Bardi Family, an aristocratic Florentine family that successfully developed its financial and banking company to become one of the most influential European business powers between 1250 and 1345. By coordinating its political activity with its financial interests, the Bardi became the leading

Donatello was a master of sculpture in both marble and bronze, one of the greatest of all Italian Renaissance artists. A good deal is known about Donatello’s life and career, but little is known about his character and personality, and what is known is not wholly reliable. He never married and he

Giovanni Bardi, conte di Vernio was a musician, writer, and scientist, influential in the evolution of opera. About 1573 he founded the Florentine Camerata, a group that sought to revive ancient Greek music and drama. Among the members were the theorist Vincenzo Galilei (father of Galileo) and the

Filippo Brunelleschi: Architectural career: …the Palazzo Medici-Riccardi, and the Palazzo Bardi-Busini. Each of these palaces contains novel features that are tempting to attribute to Brunelleschi’s inventiveness, but definitive proof of his influence or authorship has not been offered.

World War II: Egypt and Cyrenaica, 1940–summer 1941: …up in the fortress of Bardia (Bardīyah), which O’Connor’s tanks speedily isolated. On January 3, 1941, the British assault on Bardia began, and three days later the whole garrison of Bardia surrendered—45,000 men. The next fortress to the west, Tobruk (Ṭubruq), was assaulted on January 23 and captured the next…

Bardiya was a son of Cyrus the Great of Persia and possible king of Persia in 522 bce, although some accounts claim the king known as Bardiya was an impersonator of that son. The Greek historian Herodotus and the Persian king Darius, in his inscription at Bīsitūn, state that Bardiya was murdered by

World War II: Egypt and Cyrenaica, 1940–summer 1941: …up in the fortress of Bardia (Bardīyah), which O’Connor’s tanks speedily isolated. On January 3, 1941, the British assault on Bardia began, and three days later the whole garrison of Bardia surrendered—45,000 men. The next fortress to the west, Tobruk (Ṭubruq), was assaulted on January 23 and captured the next…

Tunisia: Cultural institutions: …of which is probably the Bardo National Museum (1888). This institution, located in the former palace of the Ottoman bey in the medina, or old quarter, of Tunis, houses collections of fine works dating from the Carthaginian, Roman, and Islamic periods. Among its holdings is the largest—and possibly the finest—collection…

Bardo Thödol, in Tibetan Buddhism, a funerary text that is recited to ease the consciousness of a recently deceased person through death and assist it into a favourable rebirth. A central tenet of all schools of Buddhism is that attachment to and craving for worldly things spurs suffering and

Alejandro González Iñárritu: …de unas cuantas verdades (2022; Bardo: False Chronicle of a Handful of Truths). The ambitious, existential comedy centres on an acclaimed Mexican journalist who is experiencing a crisis of identity.

Treaty of Bardo, (1881), agreement that established France’s protectorate over Tunisia. A French expeditionary force of 36,000 men was sent to Tunisia in 1881 at the urging of the French foreign minister, Jules Ferry, ostensibly to subdue attacks of the Tunisian Kroumer tribe on the Algerian

Alejandro González Iñárritu: …de unas cuantas verdades (2022; Bardo: False Chronicle of a Handful of Truths). The ambitious, existential comedy centres on an acclaimed Mexican journalist who is experiencing a crisis of identity.

László Bárdossy was a Hungarian politician who played a key role in bringing his country into World War II as an ally of Germany. After completing his legal studies in 1913, Bárdossy entered the Hungarian civil service. In 1924 he became director of the press department of the Foreign Ministry; in

Brigitte Bardot is a French film actress who became an international sex symbol in the 1950s and ’60s. Bardot was born to wealthy bourgeois parents, and at the age of 15 she posed for the cover of Elle (May 8, 1950), France’s leading women’s magazine. Roger Vadim, an aspiring director, was

Bardsey Island, small island, with an area of 0.7 square mile (1.8 square km), off the tip of the Lleyn Peninsula, Gwynedd county, historic county of Caernavonshire (Sir Gaernarfon), Wales. It is separated from the mainland by a channel 2 miles (3 km) wide that has a strong tidal race. On this

Bardstown, city, seat (1784) of Nelson county, in the outer Bluegrass region of central Kentucky, U.S., 39 miles (63 km) southeast of Louisville. Founded as Salem in 1778, it was later renamed to honour William Bard, one of the original landowners. During the American Civil War, it was occupied

Old National Gallery: …Wilhelm Schadow, Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Caroline Bardua, Emma Körner, and Anton Graff. Examples of Romantic art include a number of paintings by the German master Caspar David Friedrich, as well as portraits by Philipp Otto Runge. The gallery’s collection of Impressionist paintings includes the work of Édouard Manet

license: A bare license occurs when a person enters or uses the property of another with the express or implied permission of the owner or under circumstances that would provide a good defense against an action for trespass. For example, a person entering a gas station to…

squirrel monkey: …on the ears, unlike the bare-eared squirrel monkey (S. ustus) of central Brazil.

starling: The bare-eyed, or pied, starling (or mynah, Gracupica contra), from India to Java, is black, white, and reddish-brown, with yellow eye skin. Glossy starlings, with highly iridescent plumage, include the superb starling (Lamprotornis superbus) of eastern Africa and the shining starling (Aplonis metallica) of Pacific Islands…

boxing: The bare-knuckle era: Boxing history picks up again with a formal bout recorded in Britain in 1681, and by 1698 regular pugilistic contests were being held in the Royal Theatre of London. The fighters performed for whatever purses were agreed upon plus stakes (side bets), and…

umbrellabird: The bare-necked umbrellabird (C. glabricollis) of Panama and Costa Rica has a short, round wattle, which is bright red and unfeathered. The latter two species are considered by some authorities to be subspecies of C. ornatus.

woolly opossum: The bare-tailed woolly opossum (Caluromys philander) occurs throughout northern and eastern South America. All have large, nearly naked ears, a long prehensile tail, and either a median stripe on the face or bold markings on the back. The tail is not well furred in the bare-tailed…

woolly opossum: The bare-tailed woolly opossum (Caluromys philander) occurs throughout northern and eastern South America. All have large, nearly naked ears, a long prehensile tail, and either a median stripe on the face or bold markings on the back. The tail is not well furred in the bare-tailed…

heron: Another is the Mexican, or bare-throated, tiger heron (T. mexicanum) of Mexico and Central America.

bareback bronc-riding, rodeo event in which a cowboy or cowgirl attempts to ride a bucking horse (bronco) for eight seconds. The horse is equipped with a leather and rawhide handhold “rigging” cinched on like a saddle. The rider grasps the rigging with only one hand, and the holding arm absorbs

circus: Equestrian acts: …riders who were champions of bareback riding—the art of performing acrobatic and gymnastic feats on the bare backs of loping horses. James Robinson, a mid-19th-century American, was one such rider. He was billed as “the One Great and Only Hero and Bareback Horseman and Gold Champion-Belted Emperor of All Equestrians.”

charter party: …tramp ship—voyage charter, time charter, bareboat charter, and “lump-sum” contract. The voyage charter is the most common. Under this method a ship is chartered for a one-way voyage between specific ports with a specified cargo at a negotiated rate of freight. On time charter, the charterer hires the ship for…

Praise-God Barbon was an English sectarian preacher from whom the Cromwellian Barebones Parliament derived its nickname. By 1634 Barbon was becoming a prosperous leather seller and was attracting attention as the minister of a congregation that assembled at his own house, the “Lock and Key,” on

Barebones Parliament, (July 4–Dec. 12, 1653), a hand-picked legislative group of “godly” men convened by Oliver Cromwell following the Puritan victory in the English Civil Wars. Its name was derived from one of its obscure members, Praise-God Barbon. After Cromwell expelled the Rump Parliament

Praise-God Barbon was an English sectarian preacher from whom the Cromwellian Barebones Parliament derived its nickname. By 1634 Barbon was becoming a prosperous leather seller and was attracting attention as the minister of a congregation that assembled at his own house, the “Lock and Key,” on

Praise-God Barbon was an English sectarian preacher from whom the Cromwellian Barebones Parliament derived its nickname. By 1634 Barbon was becoming a prosperous leather seller and was attracting attention as the minister of a congregation that assembled at his own house, the “Lock and Key,” on

Max Shulman: His first novel, Barefoot Boy with Cheek (1943), was a best seller and was regarded as a classic of campus humour. While serving in the army during World War II, he wrote The Feather Merchants (1944) and The Zebra Derby (1946); the latter poked fun at anxious civilians…

Joseph L. Mankiewicz: Films of the 1950s: The Barefoot Contessa (1954) was another notable drama, a caustic dissection of Hollywood mythmaking, with Humphrey Bogart as a cynical director who makes a star out of a naive Spanish dancer (Ava Gardner) with the help of an unscrupulous press agent (Edmond O’Brien, who won…

Michael Moorcock: …their intelligence; and Brian Aldiss’s Barefoot in the Head (1969), about the aftermath of a war in which Europe had been bombarded with psychedelic drugs.

Nipsey Russell: …Honey Robinson in the series Barefoot in the Park (1970), and the Tin Man in the film The Wiz (1978).

Jane Fonda: …including Cat Ballou (1965) and Barefoot in the Park (1967).

Mike Nichols: Early life and stage work: …highly praised Neil Simon comedy Barefoot in the Park, for which he won a Tony Award. For his next two stage productions, Luv (1964–67) and Simon’s The Odd Couple (1965–67), Nichols won another Tony.

Trinitarian: …1597 a reform called the Barefooted (Discalced) Trinitarians was initiated in Spain by Juan Bautista of the Immaculate Conception; this became a distinct order and is the only surviving branch of the Trinitarians.

Sara Bareilles is an American singer, songwriter, and pianist who first gained fame for her self-described “piano-based pop soul” music, typified by the hit singles “Love Song” (2007) and “Brave” (2013). She later found success in the theater, especially as the lyricist and star of Waitress (2015).

Bareilly, city, northwest-central Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It is situated just east of the Ramganga River (a tributary of the Ganges [Ganga] River), about 130 miles (210 km) east-southeast of Delhi. The city, founded in 1537, was built largely by the Mughal governor Makrand Ray. It

boxing: The bare-knuckle era: Boxing history picks up again with a formal bout recorded in Britain in 1681, and by 1698 regular pugilistic contests were being held in the Royal Theatre of London. The fighters performed for whatever purses were agreed upon plus stakes (side bets), and…

Pakistan: Religion of Pakistan: …in northern India—the Deoband and Barelwi schools—are likewise widespread in Pakistan. Differences between the two movements over a variety of theological issues are significant to the point that violence often has erupted between them. Another group, Tablīghī Jamāʿat (founded 1926), headquartered in Raiwind, near Lahore, is a lay ministry group…

Baren was a Chinese prose writer and critic who was the first Chinese literary theorist to promote the Marxist point of view. After graduating from primary school, Wang entered the Fourth Normal School in Ningpo. In 1920 Wang completed his studies and began his career as a teacher. His interest in

Toronto: Cultural life: …diverse as Rush, Cowboy Junkies, Barenaked Ladies, Broken Social Scene, Drake, and Feist.

Daniel Barenboim is an Israeli pianist and conductor who was noted for—apart from his musical talents—his bold efforts to promote peace through music in the Middle East. As a pianist, Barenboim was admired particularly for his artistic interpretations of the works of Mozart and Beethoven. As a

South Africa: British occupation of the Cape: …Andries Waterboer, Adam Kok, and Barend Barends captured more Africans from among people such as the Hurutshe, Rolong, and Kwena. Other people, such as those known as the Mantatees, were forced to become farmworkers, mainly in the eastern Cape. European farmers also raided for labor north of the Orange River.

Barents Sea, outlying portion of the Arctic Ocean 800 miles (1,300 km) long and 650 miles (1,050 km) wide and covering 542,000 square miles (1,405,000 square km). Its average depth is 750 feet (229 metres), plunging to a maximum of 2,000 feet (600 metres) in the major Bear Island Trench. It is

Willem Barents was a Dutch navigator who searched for a northeast passage from Europe to Asia and for whom the Barents Sea was named. Because of his extensive voyages, accurate charting, and the valuable meteorological data he collected, he is regarded as one of the most important early Arctic

Barents Sea, outlying portion of the Arctic Ocean 800 miles (1,300 km) long and 650 miles (1,050 km) wide and covering 542,000 square miles (1,405,000 square km). Its average depth is 750 feet (229 metres), plunging to a maximum of 2,000 feet (600 metres) in the major Bear Island Trench. It is

Barents Sea, outlying portion of the Arctic Ocean 800 miles (1,300 km) long and 650 miles (1,050 km) wide and covering 542,000 square miles (1,405,000 square km). Its average depth is 750 feet (229 metres), plunging to a maximum of 2,000 feet (600 metres) in the major Bear Island Trench. It is

Silurian Period: Laurentia: The microcontinent of Barentsia, which included Norway’s island of Svalbard, was likely appended to Laurentia off eastern Greenland. Island arcs and highland areas, such as Taconica (a landmass that would become part of eastern North America) and Pearya (a landmass that would become the northern part of Ellesmere…

Bertrand Barère was a leading member of the Committee of Public Safety that ruled Revolutionary France during the period of the Jacobin dictatorship (1793–94); his stringent policies against those suspected of royalist tendencies made him one of the most feared revolutionaries. Reared in a

Bertrand Barère was a leading member of the Committee of Public Safety that ruled Revolutionary France during the period of the Jacobin dictatorship (1793–94); his stringent policies against those suspected of royalist tendencies made him one of the most feared revolutionaries. Reared in a

Zoroastrianism: Ceremonies: …nahn, or bath; and the bareshnum, a complicated ritual performed at special places with the participation of a dog—whose left ear is touched by the candidate and whose gaze puts the evil spirits to flight—and lasting several days.

Zoroastrianism: Ceremonies: …nahn, or bath; and the bareshnum, a complicated ritual performed at special places with the participation of a dog—whose left ear is touched by the candidate and whose gaze puts the evil spirits to flight—and lasting several days.

Jeanne Baret was a French botanist and explorer, the first woman to circumnavigate the globe. Disguised as a man aboard a French naval vessel, she collected samples of more than 6,000 plant specimens from around the world. Baret was born in a rural village in France to a family of laborers who

dictionary: From Classical times to 1604: …number of languages, such as John Baret’s work of 1573, An Alveary, or Triple Dictionary, in English, Latin, and French. In his preface Baret acknowledged that the work was brought together by his students in the course of their exercises, and the title Alveary was to commemorate their “beehive” of…

Italian literature: The Enlightenment (Illuminismo): Giuseppe Baretti—an extremely controversial figure who published a critical journal called La Frusta Letteraria (“The Literary Whip”), in which he castigated “bad authors”—had learned much through a lengthy sojourn in England, where his friendship with Samuel Johnson helped to give independence and vigour, if not…

Giuseppe Verdi: Early years: One of Busseto’s leading citizens, Antonio Barezzi, a merchant and fanatical music enthusiast, became a second father to the young prodigy, taking him into his home, sending him to study in Milan, and in 1836 giving him his daughter Margherita in marriage. Refused by the Milan Conservatory—he was past the…

London Eye: …submitted by David Marks and Julia Barfield of Marks Barfield Architects in 1993 to a competition, sponsored by The Sunday Times and Great Britain’s Architecture Foundation, for a new landmark to commemorate the millennium in London. Although no winner was declared, Marks and Barfield undertook the development of the project…

Charles Bukowski: …of the 1987 motion picture Barfly, a semiautobiographical comedy about alcoholic lovers on skid row for which Bukowski wrote the screenplay (published 1984). The novel Pulp was published posthumously in 1994.

Bābol, city, northern Iran, on the Bābol River, about 15 miles (24 km) south of the Caspian Sea. Bābol gained importance during the reign (1797–1834) of Fatḥ ʿAlī Shāh, though ʿAbbās I (died 1629) had laid out a pleasure garden and summer palace there. The city has paved streets, large and crowded

law of war: Cessation of hostilities: Hostilities may be suspended pending negotiation between the parties. Negotiation may, or may not, be preceded by the display of a white flag, which merely means that one side wishes to enter into communication with the other. The parties may then enter into an armistice, and, when all matters are…

wage and salary: Bargaining theory: The bargaining theory of wages holds that wages, hours, and working conditions are determined by the relative bargaining strength of the parties to the agreement. Smith hinted at such a theory when he noted that employers had greater bargaining strength than employees. Employers…

collective bargaining, the ongoing process of negotiation between representatives of workers and employers to establish the conditions of employment. The collectively determined agreement may cover not only wages but hiring practices, layoffs, promotions, job functions, working conditions and

coal mining: Barges: Rivers and lakes have long played a major role in the transport of bulk commodities like coal in Germany, The Netherlands, France, Belgium, Canada, and the United States. The costs of barge transport depend on the number of barges being towed by a single…

New York State Canal System, system of state-owned, state-operated waterways, 524 miles (843 km) in length, linking the Hudson River with Lake Erie, with extensions to Lakes Ontario and Champlain and Cayuga and Seneca lakes (in the Finger Lakes region). It incorporates the Erie Canal, from Troy via

ship: Barge-carrying ships: An extension of the container ship concept is the barge-carrying ship. In this concept, the container is itself a floating vessel, usually about 60 feet long by about 30 feet wide, which is loaded aboard the ship in one of two ways: either…

ship: Barge-carrying ships: An extension of the container ship concept is the barge-carrying ship. In this concept, the container is itself a floating vessel, usually about 60 feet long by about 30 feet wide, which is loaded aboard the ship in one of two ways: either…

bargeboard, exposed board or false rafter running underneath the slopes of a projecting gable roof. Such a board is often richly decorated with carved, cut-out, or painted designs and patterns, particularly in late medieval Europe, in Tudor England, and in 19th-century Gothic Revival architecture

Nick Cave: …and Einstürzende Neubauten front man Blixa Bargeld. The Bad Seeds combined the Birthday Party’s dark intensity with a passionate exploration of love and the pain it can bring. The band’s biggest commercial success was “Where the Wild Roses Grow,” a collaboration with the Australian singer Kylie Minogue, from the 1996…

Bargello Museum, art museum established in 1865 and housed in the Palazzo del Bargello (or del Podestà), Florence, which dates from the 13th and 14th centuries. Since 2014 the museum has been the leading institution of the Musei del Bargello, which comprises four other Florentine museums: the

bargello work, kind of embroidery exemplified in the upholstery of a set of 17th-century Italian chairs at the Bargello Museum in Florence and practiced from the 17th century until modern times. It consists of flat vertical stitches laid parallel with the canvas weave rather than crossing the

histamine: English scientists George Barger and Henry H. Dale first isolated histamine from the plant fungus ergot in 1910, and in 1911 they isolated the substance from animal tissues. Plants that produce histamine include stinging nettles; the histamine in the hairlike structures on nettle leaves is partly responsible…

Hells Angels: His qualified admiration of Ralph (Sonny) Barger, long-term president of the Oakland chapter, helped turn Barger into the club’s public face and national spokesman.

Hells Angels: His qualified admiration of Ralph (Sonny) Barger, long-term president of the Oakland chapter, helped turn Barger into the club’s public face and national spokesman.

Barghest, in folklore of northern England (especially Yorkshire), a monstrous, goblin dog, with huge teeth and claws, that appears only at night. It was believed that those who saw one clearly would die soon after, while those who caught only a glimpse of the beast would live on, but only for some

Barghash was the sultan of Zanzibar (1870–88), a shrewd and ambitious ruler, who, for most of his reign, looked to Britain for protection and assistance but eventually saw his domains divided between Germany and his former protector. Although not the first heir to the throne of his father, Saʿīd

Barghash was the sultan of Zanzibar (1870–88), a shrewd and ambitious ruler, who, for most of his reign, looked to Britain for protection and assistance but eventually saw his domains divided between Germany and his former protector. Although not the first heir to the throne of his father, Saʿīd

Anglo-Zanzibar War: Context: However, a defiant Prince Khālid ibn Barghash occupied the palace in response; he based his own claim on being the only son of the late Barghash and on being ignored after Barghash’s death, despite the fact that Zanzibari succession laws did not make the title of sultan hereditary. British…

Barghawāṭah, Amazigh (Berber) tribal confederation that created a religio-political state in Morocco (8th–12th century). The Barghawāṭah, members of the Maṣmūdah family inhabiting the plain between the Middle Atlas (Moyen Atlas) mountain range and the Atlantic, had joined the Miknāsah and Ghumārah

Barghest, in folklore of northern England (especially Yorkshire), a monstrous, goblin dog, with huge teeth and claws, that appears only at night. It was believed that those who saw one clearly would die soon after, while those who caught only a glimpse of the beast would live on, but only for some

vargueno, wooden cabinet of mixed Spanish and Oriental origin that first appeared in Europe in the late Middle Ages and became a common article of furniture in the Spanish colonial empire from the late 16th century onward. Its major component is a chest with a drop front. The interior is divided

Barghest, in folklore of northern England (especially Yorkshire), a monstrous, goblin dog, with huge teeth and claws, that appears only at night. It was believed that those who saw one clearly would die soon after, while those who caught only a glimpse of the beast would live on, but only for some

Hailar: …local Mongol population, particularly the Bargut, began a series of rebellions, with Russian encouragement, that forced the Chinese to restore some measure of autonomy. After many Chinese had settled along the railway to the east of Hailar, the Chinese government again canceled (1919) the Bargut’s autonomy and incorporated the whole…

Barguzinsky Nature Reserve, natural area set aside for research in the natural sciences, extending from the northeastern shore of Lake Baikal to the western slopes of the Barguzinsky Mountains, southeastern Russia. The reserve was established (1916) to protect the habitat of the Barguzin sable and

Barguzinsky Nature Reserve: …the western slopes of the Barguzinsky Mountains, southeastern Russia. The reserve was established (1916) to protect the habitat of the Barguzin sable and has an area of 650,380 acres (263,200 hectares). It covers 37 miles (60 km) of the Lake Baikal shoreline and adjacent lake waters, and part of the…

Barguzinsky Nature Reserve, natural area set aside for research in the natural sciences, extending from the northeastern shore of Lake Baikal to the western slopes of the Barguzinsky Mountains, southeastern Russia. The reserve was established (1916) to protect the habitat of the Barguzin sable and

anseriform: Locomotion: …metres (10,000 feet), and the barheaded goose (Anser indicus), breeding in Tibet and wintering in India, must fly at 6,000 metres (20,000 feet) to get through the Himalayan passes.

ancient Iranian religion: Cultic practices, worship, and festivals: …was called the barhish (Avestan barzish, “cushion”), while in Zoroastrianism a cognate word, Avestan barəsman (Iranian barzman), is used for a bundle of sticks—later thin metal rods—that is manipulated by the priest.

Bari, city, capital of Puglia (Apulia) regione, southeastern Italy. It is a port on the Adriatic Sea, northwest of Brindisi. The site may have been inhabited since 1500 bce. Greek influence was strong, and under the Romans, who called it Barium, it became an important port, the harbour being

Bari, people living near Juba in South Sudan. They speak an Eastern Sudanic language of the Nilo-Saharan language family. They live in small villages scattered across the hot, dry, flat countryside in the Nile valley. Their staple crop is millet, and they also keep cattle. Their culture and

Indus River: Irrigation of the Indus River: …the irrigation system of the Bari Doab and the Sutlej Valley Project—originally designed as one scheme—into two parts. The headwork fell to India while the canals ran through Pakistan. That led to a disruption in the water supply in some parts of Pakistan. The dispute that thus arose and continued…

Nilo-Saharan languages: Morphology: Bari, a Nilotic language of South Sudan, demonstrates one widespread morphological property whereby either the singular or the plural form of a noun is expressed by the basic, morphologically simplex, form, as in rima’ ‘blood,’ rima-tat ‘a drop of blood’; nyɔmɔt ‘seeds,’ nyɔmɔt-ti; ‘seed’; Bari…

St. Anselm of Canterbury: Appointment as archbishop of Canterbury: Anselm attended the Council of Bari (Italy) in 1098 and presented his grievances against the king to Urban II. He took an active part in the sessions, defending the doctrine of the Filioque (“and from the Son”) clause in the Nicene Creed against the Greek church, which had…

Tony Bennett was an American popular singer known for his smooth voice and interpretive abilities with songs in a variety of genres. He is considered one of the greatest vocal stylists in jazz and popular music. His distinctive way with a song is best heard on his biggest hit, “I Left My Heart in

Siege of Bari, (1068–71), three-year blockade by Norman forces under Robert Guiscard that resulted (April 1071) in the surrender of the last important Byzantine stronghold in southern Italy. It brought an end to Byzantine domination on the Italian peninsula. An Adriatic seaport and trading centre

Spain: Phoenicians of Spain: …found at Almuñécar, Trayamar, and Villaricos, equipped with metropolitan goods such as alabaster wine jars, imported Greek pottery, and delicate gold jewelry. Maritime bases from the Balearic Islands to Cádiz on the Atlantic were set up to sustain commerce in salted fish, dyes, and textiles. Early Phoenician settlements are known…

Benin: Ethnic groups: The Bariba, the fourth largest ethnic group, comprise several subgroups and make up about one-tenth of Benin’s population. They inhabit the northeast, especially towns such as Nikki and Kandi that were once Bariba kingdoms. The Somba (Ditamari) are found in Natitingou and in villages in the…