, and he chose his stage name, Bad Bunny, after sharing an online

Robert Benton: Directing: …made his directorial debut with Bad Company, an iconoclastic western that starred Jeff Bridges and Barry Brown as a pair of Civil War draft dodgers who head West, robbing and stealing to support themselves. The film, which Benton wrote with Newman, exhibits touches of black humour, and cinematographer Gordon Willis,…

Chris Rock: …Anthony Hopkins in the thriller Bad Company (2002). In 2003 Rock made his directorial debut with Head of State, which centred on a presidential election. After the popular HBO comedy special Never Scared (2004), he cocreated a television series based on his childhood, Everybody Hates Chris (2005–09). The show was…

Bad Day at Black Rock, American mystery film, released in 1955, that fused elements of the western with those of film noir. It was based on Howard Breslin’s short story “Bad Time at Honda” (1947). (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) Spencer Tracy starred as John

E. Annie Proulx: Bad Dirt: Wyoming Stories 2 (2004) and Fine Just the Way It Is: Wyoming Stories 3 (2008) are collections of short stories. In the memoir Bird Cloud (2011), Proulx chronicled the building of her home in Wyoming. The novel Barkskins (2016) charts the wide-reaching ramifications…

Jean Paul Gaultier: …The Fifth Element (1997), and Bad Education (2004). In 2011 he launched his first international exhibition, “The Fashion World of Jean Paul Gaultier: From the Sidewalk to the Catwalk,” in Montreal. The exhibition, which made its final North American stop in San Francisco the following year, was a 35-year retrospective…

Hugh Jackman: …Missing Link and starred in Bad Education, a dramedy based on the true story of a school district superintendent involved in an embezzlement scheme. That year he also staged a world tour (titled The Man. The Music. The Show.), which featured singing, dancing, and storytelling.

12 Contemporary Black Authors You Must Read: Roxane Gay: …her best-selling collection of essays, Bad Feminist. The collection explores Gay’s self-professed love for many songs, books, movies, and TV shows that contradict some interpretations of feminist principles. Gay’s other celebrated works include the novel An Untamed State (2014) and Hunger: A Memoir of (My) Body (2017). In 2023 Gay,…

Bad Gandersheim, city, Lower Saxony Land (state), north-central Germany. It lies in the Leine River valley. Bad Gandersheim is remarkable for an 11th-century convent church containing the tombs of famous abbesses and for the former abbey, which was moved there in 852 by the duke of Saxony, whose

Frank Borzage: Breakthrough and success at Fox: Bad Girl (1931) was Borzage’s next important success. It tells a sentimental tale of a New York tenement couple (Sally Eilers and James Dunn) who meet, marry, and have a child in the span of a year. Bad Girl was nominated for Academy Awards for…

Mario Vargas Llosa: …de la niña mala (2006; The Bad Girl) in Paris during this period, its plot a reflection of Vargas Llosa’s lifelong appreciation of Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary (1857).

Bad Godesberg, southern district of the city of Bonn, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. It lies on the west bank of the Rhine River opposite the Siebengebirge (Seven Hills), a scenic natural park. A village grew up around the Godesburg castle, which had been founded by

socialism: Postwar socialism: Even the SPD, in its Bad Godesberg program of 1959, dropped its Marxist pretenses and committed itself to a “social market economy” involving “as much competition as possible—as much planning as necessary.” Although some welcomed this blurring of boundaries between socialism and welfare-state liberalism as a sign of “the end…

Billie Eilish: When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? and Happier than Ever: The song “Bad Guy” from the album was Eilish’s first number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and it won Grammys in 2020 for song of the year and record of the year; When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go? was named album of…

Marc Maron: …voice to the animated comedy The Bad Guys.

Terrence McNally: His early plays included Bad Habits (produced 1971), The Ritz (originally produced as The Tubs, 1973; film 1976), and Frankie and Johnny in the Claire de Lune (produced 1987; film 1991). In 1995 McNally won a Tony Award for best play, for Love! Valour! Compassion! (film 1997), and he…

Bad Harzburg, city, Lower Saxony Land (state), eastern Germany. It is located on the northern slope of the Oberharz (Upper Harz) mountains, at the entrance to the Radau River valley about 25 miles (40 km) south of Braunschweig and near Harz National Park. It developed around a castle built about

Bad Homburg, city, Hesse Land (state), west-central Germany. It lies at the foot of the wooded Taunus, just north of Frankfurt am Main. First mentioned in records of the 12th century, it changed hands often, passing to the house of Hesse in 1521 and later becoming the independent city and

Bad Homburg, city, Hesse Land (state), west-central Germany. It lies at the foot of the wooded Taunus, just north of Frankfurt am Main. First mentioned in records of the 12th century, it changed hands often, passing to the house of Hesse in 1521 and later becoming the independent city and

James Spader: …Rob Lowe in the thriller Bad Influence and opposite Susan Sarandon in White Palace, an erotic romance. The next year he starred with John Cusack in the political drama True Colors, but Storyville (1992) and Dream Lover (1993) saw him return to the erotic thriller genre. One of his most…

Bad Ischl, town, central Austria. It lies at the confluence of the Traun and Ischler Ache rivers, about 26 miles (42 km) east-southeast of Salzburg. First mentioned in records of 1262, it received municipal status in 1940. The centre of the Salzkammergut resort region, the town has saline, iodine,

Bad Kreuznach, city, Rhineland-Palatinate Land (state), west-central Germany. It lies along the Nahe River, a tributary of the Rhine, about 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Mainz. The site of a Roman fortress and later (819) of a Carolingian palace (Cruciniacum), it fell to the bishops of Speyer in

Harvey Keitel: …film about a botched robbery; Bad Lieutenant (1992), an NC-17 crime drama about a corrupt police officer; and Jane Campion’s The Piano (1993).

Joy Division/New Order: …formed a new band, called Bad Lieutenant, New Order began to tour again two years later, notably performing at a massive concert in Hyde Park, London, to mark the end of the 2012 Olympic Games. Lost Sirens, which salvaged additional songs recorded during the sessions that produced Waiting for the…

Werner Herzog: His other narrative films included Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans (2009), a drama about a police officer (played by Nicolas Cage) struggling with drug and gambling addictions, and the biopic Queen of the Desert (2015), in which Nicole Kidman portrayed Gertrude Bell. Family Romance, LLC (2019) centres on…

Randy Newman: …1998 and was followed by Bad Love (1999), his first album of new songs in 11 years. It would be nearly another decade before he released Harps and Angels (2008). Dark Matter (2017) earned him, in addition to his usual stellar reviews, a Grammy Award for instrumental and vocal arrangment…

Bad Mergentheim, city, Baden-Württemberg Land (state), south-central Germany. It lies on the Tauber River, about 60 miles (100 km) west of Nürnberg. An ancient settlement, it became the property of the Knights of the Teutonic Order in 1219 and was the residence (1525–1809) of the grand master of

Susan Sarandon: …as another troublemaking parent in A Bad Moms Christmas (2017) and then starred as a mother who turns to an underground network when her journalist son is taken hostage in Syria in Viper Club (2018). Her later movie credits included The Jesus Rolls (2019), a comedy centring on a character…

Creedence Clearwater Revival: The hits “Bad Moon Rising” (1969) and “Who’ll Stop the Rain” (1970) evoked the Vietnam War and civil discord without explicitly referring to those events; “Fortunate Son” (1969) was a furious blast at wealth and status. From the beginning of 1969 until the end of 1970, Creedence…

Richard Linklater: Before Sunset, Before Midnight, and Boyhood: …box office and from critics: Bad News Bears (2005), a remake of the hit 1976 comedy about a motley Little League baseball team; A Scanner Darkly (2006), a rotoscoped science-fiction thriller based on a Philip K. Dick short story; the critique of modern America Fast Food Nation (2006); and the…

Michael Ritchie: Films: …hit with his next picture, The Bad News Bears (1976). The comedy centres on a hapless Little League baseball team that learns how to overcome its limitations, thanks to a beer-swigging coach (Walter Matthau), a juvenile delinquent turned star player (Jackie Earle Haley), and a foul-mouthed ace pitcher (Tatum O’Neal).…

Switzerland: Rural communities: Places such as Bad Ragaz in the Rhine valley and Leukerbad in Valais canton are noted as spas. Valley forks, where the traffic from two valleys combines, were natural sites for settlement. Two of the best examples are Martigny (the Roman city of Octodurum), at the meeting of…

Bad Reichenhall, city, Bavaria Land (state), southern Germany. It lies in the Alpine Saalach River valley, 9 miles (14 km) southwest of Salzburg, Austria. Bad Reichenhall is a noted health and winter resort surrounded by mountains, including the Predigtstuhl (5,413 feet [1,650 metres]), ascended by

Billy Bob Thornton: In the dark comedy Bad Santa (2003), he played a drunken foul-mouthed shopping-mall Santa Claus; he reprised the role in the 2016 sequel. He portrayed coaches in both the high-school football drama Friday Night Lights (2004) and the comedy Bad News Bears (2005), a remake of the 1976 film…

Billy Bob Thornton: …reprised the role in the 2016 sequel. He portrayed coaches in both the high-school football drama Friday Night Lights (2004) and the comedy Bad News Bears (2005), a remake of the 1976 film of the same name about a ragtag Little League team. Thornton’s later films include the thriller Eagle…

Mervyn LeRoy: Return to Warner Brothers: Mister Roberts, The Bad Seed, and Gypsy: The Bad Seed (1956) had also been a hit on Broadway. LeRoy’s popular but slavishly faithful version of Maxwell Anderson’s play about a sweet little girl who is actually a murderer imported most of the original cast, of whom Nancy Kelly, Eileen Heckart, and child…

Nick Cave: …Harvey went on to form Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds in Berlin with former Magazine bassist Barry Adamson and Einstürzende Neubauten front man Blixa Bargeld. The Bad Seeds combined the Birthday Party’s dark intensity with a passionate exploration of love and the pain it can bring. The band’s biggest…

Justin Timberlake: Solo music career and acting roles: …he took supporting roles in Bad Teacher (2011), Trouble with the Curve (2012), and Inside Llewyn Davis (2013). For the animated film Trolls (2016), he provided the voice of Branch, one of the title characters, and cowrote the Oscar-nominated song “Can’t Stop the Feeling!”; he reprised the role in Trolls…

Jeff Bridges: …has a storied past in Bad Times at the El Royale (2018). In 2019 Bridges received the Cecil B. DeMille Award (a Golden Globe for lifetime achievement).

Art Garfunkel: Acting career: …also appeared in Nicolas Roeg’s Bad Timing/A Sensual Obsession (1980) and in Good to Go (1986) and Boxing Helena (1993).

Tiffany Haddish: …from 2021 included the comedy Bad Trip and Billy Crystal’s Here Today, in which she played a singer who forms a friendship with a comedy writer in the early stages of dementia. Haddish later starred as a detective in the Apple TV+ series The Afterparty (2022– ), about a murder…

Jason Bateman: Later life and career: … (2010), Horrible Bosses (2011), and Bad Words (2013), which he also directed. He has been good friends with American actress Jennifer Aniston since the mid-1990s, and they have appeared together in several movies, including The Break-Up, The Switch, Horrible Bosses and its 2014 sequel, and Office Christmas Party (2016).

Tammuz: …area (the edin)—for example, at Bad-tibira (modern Madīnah), where Tammuz was the city god.

Zhu Da was a Buddhist monk who was, with Shitao, one of the most famous Individualist painters of the early Qing period. Details of Zhu’s life are unclear, but he is known to have been a descendant of the Ming imperial line, to have had a classical education, and to have become a Buddhist monk in

Badacsony, basalt-covered residual butte, 1,437 feet (438 metres) in elevation, on the north bank of Lake Balaton in the Balaton Highlands of western Hungary. The butte bears witness to the original level of the basalt layer that formed at the end of the Pliocene Epoch (i.e., about 5.3 to 2.6

Baḍaga, any member of the largest tribal group living in the Nīlgiri Hills of Tamil Nādu state in southern India. The Baḍaga have increased very rapidly, from fewer than 20,000 in 1871 to about 140,000 in the late 20th century. Their language is a Dravidian dialect closely akin to Kannada as spoken

Vatakara, town and port, northern Kerala state, southwestern India. It is located on the Malabar Coast, along the Arabian Sea, about 25 miles (40 km) northwest of the city of Kozhikode (Calicut). Vatakara is a fishing port and trade centre for pepper, copra, timber, and other products. It is served

Badagry, town and lagoon port in Lagos state, southwestern Nigeria. It lies on the north bank of Porto Novo Creek, an inland waterway that connects the national capitals of Nigeria (Lagos) and Benin (Porto-Novo), and on a road that leads to Lagos, Ilaro, and Porto-Novo. Founded in the late 1720s by

Badagry, town and lagoon port in Lagos state, southwestern Nigeria. It lies on the north bank of Porto Novo Creek, an inland waterway that connects the national capitals of Nigeria (Lagos) and Benin (Porto-Novo), and on a road that leads to Lagos, Ilaro, and Porto-Novo. Founded in the late 1720s by

Alxa Plateau: …Desert in the south, the Badain Jaran (Baden Dzareng, or Batan Tsalang) in the west, and the Ulan Buh (Wulanbuhe) in the northeast.

Badajoz, provincia (province) in the Extremadura comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), extreme western Spain. Badajoz is bordered by Portugal to the west. Along with the province of Cáceres, Badajoz makes up the autonomous and historic region of Extremadura. The climate is characterized by

Badajoz, city, capital of Badajoz provincia (province), in the Extremadura comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), southwestern Spain. Situated on the south bank of the Guadiana River near the Portuguese frontier, it occupies a low range of hills crowned by a ruined Moorish castle. It originated

Portugal: The French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars: By the Peace of Badajoz (June 1801), Portugal lost the town of Olivenza and paid an indemnity.

Badajoz: …a project known as the Plan Badajoz, which raised the standard of living, productivity, and agriculture and intensified development and industrialization in the area. Irrigation was undertaken, using the waters of the Guadiana and Zújar, controlled by six dams. The plan provided for new agriculturally based industries, chiefly the production…

The Siege of Badajoz, which occurred from March 16 through April 6 in 1812, was one of the bloodiest engagements of the Napoleonic Wars. Of the many sieges that characterized the fighting in the Iberian Peninsula, Badajoz (a Spanish fortress on the southwestern border with Portugal) stands out for

Badakhshān, historic region of northeastern Afghanistan, roughly encompassing the northern spurs of the Hindu Kush and chiefly drained by the Kowkcheh River. Mountain glaciers and glacial lakes are found in the higher elevations of the region. The name Badakhshān first appears in Chinese writings

Parkash Singh Badal was an Indian politician and government official who rose to become president (1996–2008) of the Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD), a Sikh-focused regional political party in Punjab state, northwestern India. He also served five terms as the chief minister (head of government) of Punjab

Badalona, city, Barcelona provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Catalonia, northeastern Spain. It is a northeastern industrial suburb of Barcelona, lying on the Mediterranean coast at the mouth of the Besós River. The city’s outstanding landmark is the

Badami, town, northern Karnataka state, southwestern India. It is situated in an upland region just west of the Malprabha River. The town was known as Vatapi in ancient times and was the first capital of the Chalukya kings. It is the site of important 6th- and 7th-century Brahmanical and Jain cave

Canadian literature: Fiction: …among the Parsi community, while Anita Rau Badami’s novels Tamarind Mem (1996) and The Hero’s Walk (2000) portray the cross-cultural effect on Indian families in India and Canada.

Armenian rite: …celebration of the liturgy; the Badarakamaduitz, the book of the sacrament, containing all the prayers used by the priest; the Giashotz, the book of midday, containing the Epistle and Gospel readings for each day; and the Z’amagirq, the book of hours, containing the prayers and psalms of the seven daily…

Indian philosophy: Relation to the Mimamsa-sutras: Badarayana approves of the Mimamsa view that the relation between words and their significations is eternal. There are, however, clear statements of difference: according to Jaimini, for example, the dispenser of the “fruits” of one’s actions is dharma, the law of righteousness itself, but for…