John Bartram was a naturalist and explorer considered the “father of American botany.” Largely self-educated, Bartram was a friend of Benjamin Franklin and an original member of the American Philosophical Society. He was botanist for the American colonies to King George III. Bartram was the first

William Bartram was an American naturalist, botanist, and artist. The son of naturalist John Bartram, he described the abundant river swamps of the southeastern United States in their primeval condition in his Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida (1791). The book

sandpiper: The upland sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda), also called Bartram’s sandpiper and, mistakenly, the upland plover, is an American bird of open fields. It is a slender, gray-streaked bird almost 30 cm long that feeds on grasshoppers and other insects.

apple moss, (Bartramia pomiformis), moss of the family Bartramiaceae that has apple-shaped capsules (spore cases) and forms wide deep cushions in moist rocky woods throughout the Northern Hemisphere. It is one of some 70 species in the genus Bartramia; more than 10 are found in North America. An

Bartter syndrome, any of several rare disorders affecting the kidneys and characterized primarily by the excessive excretion of potassium in the urine. Bartter syndrome is named after American endocrinologist Frederic Bartter, who described the primary characteristics of the disorder in the early

Bartter syndrome: Discovery of Bartter syndrome: …is named after American endocrinologist Frederic Bartter, who described the primary characteristics of the disorder in the early 1960s. Bartter examined two patients, both of whom had potassium deficiency (hypokalemia); abnormal increases in the number of cells (hyperplasia) of the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys; and high serum concentrations of…

Ashleigh Barty is an Australian tennis player who won 15 career singles titles, including three at Grand Slam tournaments, and held the number one spot in the women’s tennis world rankings for 114 consecutive weeks. Barty was born in Ipswich, Queensland, Australia, to a father who was a member of

Panama: Relief: …peak is an inactive volcano, Barú (Chiriquí), which reaches an elevation of 11,401 feet (3,475 metres).

astrology: Significance of astral omens: The bāru (the official prognosticator), who observed and interpreted the celestial omina, was thus in a position to advise his royal employer on the means of avoiding misfortunes; the omens provided a basis for intelligent action rather than an indication of an inexorable fate.

Assamese literature: …language was playwright and lexicographer Hemchandra Barua’s Kaniyar Kirtan (1861; “The Revels of an Opium Eater”), about opium addiction. His plays chiefly addressed social issues. Barua also wrote Bahire Rongsong Bhitare Kowabhaturi (1861; Fair Outside and Foul Within). Probably the most outstanding among the early modern writers was Lakshminath Bezbarua…

Jeremiah: Life and times: …soon dictated to his scribe, Baruch, a scroll containing all of the messages he had delivered to this time. The scroll was read by Baruch in the Temple. Subsequently it was read before King Jehoiakim, who cut it into pieces and burned it. Jeremiah went into hiding and dictated another…

City University of New York, The: Baruch College, founded in 1919 as part of CCNY, became a separate institution within the university in 1968; it specializes in business and public administration. John Jay College of Criminal Justice, founded in 1964, trains criminal-justice agency personnel and public-service professionals. Medgar Evers College, founded…

20th-century international relations: Atomic energy: Truman entrusted the diplomatic task to Baruch, who insisted that nations not be allowed to employ their Security Council veto in atomic matters. He then appealed to the UN on June 14, 1946: “We are here to make a choice between the quick and the dead.” The Soviet plan,…

Apocalypse of Baruch, a pseudepigraphal work (not in any canon of scripture), whose primary theme is whether or not God’s relationship with man is just. The book is also called The Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch because it was preserved only in the 6th-century Syriac Vulgate. It was originally

Bernard Baruch was an American financier who was an adviser to U.S. presidents. After graduating from the College of the City of New York in 1889, Baruch worked as an office boy in a linen business and later in Wall Street brokerage houses. Over the years he amassed a fortune as a stock market

Bernard Baruch was an American financier who was an adviser to U.S. presidents. After graduating from the College of the City of New York in 1889, Baruch worked as an office boy in a linen business and later in Wall Street brokerage houses. Over the years he amassed a fortune as a stock market

Book of Baruch, ancient text purportedly written by Baruch, secretary and friend of Jeremiah, the Old Testament prophet. The text is still extant in Greek and in several translations from Greek into Latin, Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic, and other languages. The Book of Baruch is apocryphal to the Hebrew

Berthold Auerbach was a German novelist noted chiefly for his tales of village life. Auerbach prepared for the rabbinate, but, estranged from Jewish orthodoxy by the study of the 17th-century Dutch philosopher Benedict de Spinoza, he turned instead to literature. Spinoza’s life formed the basis of

Berthold Auerbach was a German novelist noted chiefly for his tales of village life. Auerbach prepared for the rabbinate, but, estranged from Jewish orthodoxy by the study of the 17th-century Dutch philosopher Benedict de Spinoza, he turned instead to literature. Spinoza’s life formed the basis of

Borūjerd, chief town, Borūjerd shahrestān (county), Lorestān ostān (province), western Iran. Borūjerd is situated 5,500 feet (1,700 metres) above sea level, below high mountains, in a wide, fertile valley. It is a flourishing regional centre on the main highway from the Persian Gulf and Khūzestān

Barauni, town, central Bihar state, northeastern India. It lies north of the Ganges (Ganga) River and is part of the Begusarai urban agglomeration. The town merged with Phulwaria township in 1961. It has major highway, rail, and ferry connections and is an agricultural trade centre. Barauni is

Petrobras scandal: Pedro Barusco, a third-tier executive who reported to Renato Duque, Petrobras’s director for engineering and services, agreed to return $100 million he had stolen from the company and deposited in foreign bank accounts. The company’s former director of refining and supply, Paulo Roberto Costa, confessed…

Baruta, city, northwestern Miranda estado (state), northern Venezuela. It is located in the central highlands. Formerly a commercial centre in a fertile agricultural area producing coffee, cacao, and sugarcane, the city has become a residential suburb in the Caracas metropolitan area. An expressway

South Asian arts: Assamese: Assamese literature began with Hemchandra Baruwa, a satirist and playwright, author of the play Bahiri-Rang-Chang Bhitare Kowabhaturi (1861; “All That Glitters Is Not Gold”). The most outstanding among the early modern writers was Lakshminath Bezbaruwa, who founded a literary monthly, Jōnāki (“Moonlight”), in 1889, and was responsible for infusing…

South Asian arts: Medieval temple architecture: North Indian style of central India: …an unidentified mother goddess at Barwa-Sāgar. The period appears to have been one of experimentation, a variety of plans and spires having been tried. The Mālā-de temple is an early example of the śekharī type in its formative stages; the Indore temple has a star-shaped plan; and the Barwa-Sāgar example…

France: Louis XIII: …whom he concluded the subsidy Treaty of Bärwalde in 1631, agreeing to pay the Swedish king one million livres per year to continue the war; with Gustav’s successor, Greve (count) Axel Oxenstierna; and with Bernhard, duke of Saxe-Weimar. Eventually, in 1635, Richelieu committed France to direct conflict with the Habsburgs;…

Barwani, town, southwestern Madhya Pradesh state, west-central India. It is situated just south of the Narmada River, about 70 miles (110 km) southwest of Indore. Founded about 1650, the town served as capital of Barwani princely state, which merged with Madhya Bharat (now mostly in Madhya Pradesh)

Heinrich Anton de Bary was a German botanist whose researches into the roles of fungi and other agents in causing plant diseases earned him distinction as a founder of modern mycology and plant pathology. A professor of botany at the universities of Freiburg im Breisgau (1855–66), Halle (1867–72),

Moon: Principal characteristics of the Earth-Moon system: Called the barycenter, this point lies inside Earth about 4,700 km (2,900 miles) from its center. Also more accurately, it is the barycenter, rather than the center of Earth, that follows an elliptical path around the Sun in accord with Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. The orbital…

dynamical time: Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB) is a dynamical timescale whose use the IAU permits where necessary for user convenience. TDB differs from TT only by periodic terms related to the Earth’s orbit, but it is applied to a reference system at rest with respect to the…

August Ferdinand Möbius: …methods laid down in his Der barycentrische Calkul (1827; “The Calculus of Centres of Gravity”). In this work he introduced homogeneous coordinates (essentially, the extension of coordinates to include a “point at infinity”) into analytic geometry and also dealt with geometric transformations, in particular projective transformations that later played an…

Antoine-Louis Barye was a prolific French sculptor, painter, and printmaker whose subject was primarily animals. He is known as the father of the modern Animalier school. Scholarship in the late 20th century revised Barye’s year of birth from 1796 to 1795 after adjusting for the shift in year

Polish literature: Other literary forms: Piotr Baryka is one of the few of these playwrights whose names are known. He wrote a carnival comedy, Z chłopa król (1637; “From Peasant to King”), which, as its title indicates, carried a motif made popular in the introduction to Shakespeare’s The Taming of…

Barylambda, extinct genus of unusual and aberrant mammals found as fossils in deposits in North America in the late Paleocene Epoch (58.7 to 55.8 million years ago). Barylambda was a relatively large animal, 2.5 metres (about 8 feet) long, with an unusually massive body and legs. The very thick

baryon, any member of one of two classes of hadrons (particles built from quarks and thus experiencing the strong nuclear force). Baryons are heavy subatomic particles that are made up of three quarks. Both protons and neutrons, as well as other particles, are baryons. (The other class of hadronic

Rashid Sunyaev: …Zeldovich predicted the existence of baryon acoustic oscillations, regions of dense gas where galaxies would have formed in the early universe and that would appear as brightness fluctuations in the CMB. These oscillations were first observed in 2001 by balloon-based microwave detectors. In 1972 Sunyaev and Zeldovich described the SZ…

subatomic particle: Baryons and mesons: The empirical law of baryon conservation states that in any reaction the total number of baryons must remain constant. If any baryons are created, then so must be an equal number of antibaryons, which in principle negate the baryons. Conservation of baryon number explains the apparent stability…

baryon: Baryons are characterized by a baryon number, B, of 1. Their antiparticles, called antibaryons, have a baryon number of −1. An atom containing, for example, one proton and one neutron (each with a baryon number of 1) has a baryon number of 2. In addition to their differences in composition,…

Barysaw, city, Minsk oblast (region), Belarus, on the Berezina River at its confluence with the Skha. Founded in the 12th century, Barysaw has been at various times under Lithuanian, Polish, and Russian rule. Napoleon’s disastrous retreat across the Berezina River in 1812 took place north of the

Mikhail Baryshnikov: …years later he founded the Baryshnikov Arts Center in New York City, a creative space that supports multidisciplinary artists from around the world.

Mikhail Baryshnikov is a Soviet-born American actor and ballet dancer who was the preeminent male classical dancer of the 1970s and ’80s. He subsequently became a noted dance director. The son of Russian parents in Latvia, Baryshnikov entered Riga’s opera ballet school at age 12. The success that

Mikhail Baryshnikov is a Soviet-born American actor and ballet dancer who was the preeminent male classical dancer of the 1970s and ’80s. He subsequently became a noted dance director. The son of Russian parents in Latvia, Baryshnikov entered Riga’s opera ballet school at age 12. The success that

barite, the most common barium mineral, barium sulfate (BaSO4). Barite occurs in hydrothermal ore veins (particularly those containing lead and silver), in sedimentary rocks such as limestone, in clay deposits formed by the weathering of limestone, in marine deposits, and in cavities in igneous

baryton, bowed, stringed musical instrument that enjoyed a certain vogue in the 18th century. It was related to the viol family, was about the size of a cello, and had six melody strings and a fretted fingerboard. Up to 40 sympathetically vibrating strings, some of which were plucked with the

euphonium, brass wind instrument with valves, pitched in C or B♭ an octave below the trumpet; it is the leading instrument in the tenor-bass range in military bands. It was invented in 1843 by Sommer of Weimar and derived from the valved bugle (flügelhorn) and cornet. It has a wide conical bore

Mustafa al-Barzani: …the KDP by his son, Masoud. Masoud became the president of the Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraq in 2005.

Mustafa al-Barzani: …the KDP by his son, Masoud. Masoud became the president of the Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraq in 2005.

Mustafa al-Barzani: …the KDP by his son, Masoud. Masoud became the president of the Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraq in 2005.

Mustafa al-Barzani was a Kurdish military leader who for 50 years strove to create an independent nation for the millions of Kurds living on the borders of Iran, Iraq, and the Soviet Union. The son of a landlord, Barzani succeeded his elder brother, Sheikh Ahmed, who led the Kurdish national

Barzaz Breiz, collection of folk songs and ballads purported to be survivals from ancient Breton folklore. The collection was made, supposedly from the oral literature of Breton peasants, by Théodore Hersart de La Villemarqué and was published in 1839. In the 1870s it was demonstrated that Barzaz

Barzaz Breiz, collection of folk songs and ballads purported to be survivals from ancient Breton folklore. The collection was made, supposedly from the oral literature of Breton peasants, by Théodore Hersart de La Villemarqué and was published in 1839. In the 1870s it was demonstrated that Barzaz

ancient Iranian religion: Cultic practices, worship, and festivals: …was called the barhish (Avestan barzish, “cushion”), while in Zoroastrianism a cognate word, Avestan barəsman (Iranian barzman), is used for a bundle of sticks—later thin metal rods—that is manipulated by the priest.

Gasparino da Barzizza was an early Italian humanist teacher noted for his ability to convey Classical civilization to the Italy of his day. Barzizza studied grammar and rhetoric at Pavia, remaining there from 1407 to 1421 to lecture in the university and direct a grammar school. He moved to Venice

ancient Iran: Zoroastrianism: …carried in his hand the barsman (barsom), or bundle of sacred grass. His mouth was covered to prevent the sacred fire from being polluted by his breath. The practice of animal sacrifice, abhorred by the modern followers of Zoroaster, is attested for the Sāsānian period at least as late as…

Jacques Barzun was a French-born American teacher, historian, and author who influenced higher education in the United States by his insistence that undergraduates avoid early specialization and instead be given broad instruction in the humanities. Barzun moved to the United States in 1920. He

Jacques Barzun was a French-born American teacher, historian, and author who influenced higher education in the United States by his insistence that undergraduates avoid early specialization and instead be given broad instruction in the humanities. Barzun moved to the United States in 1920. He

ozone depletion: Antarctic ozone hole: …1985 in a paper by British Antarctic Survey (BAS) scientists Joseph C. Farman, Brian G. Gardiner, and Jonathan D. Shanklin. Beginning in the late 1970s, a large and rapid decrease in total ozone, often by more than 60 percent relative to the global average, has been observed in the springtime…

Uzbek literature: The Soviet period: The poem “Bas endi!” (“That’s Enough!”) in Uyghonish, for instance, expresses the first awakenings of revolt against the Russian occupation:

Belgium: Relief, drainage, and soils: …200 metres) in elevation, the Central Plateaus cover northern Hainaut, Walloon Brabant, southern Flemish Brabant, and the Hesbaye plateau region of Liège. The area is dissected by the Dender, Senne, Dijle, and other rivers that enter the Schelde (Escaut) River; it is bounded to the east by the Herve Plateau.…

Poitou: …of the Massif Armoricain and Bas (Low) Poitou about the periphery. The Vendée is a northern section of the region. Small farms predominate in the north; the population tends to be dispersed. The rural population in the south tends to cluster in small villages surrounded by open fields. The bourrine…

Alfred Moore: Moore’s only opinion, Bas v. Tingy (1800), in which the court held that a “limited, partial war” existed with France, was welcomed by Federalists but criticized by Republicans. Moore retired in 1804 because of ill health.

bas-relief, in sculpture, any work where the projection from a supporting background is shallow. Bas-relief contrasts with high relief (alto-relievo), another type of relief sculpture in which projections are deep and may in parts be completely disengaged from the ground, thus approximating

angiosperm: Annotated classification: Basal asterids Order Cornales Families: Cornaceae, Curtisiaceae, Grubbiaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Hydrostachyaceae, Loasaceae, Nyssaceae. Order Ericales

protist: Features unique to protists: …with the basal bodies, or kinetosomes, of many ciliates and flagellates, and nonhomologous endoskeletal and exoskeletal structures have developed in many protists. Conspicuous food-storage bodies are often present, and pigment bodies apart from, or in addition to, chloroplasts are found in some species. In the cortex, just under the pellicle…

epithelioma: Common epitheliomas include basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (cancerous epitheliomas are known as carcinomas), two types of skin cancer that involve the inner layers and scalelike outer cells of the skin, respectively; and parathyroid adenoma, a benign tumour of glandular tissue in the parathyroid gland that

angiosperm: Annotated classification: Non-rosid, non-asterid core eudicots The following 6 orders. Order Berberidopsidales Families: Aextoxicaceae, Berberidopsidaceae. Order Caryophyllales Families: Achatocarpaceae,

angiosperm: Annotated classification: Basal eudicots The following 5 orders. Order Buxales Families: Buxaceae, Didymelaceae. Order Ceratophyllales Family: Ceratophyllaceae. Order

basal ganglia, group of nuclei (clusters of neurons) in the brain that are located deep beneath the cerebral cortex (the highly convoluted outer layer of the brain). The basal ganglia specialize in processing information on movement and in fine-tuning the activity of brain circuits that determine

basal ganglia: Basal ganglia dysfunction: Basal ganglia dysfunction leads to movement disorders and changes in behaviour. In some cases, degeneration of a specific population of neurons is the underlying pathology of neurological diseases. For example, a loss of more than 60 percent of dopamine neurons leads to…

basal ganglia, group of nuclei (clusters of neurons) in the brain that are located deep beneath the cerebral cortex (the highly convoluted outer layer of the brain). The basal ganglia specialize in processing information on movement and in fine-tuning the activity of brain circuits that determine

basal ganglia: Basal ganglia dysfunction: Basal ganglia dysfunction leads to movement disorders and changes in behaviour. In some cases, degeneration of a specific population of neurons is the underlying pathology of neurological diseases. For example, a loss of more than 60 percent of dopamine neurons leads to…

human cardiovascular system: The capillaries: A thin membrane, called a basement membrane, surrounds these cells and serves to maintain the integrity of the vessel.

epidermis: …layers of epidermis, the living basal layer, which is next to the dermis, and the external stratum corneum, or horny layer, which is composed of dead, keratin-filled cells that have migrated outward from the basal layer. The melanocytes, responsible for skin colour, are found in the basal cells. The epidermis…

basal metabolic rate (bmr), index of the general level of activity of an individual’s body metabolism, determined by measuring his oxygen intake in the basal state—i.e., during absolute rest, but not sleep, 14 to 18 hours after eating. The higher the amount of oxygen consumed in a certain time

basal ganglia, group of nuclei (clusters of neurons) in the brain that are located deep beneath the cerebral cortex (the highly convoluted outer layer of the brain). The basal ganglia specialize in processing information on movement and in fine-tuning the activity of brain circuits that determine

placenta: …central column bearing the ovules; basal, with ovules positioned on a low column at the base of the ovary; or laminar, with ovules scattered over the inner surfaces of carpels.

corm: …the base known as the basal plate. Corms store starches to fuel growth and to help plants survive unfavourable conditions, and many produce offshoots known as daughter corms or cormels that are used for vegetative reproduction. Typical corms are those of the crocus, gladiolus, and taro. The largest corm is…

basal rot, widespread plant disease caused by a variety of fungi and bacteria that can infect all flower and crop bulbs. Shoots fail to emerge or are stunted, leaves are yellow to reddish or purplish, and they later wilt and die. Roots, usually few, are discoloured and decayed. The rot often starts

glacial landform: Glacial erosion: …slide on the bed (basal sliding) is inhibited by the adhesion of the basal ice to the frozen bed beneath. Basal sliding is also diminished by the greater rigidity of polar ice: this reduces the rate of creep, which, in turn, reduces the ability of the more rigid ice…

glacial landform: Glacial deposition: …type of deposit is called lodgment till. By definition, till is any material laid down directly or reworked by a glacier. Typically, it is a mixture of rock fragments and boulders in a fine-grained sandy or muddy matrix (non-stratified drift). The exact composition of any particular till, however, depends on…

transcription factor: Basal, or general, transcription factors are necessary for RNA polymerase to function at a site of transcription in eukaryotes. They are considered the most basic set of proteins needed to activate gene transcription, and they include a number of proteins, such as TFIIA (transcription factor…

angiosperm: Annotated classification: Basalmost angiosperms The first three groups listed below are those that appear at the base of the angiosperm tree, although the relationships among them are still somewhat unclear. Claims of having identified the “most basal” living angiosperm have been put forth and emended repeatedly, but…

basalt, extrusive igneous (volcanic) rock that is low in silica content, dark in colour, and comparatively rich in iron and magnesium. Some basalts are quite glassy (tachylytes), and many are very fine-grained and compact. It is more usual, however, for them to exhibit porphyritic structure, with

basaltes ware, hard black vitreous stoneware, named after the volcanic rock basalt and manufactured by Josiah Wedgwood at Etruria, Staffordshire, Eng., from about 1768. Wedgwood’s black basaltes ware was an improvement on the stained earthenware known as “Egyptian black” made by other Staffordshire

basaltes ware, hard black vitreous stoneware, named after the volcanic rock basalt and manufactured by Josiah Wedgwood at Etruria, Staffordshire, Eng., from about 1768. Wedgwood’s black basaltes ware was an improvement on the stained earthenware known as “Egyptian black” made by other Staffordshire

meteorite: Achondrites: …subdivided into cumulate eucrites and basaltic eucrites. Cumulate eucrites are like terrestrial gabbros in that they seem to have formed at depth in Vesta and crystallized quite slowly. By contrast, basaltic eucrites are similar to terrestrial basalts, apparently having formed at or near Vesta’s surface and cooled relatively fast. The…

lava: … (ferromagnesian, dark-coloured) lavas such as basalt characteristically form flows known by the Hawaiian names pahoehoe and aa (or a’a). Pahoehoe lava flows are characterized by smooth, gently undulating, or broadly hummocky surfaces. The liquid lava flowing beneath a thin, still-plastic crust drags and wrinkles it into tapestry-like folds and rolls…

igneous rock: Origin of magmas: Basaltic magmas that form the oceanic crust of Earth are generated in the asthenosphere at a depth of about 70 kilometres. The mantle rocks located at depths from about 70 to 200 kilometres are believed to exist at temperatures slightly above their melting point, and…

Jonas Basanavičius was a physician, folklorist, and a leader of the Lithuanian national movement. In 1873 Basanavičius went to Moscow to study history and archaeology but after a year changed to medicine. He was graduated in 1879 and spent most of the next 25 years practicing medicine in Bulgaria.

basanite, extrusive igneous rock that contains calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar (usually labradorite or bytownite), feldspathoid (usually nepheline or leucite), olivine, and pyroxene (titanaugite). Basanite grades into tephrite, which contains no olivine. In basanites and tephrites, the

Manuel de Godoy was a Spanish royal favourite and twice prime minister, whose disastrous foreign policy contributed to a series of misfortunes and defeats that culminated in the abdication of King Charles IV and the occupation of Spain by the armies of Napoleon Bonaparte. Born into an old but poor

Walachia: Basarab I (reigned c. 1330–52) defeated the Hungarian king Charles Robert in 1330 and secured Walachian independence.

Matthew Basarab was an enlightened prince of Walachia (in present Romania) whose reign (1632–54) was marked by cultural development and advances in government. A last scion of the ancient Basarab dynasty, Matthew spent much of his reign combating the designs of the rival prince of Moldavia, Basil

Matthew Basarab was an enlightened prince of Walachia (in present Romania) whose reign (1632–54) was marked by cultural development and advances in government. A last scion of the ancient Basarab dynasty, Matthew spent much of his reign combating the designs of the rival prince of Moldavia, Basil

Michael was a Romanian national hero, prince of Walachia, who briefly united much of the future national patrimony under his rule. Acceding to the princely throne of Walachia in 1593, Michael submitted in May 1595 to the suzerainty of the prince of Transylvania, Sigismund Báthory, in order to

Bessarabia, region in eastern Europe that passed successively, from the 15th to 20th century, to Moldavia, the Ottoman Empire, Russia, Romania, the Soviet Union, and Ukraine and Moldova. It is bounded by the Prut River on the west, the Dniester River on the north and east, the Black Sea on the

Senegal: Ethnic groups: …often wealthy landowners; and the Basari, an ancient people who are found in the rocky highlands of Fouta Djallon.

San, an indigenous people of southern Africa, related to the Khoekhoe (Khoikhoi). They live chiefly in Botswana, Namibia, and southeastern Angola. Bushmen is an Anglicization of boesman, the Dutch and Afrikaner name for them; saan (plural) or saa (singular) is the Nama word for “bush dweller(s),”

Arslān al-Muẓaffar al-Basāsīrī was an Islamic military leader. Al-Basāsīrī was born a Turkish slave, and his activities were first mentioned about 1025. At the time, the weakened ʿAbbāsid caliphs at Baghdad, who represented Sunnite Islām, were under continuous pressure from the Fāṭimid caliphs of

Basava was a Hindu religious reformer, teacher, theologian, and administrator of the royal treasury of the Kalachuri-dynasty king Bijjala I (reigned 1156–67). Basava is the subject of the Basava-purana, one of the sacred texts of the Hindu Lingayat sect. According to South Indian oral tradition, he