Temne: The women’s bundu society mainly prepares girls for marriage. Traditional religious beliefs in a supreme god and in nature and ancestral spirits are declining, being replaced by Christianity and Islam.

United Arab Emirates: Resources and power: Al-Bunduq offshore field is shared with neighbouring Qatar but is operated by ADMA-OPCO. A Japanese consortium operates an offshore rig at Al-Mubarraz, and other offshore concessions are held by American companies. Onshore oil concessions are held by another ADNOC company, the Abu Dhabi Company for…

Oath Keepers: The Oath Keepers within the broader militia movement: In April 2014 Nevada rancher Cliven Bundy resisted an attempt by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management to round up his cattle, after he accumulated more than $1 million in fees and fines for allowing his herd to graze on public land. Conspiracy theorist Alex Jones amplified Bundy’s call for…

McGeorge Bundy was an American public official and educator, one of the main architects of U.S. foreign policy in the administrations of presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Bundy’s father had served as assistant secretary of state under Henry L. Stimson, and his mother was the

Ted Bundy was an American serial killer and rapist, one of the most notorious criminals of the late 20th century. Bundy had a difficult childhood; he had a strained relationship with his stepfather, and his shyness made him a frequent target of bullying. Later, however, his intelligence and social

Ted Bundy was an American serial killer and rapist, one of the most notorious criminals of the late 20th century. Bundy had a difficult childhood; he had a strained relationship with his stepfather, and his shyness made him a frequent target of bullying. Later, however, his intelligence and social

Lake Scutari: The Bojana River flows out at the lake’s southern end to the Adriatic. Around the lakeshore are many small villages that are noted for their old monasteries and fortresses. The Albanian town of Shkodër (Skadar) is at the southern end of the lake.

Chinese hibiscus, (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), perennial species of hibiscus of the mallow family (Malvaceae), cultivated for its large brightly coloured flowers. Chinese hibiscus is the most common species of hibiscus and is grown as an ornamental hedge in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide.

bungalow, single-storied house with a sloping roof, usually small and often surrounded by a veranda. The name derives from a Hindi word meaning “a house in the Bengali style” and came into English during the era of the British administration of India. In Great Britain the name became a derisive one

krait, (genus Bungarus), any of 12 species of highly venomous snakes belonging to the cobra family (Elapidae). Kraits live in Asian forests and farmland from Pakistan to southern China and southward into Indonesia. They are terrestrial, feeding mainly on other snakes but also on frogs, lizards, and

krait: The banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus) of Southeast Asia grows to 2 metres (6.6 feet), and other species commonly reach more than a metre in length. All have bodies that are strongly triangular in cross-section. Some are boldly coloured in bands of black and white or yellow;…

Nikolay Khristyanovich Bunge was a liberal Russian economist and statesman. As minister of finance (1881–87), he implemented reforms aimed at modernizing the Russian economy, notably tax law changes estimated to have reduced the tax burden on the peasantry by one-fourth. A professor of political

bungee jumping, sport in which the jumper falls from a high place with a rubber (“bungee”) cord attached both to his or her feet and to the jump site, and, after a period of headfirst free fall, is bounced partway back when the cord rebounds from its maximum stretch. It traces its roots to the

Kikuchi Kan: In 1923 Kikuchi established Bungei shunju, a popular literary magazine that gave rise to a large publishing company. Through the magazine he set up two of the most prestigious literary awards given to new Japanese writers, the Akutagawa and Naoki prizes.

electronic strategy game: Real-time games: Bungie Software’s Myth (1997) and Myth II (1998), which focused exclusively on tactical play, were noteworthy for their inclusion of editing tools that enabled players to modify various aspects of the games, including complete mods (“modifications”) that turned the fantasy-based warfare into reenactments of battles…

Tani Bunchō was a Japanese painter who founded an eclectic school influenced by Chinese, Japanese, and Western styles. The son of a poet, Tani studied first with a master of the Kanō school, stressing Chinese themes and techniques, and then with a painter of the Hoku-ga, or Northern school of

Bongo, a people once extensive in the western area of present-day South Sudan, now found in small, scattered settlements south and east of Wau. They speak a Central Sudanic language of the Nilo-Saharan language family. Because they were separated by miles of bush, the various Bongo subgroups were

Sutton Foster: …notably in the witty drama Bunheads (2012–13), in which she starred as a small-town ballet teacher, and Younger (2015–21), a comedy about a 40-year-old divorcée who decides to pretend that she is 26. In 2021 Foster published the book Hooked: How Crafting Saved My Life (written with Liz Welch), in…

Hindu Kush: Physiography: … (22,447 feet [6,842 metres]) and Buni Zom (21,499 feet [6,553 metres])—which strikes southward from the Lupsuk Peak (18,861 feet [5,749 metres]) in the eastern region, then continues to the Lawarai Pass (12,100 feet [3,688 metres]) and beyond to the Kābul River. If this chain is considered part of the Hindu…

Ivan Bunin was a poet and novelist, the first Russian to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature (1933), and one of the finest of Russian stylists. Bunin, the descendant of an old noble family, spent his childhood and youth in the Russian provinces. He attended secondary school in Yelets, in western

Ivan Bunin was a poet and novelist, the first Russian to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature (1933), and one of the finest of Russian stylists. Bunin, the descendant of an old noble family, spent his childhood and youth in the Russian provinces. He attended secondary school in Yelets, in western

bunion, type of bursitis that appears as a bulge covered by thickened skin occurring at the base of the big toe, where friction against the side of the shoe takes place. The protuberance is due to a swelling of the bursa mucosa, a closed sac filled with a clear, lubricating fluid. The bunion causes

Hausa: …minority of Hausa, known as Maguzawa, or Bunjawa, remained pagan.

Japanese art: Tokugawa, or Edo, period: …amateur scholar-painter (Chinese: wenren, Japanese: bunjin) was esteemed for his learning and culture and gentle mastery of the brush in calligraphy and painting. The Japanese interpretation of this model spawned important lineages of painting and patronage.

Nan-ga, (“Literati Painting”), style of painting practiced by numerous Japanese painters of the 18th and 19th centuries. Some of the most original and creative painters of the middle and late Edo period belonged to the Nan-ga school. The style is based on developments of 17th- and 18th-century

Bunka-Bunsei period, in Japanese history, the era from 1804 to 1829, which witnessed an urban cultural scene unmatched since the Genroku period (1688–1704). The austere reforms and sumptuary laws passed under Matsudaira Sadanobu in the late 18th century were soon followed by a period of extravagant

golf: Procedure: …putting green are obstacles called bunkers, depressions filled with sand (sand traps). Some holes require the player to cross streams or ponds. Both bunkers and bodies of water are termed hazards.

Battle of Bunker Hill: Casualties and significance: The Bunker Hill Monument, a 221-foot (67-metre) granite obelisk, marks the site on Breed’s Hill where most of the fighting took place.

Martinsburg: …Church (organized 1740) and nearby Bunker Hill Mill, which began operating in 1738. Sleepy Creek Wildlife Management Area is about 10 miles (16 km) to the west. Inc. town, 1778; city, 1868. Pop. (2000) 14,972; Hagerstown-Martinsburg Metro Area, 222,771; (2010) 17,227; Hagerstown-Martinsburg Metro Area, 269,140.

Battle of Bunker Hill, (June 17, 1775), first major battle of the American Revolution, fought in Charlestown (now part of Boston) during the Siege of Boston. Although the British eventually won the battle, it was a Pyrrhic victory that lent considerable encouragement to the revolutionary cause.

Jarvis Island, coral atoll, unincorporated territory of the United States in the Northern Line Islands, west-central Pacific Ocean, about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southwest of Honolulu. The atoll has an area of 1.6 square miles (4.1 square km). It was sighted in 1821 by Capt. Brown of the British

farm building: Crop storage: …silo) or built aboveground (bunker silo). The floor is natural earth or concrete. The walls can be concrete, timber or plywood, or sheet steel. The capacity varies but can be large. The tower silo is an above ground cylinder, with 20- to 30-foot (six- to nine-metre) diameter and a…

All in the Family: …much of the humour was Archie Bunker (played by Carroll O’Connor), a vocal and prejudiced blue-collar worker. Archie, an ever-grouchy social conservative, holds a nostalgic view of America and sees his way of life threatened by the rise of ethnic minorities, such as African Americans, Hispanics, and Jews (all of…

Chang and Eng were congenitally joined twins who gained worldwide fame for their anatomical anomaly. As a result of their fame, the term Siamese twin came to denote the condition of being one of a pair of conjoined twins (of any nationality). Chang and Eng, joined at the waist by a tubular band of

Chang and Eng were congenitally joined twins who gained worldwide fame for their anatomical anomaly. As a result of their fame, the term Siamese twin came to denote the condition of being one of a pair of conjoined twins (of any nationality). Chang and Eng, joined at the waist by a tubular band of

hard-target munition: …hard-target munition is the so-called bunker-buster bomb. Like penetrating shells, the bunker buster has a long narrow body. The bunker buster is loaded with explosives and equipped with a fuse that delays its explosion until after the bomb has penetrated its target. More-complicated weaponry can even count the number of…

Japan: The emergence of new forces.: …issued their own laws, called bunkoku-hō, to administer their own territories. These provincial laws, while drawing on the precedent of warrior codes of the Jōei Formulary, also included regulations for farmers and applied strict controls over retainers. In principle, for example, inheritance by retainers was restricted to the main heir…

Beverly Cleary was an American children’s writer whose award-winning books are lively, humorous portrayals of problems and events faced in real life by school-aged girls and boys. Beverly Bunn lived on a farm near Yamhill, Oregon, before moving to Portland—the setting of many of her books—when she

Henry Cuyler Bunner was a poet, novelist, and editor whose verse and fiction primarily depict the scenes and people of New York City. Educated in New York City, Bunner served on the staff of the Arcadian, at 22 becoming assistant editor and later editor of Puck until his death. He developed Puck

Sigmar Polke: …reproduction gave paintings such as Bunnies (1966)—a reference to the byname of the hostesses at Hugh Hefner’s Playboy Clubs for men—a blurred and dreary quality, ironically causing the women, dressed in sexy costumes, to physically and psychologically disappear from view. Polke began to layer images one atop another, and his…

Western architecture: Construction in iron and glass: Bunning) through a round towered Classical porch at the corner of two Renaissance palaces to a magnificent rotunda hall, which was surrounded by three tiers of ornamental iron balconies and roofed by a lacelike dome of iron and glass. In Paris, Gustave Eiffel, together with…

Rand Paul: …the unpopularity of incumbent Senator Jim Bunning of Kentucky and announced that he was running for the seat. Bunning subsequently withdrew from the race, and Paul, aligned with the Tea Party movement, won the Republican primary. He then easily defeated the Democratic candidate in the 2010 general election, despite controversy…

popular art: Popular dance: …as the turkey trot, the bunny hug, and the maxixe were influenced by the new music of jazz. The tango, purged of its more erotic elements, became acceptable to the clientele of the thé dansant (tea dance), and the Charleston epitomized the Jazz Age. When the quickstep and the slow…

Otto Preminger: Later films: …big-budget epics for the thriller Bunny Lake Is Missing (1965). Carol Lynley played a mother whose young daughter is kidnapped, and Laurence Olivier was cast as a police inspector who suspects that the child is imaginary. Reviled by many at the time of its release, it later developed a cult…

hare’s-tail grass, (Lagurus ovatus), annual grass of the family Poaceae, native to shores of the Mediterranean region. Hare’s-tail grass is cultivated as an ornamental and is commonly used in dried bouquets. The plant has naturalized in parts of Australia and the United Kingdom and is considered an

mammal: Teeth: …with low, rounded cusps, termed bunodont.

mammal: Teeth: …with low, rounded cusps, termed bunodont.

rabbit: Diversity and conservation status: The riverine rabbit (Bunolagus monticularis) is endemic to the Karoo region of South Africa, where it inhabits dense vegetation along seasonal rivers. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) considers the species to be critically endangered, with possibly fewer than 250 breeding pairs remaining worldwide,…

Bunraku, Japanese traditional puppet theatre in which half-life-size dolls act out a chanted dramatic narrative, called jōruri, to the accompaniment of a small samisen (three-stringed Japanese lute). The term Bunraku derives from the name of a troupe organized by puppet master Uemura Bunrakuken in

Japanese performing arts: Meiji period: …combine supported performances at the Bunraku Puppet Theatre in Ōsaka, and by 1914 this was the only commercial puppet house remaining.

Bunraku: …(Bunraku Association), based at the Asahi-za (originally called the Bunraku-za), a traditional Bunraku theatre in Ōsaka. Today performances are held in Kokuritsu Bunraku Gekijō (National Bunraku Theatre; opened 1984) in Ōsaka. In 2003 UNESCO declared Bunraku a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

Japanese performing arts: Meiji period: …theatre manager Daizō, the fourth Bunrakuken, who called his theatre Bunraku-za (from the name of a troupe organized by Uemura Bunrakuken early in the century). The popular term for puppet drama, Bunraku, dates from this time. Learning to chant puppet texts became a vogue during the late Meiji period. In…

Clare: …round towers and medieval castles—notably Bunratty Castle. Clare was part of Thomond, or North Munster, of which the O’Briens remained lords until the 16th century, despite the Anglo-Norman colonization in the 12th century. Clare was made a shire in the reign of Elizabeth I. In 1828 Daniel O’Connell won the…

Bunsei was a Zen Buddhist artist whose seal appears on five remarkable paintings, strong evidence that he painted them. Two of the paintings are official portraits of monks associated with the Daitoku Temple in Kyōto. They were painted about 1450 and are located in the temple. The other three

Bunsen burner, device for combining a flammable gas with controlled amounts of air before ignition; it produces a hotter flame than would be possible using the ambient air and gas alone. Named for Robert Bunsen, the German chemist who introduced it in 1855 (from a design by Peter Desdega, who

Christian Karl Josias, baron von Bunsen was a liberal Prussian diplomat, scholar, and theologian who supported the German constitutional movement and was prominent in the ecclesiastical politics of his time. Educated at various German universities in modern, ancient, and Oriental languages,

Robert Bunsen was a German chemist who, with Gustav Kirchhoff, about 1859 observed that each element emits a light of characteristic wavelength. Such studies opened the field of spectrum analysis, which became of great importance in the study of the Sun and stars and also led Bunsen almost

Robert Bunsen was a German chemist who, with Gustav Kirchhoff, about 1859 observed that each element emits a light of characteristic wavelength. Such studies opened the field of spectrum analysis, which became of great importance in the study of the Sun and stars and also led Bunsen almost

human eye: Temporal summation: 1 second, the Bunsen-Roscoe law holds: namely, that the intensity of light multiplied by the time of exposure equals a constant. Thus it was found that within this time interval (up to 0.1 second), the total number of quanta required to excite vision was 130, irrespective of the…

Gordon Bunshaft was an American architect and corecipient (with Oscar Niemeyer) of the prestigious Pritzker Prize in 1988. His design of the Lever House skyscraper in New York City (1952) exerted a strong influence in American architecture. Educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

baseball: Advancing base runners and scoring: …sacrifice occurs when the batter bunts the ball—that is, tries to tap it lightly with the bat to make it roll slowly along the ground in fair territory between the catcher and pitcher—so that one or more runners may be able to proceed to their next base while the ball…

bunt, fungal disease of wheat, rye, and other grasses. Infection by Tilletia tritici (formerly T. caries) or T. laevis (formerly T. foetida) causes normal kernels to be replaced by “smut balls” containing powdery masses of brownish black spores characterized by a dead-fish odour. Smut balls break

Bunter, fictional character, the perfect valet in the Lord Peter Wimsey mysteries of Dorothy L. Sayers. Bunter served bravely as a sergeant under (then Captain) Wimsey during World War I, and he remained in Wimsey’s service after the war. A knowledgeable bibliophile, an expert photographer, and a

geochronology: Completion of the Phanerozoic time scale: …three distinct lithostratigraphic units, the Bunter Sandstone, the Muschelkalk Limestone, and the Keuper Marls and Clays, as constituting the Trias or Triassic System.

Germany: Southern Germany: …are farmed, but the massive Bunter Sandstone fringing the Black Forest and the Keuper scarp are mainly wooded. West of the Rhine there are again wide stretches of forested Bunter Sandstone, with more open country in the Saar region and along the foot of the Hunsrück upland.

Billy Bunter, fictional character, a fat English schoolboy at Greyfriars School who, though an antihero, is the best-known character in a much-loved series of stories by Frank Richards (Charles Hamilton), published in the English boys’ weekly paper the Magnet (1908–40) and in hardbound books (from

Billy Bunter, fictional character, a fat English schoolboy at Greyfriars School who, though an antihero, is the best-known character in a much-loved series of stories by Frank Richards (Charles Hamilton), published in the English boys’ weekly paper the Magnet (1908–40) and in hardbound books (from

bunting, any of about 50 species of seed-eating birds of the families Emberizidae and Cardinalidae, in the Old World genus Emberiza and also a number of American species in two other genera, Passerina and Plectrophenax. In some species, males are very brightly coloured. The Old World buntings are a

gauze: …for dustcloths and the like; bunting, made of cotton or wool, dyed and used for flags and decorations; scrim, made of cotton and used for curtains; and tobacco cloth, used as shade covering for tobacco plants. The main differences between them are in the finishing (for example, cheesecloth that is…

English literature: Poetry: Basil Bunting’s Briggflatts (1966) celebrates his native Northumbria. The dour poems of R.S. Thomas commemorate a harsh rural Wales of remote hill farms where gnarled, inbred celibates scratch a subsistence from the thin soil.

E.Z.C. Judson was an American adventurer and writer, an originator of the so-called dime novels that were popular during the late 19th century. Judson’s earlier stories were based on the exploits of his own picaresque career, which began as a cabin boy in the U.S. Navy. He rose to the rating of

Spice Girls: …and Baby Spice (byname of Emma Lee Bunton; b. January 21, 1976, London, England).

TV on the Radio: February 27, 1973, Pennsylvania), drummer Jaleel Bunton (in full Jaleel Marcus Bunton; b. October 24, 1974, California), and bassist-keyboardist Gerard Smith (in full Gerard Anthony Smith; b. September 20, 1974, New York, New York—d. April 20, 2011, Brooklyn, New York).

TV on the Radio: February 27, 1973, Pennsylvania), drummer Jaleel Bunton (in full Jaleel Marcus Bunton; b. October 24, 1974, California), and bassist-keyboardist Gerard Smith (in full Gerard Anthony Smith; b. September 20, 1974, New York, New York—d. April 20, 2011, Brooklyn, New York).

Luis Buñuel was a Spanish filmmaker who was a leading figure in Surrealism, the tenets of which suffused both his life and his work. An unregenerate atheist and communist sympathizer who was preoccupied with themes of gratuitous cruelty, eroticism, and religious mania, he won early fame with

Mount Bruce, mountain in the Hamersley Range, northwestern Western Australia, southwest of Wittenoom Gorge. The second highest peak in the state, it rises to 4,052 feet (1,235 metres) and constitutes one of the main attractions of Karijini National Park. Known to the Aborigines as Punurrunha or

bunya pine, (Araucaria bidwillii), large evergreen conifer of the family Araucariaceae, native to humid areas in southeastern Queensland, Australia. The saplings are sold as houseplants in many areas, and the cream-coloured wood is used for veneers, plywood, and boxes. The tree’s large sweet seeds

Kingaroy: The nearby Bunya Mountains, which rise to 3,727 feet (1,136 metres) at Mount Kiangarow, were important to Aboriginal people as a source of bunya pine nuts and have now been included within Bunya Mountains National Park. Pop. (2006) local government area, 12,222; (2011) urban centre, 9,587.

bunya pine, (Araucaria bidwillii), large evergreen conifer of the family Araucariaceae, native to humid areas in southeastern Queensland, Australia. The saplings are sold as houseplants in many areas, and the cream-coloured wood is used for veneers, plywood, and boxes. The tree’s large sweet seeds

Eric Gill: …for machine use and renamed Pilgrim in 1953.

John Bunyan was a celebrated English minister and preacher, author of The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678), the book that was the most characteristic expression of the Puritan religious outlook. His other works include doctrinal and controversial writings; a spiritual autobiography, Grace Abounding

Paul Bunyan, giant lumberjack, mythical hero of the lumber camps in the United States, a symbol of bigness, strength, and vitality. The tales and anecdotes that form the Paul Bunyan legend are typical of the tradition of frontier tall tales. Paul and his companions, Babe the Blue Ox and Johnny

bunyavirus, any virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae. Bunyaviruses have enveloped virions (virus particles) that are about 80–120 nm (1 nm = 10−9 metre) in diameter. The nucleocapsid (consisting of a protein shell, or capsid, and viral nucleic acids) is helical and elongated. The bunyavirus

bunyavirus, any virus belonging to the family Bunyaviridae. Bunyaviruses have enveloped virions (virus particles) that are about 80–120 nm (1 nm = 10−9 metre) in diameter. The nucleocapsid (consisting of a protein shell, or capsid, and viral nucleic acids) is helical and elongated. The bunyavirus

bunyip, in Australian Aboriginal folklore, a legendary monster said to inhabit the reedy swamps and lagoons of the interior of Australia. The amphibious animal was variously described as having a round head, an elongated neck, and a body resembling that of an ox, hippopotamus, or manatee; some

Nyoro, an Interlacustrine Bantu people living just east of Lake Albert (also called Lake Mobutu Sese Seko), west of the Victoria Nile, in west central Uganda. In precolonial times, the Nyoro formed one of the most powerful of a number of kingdoms in the area. Until the 18th century the Bunyoro

Bunyoro, East African kingdom that flourished from the 16th to the 19th century west of Lake Victoria, in present-day Uganda. Bunyoro was established by invaders from the north; as cattle keepers, the immigrants constituted a privileged social group that ruled over the Bantu-speaking

rabbit: Diversity and conservation status: The bunyoro rabbit (Poelagus majorita) has a broad range in Central Africa, while the three species of rockhares (genus Pronolagus) are all found in Southern Africa. Each is locally common and inhabits rocky areas associated with grass or woodlands. The riverine rabbit (Bunolagus monticularis) is endemic…

Bunyoro, East African kingdom that flourished from the 16th to the 19th century west of Lake Victoria, in present-day Uganda. Bunyoro was established by invaders from the north; as cattle keepers, the immigrants constituted a privileged social group that ruled over the Bantu-speaking

Karl Ferdinand, count von Buol-Schauenstein was the foreign minister (1852–59) of the Habsburg Austrian Empire, whose policies led to the estrangement of Russia and the disintegration of the conservative Holy Alliance among Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Entering the Austrian diplomatic service in

painting: Buon fresco: Buon’, or “true,” fresco is the most-durable method of painting murals, since the pigments are completely fused with a damp plaster ground to become an integral part of the wall surface. The stone or brick wall is first prepared with a brown trullisatio…

Buon Me Thuot, largest city in the central highlands of southern Vietnam. It lies at an elevation of 1,759 feet (536 metres) at the southern end of the Dac Lac Plateau, 55 miles (89 km) north-northwest of Da Lat. It has teacher-training and vocational schools, hospitals, and a commercial airport.

Niccolò Piccinni: …years was the opera buffa La buona figliuola, or La cecchina (1760), on a libretto by Goldoni based on Richardson’s novel Pamela. It was written in the new style, later epitomized in the operas of Mozart, that incorporated serious or sentimental subject matter into the flexible musical style of the…

lacquerwork: Europe: …rules of a treatise by Filippo Buonanni (1722), a great originality was achieved by the informal spacing of bouquets of flowers around gracefully posed figures set against delicate hues of yellow and bluish green.

Bonaparte Family, a family made famous by Napoleon I, emperor of the French (1804–1814/15). The French form Bonaparte was not commonly used, even by Napoleon, until after the spring of 1796. The original name was Buonaparte, which was borne in the early Middle Ages by several distinct families in

Carlo Maria Buonaparte was the father of Napoleon I. Buonaparte took a law degree at the University of Pisa and, after the French conquest of Corsica in 1769, became assessor to the royal court for Ajaccio and the neighbouring districts. His restless and dissatisfied nature led him to press or

Joseph Bonaparte was a lawyer, diplomat, soldier, and Napoleon I’s eldest surviving brother, who was successively king of Naples (1806–08) and king of Spain (1808–13). Like his brothers, Joseph embraced the French republican cause and, with the victory of Corsican patriot Pasquale Paoli, was forced

Letizia Buonaparte was the mother of Napoleon I by Carlo Maria Buonaparte, whom she married in 1764. Simple and frugal in her tastes and devout in thought, she helped to bind her children to the life of Corsica. Although, during her son’s ascendance, she was endowed with immense wealth and

Lucien Bonaparte was Napoleon I’s second surviving brother who, as president of the Council of Five Hundred at Saint-Cloud, was responsible for Napoleon’s election as consul on 19 Brumaire (Nov. 10, 1799). Educated in France, Lucien returned to Corsica in 1789 and became an outspoken speaker in the

Louis Bonaparte was a French soldier and Napoleon I’s third surviving brother. As king of Holland (1806–10), he guarded the welfare of his subjects. His unwillingness to join the Continental System brought him into conflict with the emperor. After attending military school at Châlons, France, Louis