Uzbekistan: Cultural life: The younger poets Batu, Cholpán (Abdulhamid Sulayman Yunús), and Elbek (Mashriq Yunus Oghli) offered metres and rhyme schemes quite different from the verse composed in the traditions long employed by the poets of the region. Fitrat gained fame and popularity for such prose and poetic dialogues as Munazara…

Batu Caves, complex of limestone grottoes in Peninsular Malaysia. The caves are one of the country’s biggest tourist attractions and are a place of pilgrimage for Tamil Hindus. They are named for the Sungai Batu (Batu River), which flows nearby, and are located 7 miles (13 km) north of Kuala

Batu Islands, group of three major islands and 48 islets off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Administratively, they are part of North Sumatra (Sumatera Utara) propinsi (province). The three largest islands are Pini, Tanahmasa, and Tanahbala; the total area is 6,370 square miles (16,500 square

Batu Pahat, port, Peninsular (West) Malaysia (Malaya), on the Strait of Malacca at the mouth of the Batu Pahat River. It is a fishing town and a distribution centre; and, until the completion of a bridge in 1968, it was a ferry point for road traffic across the river. Sago palms, rubber, coconuts,

Halmahera, largest island of the Moluccas, in Indonesia; administratively, it is part of the propinsi (or provinsi; province) of North Maluku (Maluku Utara). The island, located between the Molucca Sea (west) and the Pacific Ocean (east), consists of four peninsulas enclosing three great bays

Batu Islands, group of three major islands and 48 islets off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Administratively, they are part of North Sumatra (Sumatera Utara) propinsi (province). The three largest islands are Pini, Tanahmasa, and Tanahbala; the total area is 6,370 square miles (16,500 square

Ethiopia: Relief of Ethiopia: …14,360 feet (4,377 metres), and Mount Batu, at 14,127 feet (4,305 metres). The Eastern Lowlands resemble the long train of a bridal gown suddenly dipping from the narrow band of the Eastern Highlands and gently rolling for hundreds of miles to the Somalian border. Two important regions here are the…

Cabo Verde: The arts: …reborn in Cabo Verde as batuko (derived from the Portuguese verb meaning “to beat”), a genre that features polyrhythm and call and response performed by a group of women. European traditions are revealed in the morna, a lament comparable to the Portuguese fado, and the mazurka. Other styles include the…

Armenia: The republic of Armenia: …was forced to sign the Treaty of Batum with the Ottoman state, acknowledging the pre-1878 Russo-Turkish frontier along the Arpa and Aras rivers as its boundary, but after the Allied victory in World War I the Armenians reoccupied Alexandropol (now Gyumri) and Kars. A short war ensued with Georgia for…

Batumi, city and capital of Ajaria (Adzhariya), southwestern Georgia, on a gulf of the Black Sea about 9.5 miles (15 km) north of the Turkish frontier. The city’s name comes from the location of its first settlement, on the left bank of the Bat River. With a history dating from the 1st millennium

samba: Sometimes called batuque, it is a kind of group dance, done either in circles with a soloist or in double lines.

Tutsi, ethnic group of probable Nilotic origin, whose members live within Rwanda and Burundi. The Tutsi formed the traditional aristocratic minority in both countries, constituting about 9 percent and 14 percent of the population, respectively. The Tutsis’ numbers in Rwanda were greatly reduced by

Twa, one of the best-known of the many Pygmy groups scattered across equatorial Africa. Like all other African Pygmies, the Twa, averaging about 5 feet (1.5 m) in height, are a people of mixed ancestry, probably descendants of the original inhabitants of the equatorial rainforest. They live in the

Batwoman, American comic strip superhero created for DC Comics to serve as a strong female counterpart to Batman. The original Batwoman, Kathy Kane, made her debut in Detective Comics no. 233 (July 1956). She was to serve as a female romantic interest for Batman, thereby countering the charge made

Gaston Baty was a French playwright and producer who exerted a notable influence on world theatre during the 1920s and ’30s. Baty was influenced by both German and Russian theatre, particularly the work of Munich designer Fritz Erler, and favoured a nonnaturalistic approach to staging to abolish

Gaston Baty was a French playwright and producer who exerted a notable influence on world theatre during the 1920s and ’30s. Baty was influenced by both German and Russian theatre, particularly the work of Munich designer Fritz Erler, and favoured a nonnaturalistic approach to staging to abolish

Kazakhstan: Kazakhstan to c. 1700 ce: …more by the beys and batyrs (the heads of the clans that were the components of each tribe). Nominally, the khans commanded a formidable force of mounted warriors, but, in reality, they depended on the loyalty of the beys and batyrs. The last son of Kasym Khan to rule the…

Mangghystaū: …flatlands, with some depressions (the Batyr Depression is 425 feet [130 m] below sea level). It is rich in petroleum and natural gas, especially in the oil and gas region of the Mangghystaū Peninsula. The peninsula also contains deposits of phosphorites and coquina. The desert climate is continental and extremely…

Konstantin Nikolayevich Batyushkov was a Russian elegiac poet whose sensual and melodious verses were said to have influenced the great Russian poet Aleksandr Pushkin. Batyushkov’s early childhood was spent in the country on his father’s estate. When he was 10 he went to Moscow, where he studied

Kyiv: City site: …line of bluffs culminating in Batyyeva Hill, 330 feet (100 metres) above mean river level. This precipitous and wooded bank, topped by the golden domes and spires of churches and bell towers and by high-rise apartment buildings, makes the city an attractive and impressive sight from across the Dnieper. Since…

Jean, baron de Batz was a royalist conspirator during the French Revolution. Born of a noble family in Gascony, Batz entered the army at the age of 14, rising to the rank of colonel by 1787. During Louis XVI’s reign he busied himself with financial transactions and made a fortune. He was sent to

Bau, in Mesopotamian religion, city goddess of Urukug in the Lagash region of Sumer and, under the name Nininsina, the Queen of Isin, city goddess of Isin, south of Nippur. In Nippur she was called Ninnibru, Queen of Nippur. Bau seems originally to have been goddess of the dog; as Nininsina she was

Fiji: History of Fiji: …rise of the kingdom of Bau, a tiny island off the east coast of Viti Levu, ruled first by Naulivou and then by his nephew Cakobau. By the 1850s Bau dominated western Fiji. Cakobau’s main rival was the Tongan chief Maʿafu, who led an army of Christian Tongans and their…

Fijian language: …Eastern dialect (Bauan) and called Bauan Fijian, is known to all indigenous Fijians. Literacy in modern Fiji is high, and Fijian is widely used as a written language and for broadcasting.

Henry Bauchau was a Belgian novelist, poet, and playwright who was also a practicing psychoanalyst. Like his contemporary Dominique Rolin but unusually for a Belgian writer, Bauchau took his inspiration from psychoanalysis. Bauchau studied law and began writing for periodicals. After World War II

Bauchi, town, capital of Bauchi state and traditional emirate, northeastern Nigeria. Bauchi town lies on the railroad from Maiduguri to Kafanchan (where it joins the line to Port Harcourt) and has road connections to Jos, Kano, and Maiduguri. The emirate was founded (1800–10) by Yakubu, one of

Bauchi, state, northeastern Nigeria. Before 1976 it was a province in former North-Eastern state. Bauchi is bounded by the states of Jigawa and Kano on the northwest; Kaduna on the west; Plateau, Taraba, and Gombe on the south; and Yobe on the east. The highlands in the southwestern part of the

Jos Plateau, tableland in Plateau State, central Nigeria, distinguished by its high bounding scarp and by bare grassland and embracing Africa’s chief tin-mining region. Its central area covers about 3,000 square miles (8,000 square km) and has an average elevation of 4,200 feet (1,280 meters); the

United States: Negotiating health care reform: Max Baucus. The bill that was ultimately passed in the Senate called for considerably less change than the House bill (most notably excluding the “public option” through which a government-run program would have provided lower-cost competition for private insurance companies). It just barely survived a…

modem: Operating parameters: …phases) is known as a baud. In early voiceband modems beginning in the early 1960s, one baud represented one bit, so that a modem operating, for instance, at 300 bauds per second (or, more simply, 300 baud) transmitted data at 300 bits per second. In modern modems a baud can…

Udayanacharya: …in the Kusumanjali and the Bauddhadhikkara, the latter an attack on the nontheistic thesis of Buddhism. Living in a period of lively controversy with the Buddhists, Udayanacharya defended his belief in a personal God by resorting to the two natures of the world: cause and effect. The presence of the…

Western sculpture: Avant-garde sculpture (1909–20): …Rodin, but his portrait head Baudelaire (1911) contrasts with that by his predecessor in its more radical departure from the flesh; the somewhat squared-off head is molded by clear, hard volumes. His famous Horse (1914), a coiled, vaguely mechanical form bearing little resemblance to the animal itself, suggests metaphorically the…

Charles Baudelaire was a French poet, translator, and literary and art critic whose reputation rests primarily on Les Fleurs du mal (1857; The Flowers of Evil), which was perhaps the most important and influential poetry collection published in Europe in the 19th century. Similarly, his Petits

Charles Baudelaire was a French poet, translator, and literary and art critic whose reputation rests primarily on Les Fleurs du mal (1857; The Flowers of Evil), which was perhaps the most important and influential poetry collection published in Europe in the 19th century. Similarly, his Petits

stagecraft: Western traditions: …invention of greasepaint belongs to Carl Baudin of the Leipziger Stadt Theatre. Wishing to conceal the join between the front edge of his wig and forehead, he mixed a flesh-coloured paste of zinc white, yellow ochre, vermilion, and lard. By 1890 theatrical greasepaints were available commercially in many colours, and…

Léon Gambetta: Life: Jean-Baptiste Baudin, a deputy (legislator) killed resisting Napoleon III’s coup d’état of 1851, had become a republican martyr, and eight journalists were being prosecuted for attempting to have a monument erected in his memory. As counsel of one of the accused, Gambetta delivered an extremely…

Australia: Later explorations: Under Nicolas Baudin, it gave French names to many features (including “Terre Napoléon” for the southern coast) and gathered much information but did little new exploration. It was on the northern coast, from Arnhem Land to Cape York Peninsula, that more exploration was needed. Two Admiralty…

Wolf Heinrich, count von Baudissin was a German diplomat and man of letters who with Dorothea Tieck was responsible for many translations of William Shakespeare and thus contributed to the development of German Romanticism. Baudissin served in the diplomatic corps in Stockholm, Paris, and Vienna

Wolf Heinrich, count von Baudissin was a German diplomat and man of letters who with Dorothea Tieck was responsible for many translations of William Shakespeare and thus contributed to the development of German Romanticism. Baudissin served in the diplomatic corps in Stockholm, Paris, and Vienna

South America: The Northern Andes: …have developed that constitute the Baudo, or Coastal, Mountains and the Cordillera Occidental. They were accreted during Cretaceous and early Cenozoic times. Structurally composed of oceanic volcanic arcs that were amalgamated after each collision by high-angle, west-verging thrusts, the Northern Andes are characterized by the heavily deformed metamorphic rocks and…

Baudot Code, telegraph code developed by J.-M.-E. Baudot in France, which by the mid-20th century supplanted the Morse Code for most printing telegraphy. It consisted originally of groups of five “on” and “off” signals of equal duration, representing a substantial economy over the Morse system,

Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudot was an engineer who, in 1874, received a patent on a telegraph code that by the mid-20th century had supplanted Morse Code as the most commonly used telegraphic alphabet. In Baudot’s code, each letter was represented by a five-unit combination of current-on or current-off

Baudouin I was the king of the Belgians from 1951 to 1993, who helped restore confidence in the monarchy after the stormy reign of King Leopold III. The son of Leopold III and Queen Astrid, Baudouin shared his father’s internment by the Germans during World War II and his postwar exile in

Baldwin I was the first ruler of Flanders. A daring warrior under Charles II the Bald of France, he fell in love with the king’s daughter Judith, the youthful widow of two English kings, married her (862), and fled with his bride to Lorraine. Charles, though at first angry, was at last conciliated,

Baldwin I was the king of the Crusader state of Jerusalem (1100–18) who expanded the kingdom and secured its territory, formulating an administrative apparatus that was to serve for 200 years as the basis for Frankish rule in Syria and Palestine. Son of Eustace II, count of Boulogne, and Ida

Baldwin II Porphyrogenitus was the last Latin emperor of Constantinople, who lost his throne in 1261 when Michael VIII Palaeologus restored Greek rule to the capital. The son of Yolande, sister of Baldwin I, the first Latin emperor of Constantinople, and Peter of Courtenay, the third Latin emperor,

Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay was a linguist who regarded language sounds as structural entities, rather than mere physical phenomena, and thus anticipated the modern linguistic concern with language structure. His long teaching career in eastern European universities began in 1871 and

William I: New alliances of William I: In 1049 William negotiated with Baldwin V of Flanders for the hand of his daughter, Matilda. Baldwin, an imperial vassal with a distinguished lineage, was in rebellion against the emperor, Henry III, and was in desperate need of allies. At the Council of Reims in October 1049, the emperor’s cousin,…

Baldwin II was the count of Edessa (1100–18), king of Jerusalem (1118–31), and Crusade leader whose support of the religious-military orders founded during his reign enabled him to expand his kingdom and to withstand Muslim attacks. A son of Hugh, count of Réthel, in the Ardennes region of France,

Baudouin I was the king of the Belgians from 1951 to 1993, who helped restore confidence in the monarchy after the stormy reign of King Leopold III. The son of Leopold III and Queen Astrid, Baudouin shared his father’s internment by the Germans during World War II and his postwar exile in

Baldwin IV was the count of Flanders (988–1035) who greatly expanded the Flemish dominions. He fought successfully both against the Capetian king of France, Robert II, and the Holy Roman emperor Henry II. Henry found himself obliged to grant to Baldwin IV in fief Valenciennes, the burgraveship of

Baldwin II was the second ruler of Flanders, who, from his stronghold at Bruges, maintained, as his father Baldwin I before him, a vigorous defense of his lands against the incursions of the Norsemen. On his mother’s side a descendant of Charlemagne, he strengthened the dynastic importance of his

Baldwin IV was the king of Jerusalem (1174–85), called the “leper king” for the disease that afflicted him for most of his short life. His reign saw the growth of factionalism among the Latin nobility that weakened the kingdom during the years when its greatest adversary, the Muslim leader Saladin,

Baldwin II Porphyrogenitus was the last Latin emperor of Constantinople, who lost his throne in 1261 when Michael VIII Palaeologus restored Greek rule to the capital. The son of Yolande, sister of Baldwin I, the first Latin emperor of Constantinople, and Peter of Courtenay, the third Latin emperor,

historiography: François Baudouin and Jean Bodin: Although the new study of law was closely related to historiography, the early commentaries on civil law did not constitute histories. The two disciplines were married in theory in Institution of Universal History and its Connection with Jurisprudence by François Baudouin…

Jean Baudrillard was a French sociologist and cultural theorist whose theoretical ideas of “hyperreality” and “simulacrum” influenced literary theory and philosophy, especially in the United States, and spread into popular culture. After studying German at the Sorbonne, Baudrillard taught German

Rudolf Bauer was a German-born abstract artist whose role in the conception and founding of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum was buried for some 60 years after he had a falling-out with Guggenheim. As a result of the same incident, Bauer’s own colourful geometric paintings also remained largely out

printing: Koenig’s mechanical press (early 19th century): …1811 Koenig and an associate, Andreas Bauer, in another approach to the rotary principle, designed a cylinder as a platen bearing the sheet of paper and pressing it against the typeform placed on a flatbed that moved to and fro. The rotation of the cylinder was linked to the forward…

Hegelian school: Hegelian left and right: In the 1850s Bauer became vocally anti-Semitic, describing an immutable racial divide between Jews and Christians. In the 1840s, however, he had advocated a comprehensive republicanism. In this theory, freedom and rationality are not simply natural properties distributed or shared among their bearers (as Bauer thought Strauss’s position…

Georgius Agricola was a German scholar and scientist known as “the father of mineralogy.” While a highly educated classicist and humanist, well regarded by scholars of his own and later times, he was yet singularly independent of the theories of ancient authorities. He was indeed among the first to

Gustav Bauer was a German statesman, chancellor of the Weimar Republic (1919–20). As an office worker in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia), Bauer in 1895 founded the Office Employees Association, over which he presided until 1908. Entrusted with the leadership of the Central Workers’ Secretariat

Gustav Bauer was a German statesman, chancellor of the Weimar Republic (1919–20). As an office worker in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia), Bauer in 1895 founded the Office Employees Association, over which he presided until 1908. Entrusted with the leadership of the Central Workers’ Secretariat

Harold Bauer was a British-born American pianist who introduced to the United States works by Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel, and César Franck. His playing combined traits of both 19th-century Romanticism and 20th-century restraint and was noted for its sensitivity, free approach to the printed

Béla Balázs was a Hungarian writer, Symbolist poet, and influential film theoretician. Balázs’s theoretical work Halálesztétika (“The Aesthetics of Death”) was published in 1906; his first drama, Doktor Szélpál Margit, was performed by the Hungarian National Theatre in 1909. His poems in the

Jack Bauer, American television character, the troubled protagonist at the centre of the suspense-thriller series 24. A special agent with the Los Angeles branch of the fictional U.S. government Counter Terrorist Unit (CTU), Jack Bauer (played by Kiefer Sutherland) is an intense, brooding loner,

Otto Bauer was a theoretician of the Austrian Social Democratic Party and statesman, who proposed that the nationalities problem of the Austro-Hungarian Empire be solved by the creation of nation-states and who, after World War I, became one of the principal advocates of Austrian Anschluss

Rudolf Bauer was a German-born abstract artist whose role in the conception and founding of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum was buried for some 60 years after he had a falling-out with Guggenheim. As a result of the same incident, Bauer’s own colourful geometric paintings also remained largely out

Sebastian Wilhelm Valentin Bauer was a German pioneer inventor and builder of submarines. In 1850 Bauer built his first submarine, Le Plongeur-Marin (“The Marine Diver”), which in February 1851 sank in 50 feet (15 m) of water during a test dive in Kiel Harbour, trapping Bauer and his two crewmen.

Eduard von Bauernfeld was an Austrian dramatist who dominated the Vienna Burgtheater for 50 years with his politically oriented drawing room comedies. Bauernfeld studied philosophy and law at Vienna University before turning to the theatre. Active in the local liberal movement, he became friends

Thomas de Montagu, 4th earl of Salisbury: …own rashness, was defeated at Baugé on March 21, 1421. Salisbury came up with the archers too late to retrieve the day but recovered the bodies of the dead and by a skillful retreat averted further disaster.

Sammy Baugh was the first outstanding quarterback in the history of American professional gridiron football. He played a major role in the emergence of the forward pass as a primary offensive tactic in the 1930s and ’40s. He led the National Football League (NFL) in passing in 6 of his 16 seasons

Sammy Baugh was the first outstanding quarterback in the history of American professional gridiron football. He played a major role in the emergence of the forward pass as a primary offensive tactic in the 1930s and ’40s. He led the National Football League (NFL) in passing in 6 of his 16 seasons

Bauhaus, school of design, architecture, and applied arts that existed in Germany from 1919 to 1933. It was based in Weimar until 1925, Dessau through 1932, and Berlin in its final months. The Bauhaus was founded by the architect Walter Gropius, who combined two schools, the Weimar Academy of Arts

Alfred H. Barr, Jr.: “Bauhaus: 1919–1928” (1938–39) showed to American museumgoers nearly 700 objects produced in the span of less than a decade at the famed German school of design founded and directed by Walter Gropius. Barr had visited the Bauhaus in Dessau in 1927 and was integral to…

valve: …digestive system of mammals the ileocecal valve, controlled by a sphincter muscle, prevents the return of the contents of the small intestine after they have passed into the colon.

Gaspard Bauhin was a Swiss physician, anatomist, and botanist who introduced a scientific binomial system of classification to both anatomy and botany. A student of the Italian anatomist Fabricius ab Aquapendente at the University of Padua, Italy (1577–78), he spent most of his career at the

Gaspard Bauhin was a Swiss physician, anatomist, and botanist who introduced a scientific binomial system of classification to both anatomy and botany. A student of the Italian anatomist Fabricius ab Aquapendente at the University of Padua, Italy (1577–78), he spent most of his career at the

Gaspard Bauhin: Bauhin’s brother Jean (1541–1613), also a physician and botanist, is known for his Historia plantarum universalis (1650–51; “General History of Plants”), in which he rendered elaborate descriptions of more than 5,000 species.

flag of Hong Kong: Its emblem, the bauhinia flower, is a traditional emblem of Hong Kong; previously it had appeared on colonial stamps and coins. The five petals and red stars reflect the use of that number in traditional Chinese symbolism and represent the five major regions of China. Red evokes both…

Fabales: Ecological and economic importance: …too are the seeds of Bauhinia esculenta; they are gathered for the high-protein tubers and seeds. Vigna aconitifolia (moth bean) and V. umbellata (rice bean) are much used in the tropics for forage and soil improvement, and their seeds are palatable and rich in protein. Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (winged bean) is…

Baul, member of an order of religious singers of Bengal known for their unconventional behaviour and for the freedom and spontaneity of their mystical verse. Their membership consists both of Hindus (primarily Vaishnavites, or followers of Lord Vishnu) and Muslims (generally Sufis, or mystics).

Baule, an African people inhabiting Côte d’Ivoire between the Comoé and Bandama rivers. The Baule are an Akan group, speaking a Tano language of the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo language family. The ancestors of the Baule were a section of the Asante who immigrated to their present location under

La Baule-Escoublac, fashionable resort, Loire-Atlantique département, Pays de la Loire région, western France. It lies along the Atlantic coast near the mouth of the Loire River, west of Saint-Nazaire. Facing south and protected from the north wind by 1,000 acres (400 hectares) of dune-stabilizing

marten: The pine marten (M. martes) of European and Central Asian forests is also called the European marten and, less commonly, baum marten and sweet marten. It has a dark brown coat with an undivided yellowish throat patch. Its head-and-body length is 42–52 cm (about 16.5–20.5 inches),…

Vicki Baum was an Austrian-born American novelist whose Menschen im Hotel (1929; “People at the Hotel”; Eng. trans. Grand Hotel) became a best-seller and was adapted as a successful play (1930), an Academy Award-winning film (1932), a film musical (1945; renamed Weekend at the Waldorf), and a

L. Frank Baum was an American writer known for his series of books for children about the imaginary land of Oz. Baum began his career as a journalist, initially in Aberdeen, South Dakota, and then in Chicago. His first book, Father Goose (1899), was a commercial success, and he followed it the next

L. Frank Baum was an American writer known for his series of books for children about the imaginary land of Oz. Baum began his career as a journalist, initially in Aberdeen, South Dakota, and then in Chicago. His first book, Father Goose (1899), was a commercial success, and he followed it the next

Vicki Baum was an Austrian-born American novelist whose Menschen im Hotel (1929; “People at the Hotel”; Eng. trans. Grand Hotel) became a best-seller and was adapted as a successful play (1930), an Academy Award-winning film (1932), a film musical (1945; renamed Weekend at the Waldorf), and a

history of photography: Photojournalism: Felix H. Man, encouraged by Stefan Lorant, editor of the Münchner Illustrierte, made sequences of photographs at interviews and cultural and social events, which Lorant then laid out in imaginative picture essays.

Zygmunt Bauman was a Polish-born sociologist who was one of the most influential intellectuals in Europe, known for works that examine broad changes in the nature of contemporary society and their effects on communities and individuals. He focused primarily on how the poor and dispossessed have

Mount Agou, mountain in southwestern Togo, near the border with Ghana. An extreme western outlier of the Atakora Mountains of adjacent Benin, it rises to 3,235 feet (986 metres) and is the highest point in Togo. It was initially named for Oskar Baumann (1864–99), an Austrian-African explorer, when

children’s literature: War and beyond: …domain of the historical novel, Hans Baumann is a distinguished name. Lacking the narrative craft of Miss Sutcliff, whose story lines are always clean and clear, he matched her as a scholar and mounted scenes of great intensity in such novels as Die Barke der Brüder (1956; Eng. trans., The…

Noah Baumbach established himself as a distinctive new voice in filmmaking with his self-aware, dialogue-heavy dramas about artists and intellectuals living in his home city of New York. Starting in 1995 with his debut film Kicking and Screaming, he has written and directed such well-received

Rudolf Baumbach was a German writer of popular student drinking songs and of narrative verse. A librarian in Meiningen, Baumbach was a poet of the vagabond school and wrote, in imitation of Viktor von Scheffel, many drinking songs, such as “Die Lindenwirtin” (“The Linden Hostess”), which endeared

hydrometer: The Baumé hydrometer, named for the French chemist Antoine Baumé, is calibrated to measure specific gravity on evenly spaced scales; one scale is for liquids heavier than water, and the other is for liquids lighter than water.

Louise-Françoise de La Baume le Blanc, duchess de La Vallière was the mistress of King Louis XIV (reigned 1643–1715) from 1661 to 1667. La Vallière, the daughter of a military governor, was appointed maid of honour in 1661 to Louis XIV’s sister-in-law Henrietta Anne of England, Duchess d’Orléans.

Baumes Laws, several statutes of the criminal code of New York state, U.S., enacted on July 1, 1926—most notably, one requiring mandatory life imprisonment for persons convicted of a fourth felony. A “three-time loser” was thus one who had thrice been convicted of a felony and faced life

Baumes Laws: …State Crime Commission, chaired by Caleb H. Baumes, proposed a number of reforms and revisions of the criminal code to the state legislature. The most forceful recommendation was the Habitual Criminal Act. It provided for increasingly heavy sentences to repetitive felons. Although the clause providing for mandatory life imprisonment for…

feminism: Foundations: Jennifer Baumgardner and Amy Richards, authors of Manifesta: Young Women, Feminism, and the Future (2000), were both born in 1970 and raised by second wavers who had belonged to organized feminist groups, questioned the sexual division of labour in their households, and raised their daughters…

Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten was a German philosopher and educator who coined the term aesthetics and established this discipline as a distinct field of philosophical inquiry. As a student at Halle, Baumgarten was strongly influenced by the works of G.W. Leibniz and by Christian Wolff, a professor