bruise, a visible bluish or purplish mark or patch occurring beneath the surface of unbroken skin, resulting from the rupture of blood vessels in the deeper layers of subcutaneous tissues. Bruises are usually caused by a blow or pressure but, in aged persons, may occur spontaneously. In healing,

Halle Berry: …made her directorial debut with Bruised (2020), in which she starred as a washed-up mixed martial arts fighter seeking redemption in the ring and as a mother. In the sci-fi thriller Moonfall (2022), she was cast as an astronaut on a mission to prevent the Moon from colliding with Earth.

diagnosis: Auscultation: Bruits are blowing vascular sounds resembling heart murmurs that are perceived over partially occluded blood vessels. When detected over the carotid arteries, a bruit may indicate an increased risk of stroke; when produced by the abdomen, it may indicate partial obstruction of the aorta or…

Belize: The arts of Belize: The traditional sounds of brukdown—the tapping of assorted bottles, tables, cans, or other objects—an energetic percussion that originated in the logging camps, are heard less often now than in the past. The Belize National Dance Company (1990) performs throughout the country and internationally.

Sibiu: The Brukenthal Museum was founded by Samuel Brukenthal, governor of Transylvania (1777–87), in his own Austrian Baroque residence with his collection of paintings, antiques, engravings, and books; it also houses important collections in ethnography, folk art, and natural science. Of the 40 watchtowers on the original…

oreodont: … are especially common in the Brule Formation of the White River Badlands of South Dakota, U.S. This formation is composed of river deposits and paleosols (soils buried under sedimentary rock) that developed in savanna-like environments about 34 million years ago.

Étienne Brûlé was a French-born Canadian explorer who emigrated in 1608 and was the first recorded European in what is now the province of Ontario. Brûlé is believed to have lived for a year (1610–11) among the Algonquin Indians in order to learn their language. Subsequently, he pioneered the role

Karl Pavlovich Bryullov was a Russian painter who combined technical proficiency and classical academic training with a Romantic spontaneity to produce some of the liveliest examples of Russian art of the period. Bryullov was descended from French Huguenots, and his father was a sculptor. (The

Belgian literature: After World War I: The skeptical Raymond Brulez, whose four-part fictionalized memoirs Mijn woningen (1950–54; “My Dwellings”)—composed of De haven (“The Harbour”), Het mirakel der rozen (“The Miracle of the Roses”), Het huis te Borgen (“The House at Borgen”), and Het pact der triumviren (“The Pact of the Triumvirate”)—combine stylistic sophistication…

Vercors was a French novelist and artist-engraver, who wrote Le Silence de la mer (1941; The Silence of the Sea), a patriotic tale of self-deception and of the triumph of passive resistance over evil. The novella was published clandestinely in Nazi-occupied Paris and served to rally a spirit of

Karl Pavlovich Bryullov was a Russian painter who combined technical proficiency and classical academic training with a Romantic spontaneity to produce some of the liveliest examples of Russian art of the period. Bryullov was descended from French Huguenots, and his father was a sculptor. (The

Karl Pavlovich Bryullov was a Russian painter who combined technical proficiency and classical academic training with a Romantic spontaneity to produce some of the liveliest examples of Russian art of the period. Bryullov was descended from French Huguenots, and his father was a sculptor. (The

Karl Pavlovich Bryullov was a Russian painter who combined technical proficiency and classical academic training with a Romantic spontaneity to produce some of the liveliest examples of Russian art of the period. Bryullov was descended from French Huguenots, and his father was a sculptor. (The

Baltasar Brum was a statesman noted for his reform of the educational and welfare systems in Uruguay and for his proposal of an American league of nations. His dedication to democracy was so firm that he committed suicide to protest the suspension of the Uruguayan constitution and assumption of

Coup of 18–19 Brumaire, (November 9–10, 1799), coup d’état that overthrew the system of government under the Directory in France and substituted the Consulate, making way for the despotism of Napoleon Bonaparte. The event is often viewed as the effective end of the French Revolution. (See

dormancy: Effects of temperature: …reptiles, which is also called brumation, is akin to hibernation in mammals. Instead of experiencing long, sustained periods of inactivity, brumating reptiles stir occasionally to drink water; however, they may go without food for several months. Dormancy in reptiles may display a circadian rhythm, a seasonal one, or both; it…

consumption: The rational optimization framework: by economists Franco Modigliani and Richard Brumberg, proposes that households’ spending decisions are driven by household members’ assessments of expenditure needs and income over the remainder of their lives, taking into account predictable events such as a precipitous drop in income at retirement. The standard version of the life-cycle model…

Julia Gillard: Politics: …staff for Victorian ALP leader John Brumby. She held that post until 1998, when she was elected to serve Lalor, an industrial district west of Melbourne, in the federal House of Representatives.

Valery Brumel was a Soviet athlete who held the world record in the high jump from 1961 to 1971. Brumel was educated at the Central Institute of Physical Culture (Moscow), graduating in 1967; he was made an honoured master of sport of the Soviet Union in 1961 and became a member of the Communist

Valery Brumel was a Soviet athlete who held the world record in the high jump from 1961 to 1971. Brumel was educated at the Central Institute of Physical Culture (Moscow), graduating in 1967; he was made an honoured master of sport of the Soviet Union in 1961 and became a member of the Communist

United States Capitol: ) Constantino Brumidi’s allegorical fresco Apotheosis of Washington (1865), which depicts gods and goddesses intermingled with Washington and other American heroes, adorns the ceiling’s dome. In 1864 Congress established what would later be called National Statuary Hall, where statues of two prominent figures from each state…

Beau Brummell was an English dandy, famous for his friendship with George, Prince of Wales (regent from 1811 and afterward King George IV). Brummell was deemed the leader of fashion at the beginning of the 19th century. Brummell’s grandfather was a shopkeeper in the parish of St. James, London, who

Beau Brummell was an English dandy, famous for his friendship with George, Prince of Wales (regent from 1811 and afterward King George IV). Brummell was deemed the leader of fashion at the beginning of the 19th century. Brummell’s grandfather was a shopkeeper in the parish of St. James, London, who

Liberia: 2017 elections: …the Congress for Democratic Change); Charles Brumskine, representing the Liberty Party (LP); and Alex Cummings, a former business executive standing for the Alternative National Congress (ANC).

Bruin, a character in French folklore and in the Roman de Renart, a medieval collection of beast tales that satirized human society by bestowing human characteristics upon animals. In the Roman de Renart, Bruin is a bear who is wedged into a honey-filled log by the hero, Reynard the Fox. The name

Gregory V was the first German pope, whose pontificate from 996 to 999 was among the most turbulent in history. Grandson of the Holy Roman emperor Otto I the Great, he was the young cousin and chaplain to Otto III, who named him pope (consecrated May 3, 996). On May 21, 996, Gregory crowned Otto

twin prime conjecture: …a sum, now known as Brun’s constant. (In contrast, the sum of the reciprocals of the primes diverges to infinity.) Brun’s constant was calculated in 1976 as approximately 1.90216054 using the twin primes up to 100 billion. In 1994 American mathematician Thomas Nicely was using a personal computer equipped with…

Priests’ Charter: Bruno Brun, a provost wanting to escape punishment, was the catalyst for an amendment in the Zürich constitution, which ruled against the foreign clergy exercising jurisdiction while in Switzerland. The Priests’ Charter contained the first mention of “Confederation” (Eidgenossenschaft) and provided for a voting system…

Charles Le Brun was a painter and designer who became the arbiter of artistic production in France during the last half of the 17th century. Possessing both technical facility and the capacity to organize and carry out many vast projects, Le Brun personally created or supervised the production of

Johan Nordahl Brun was a poet, dramatist, bishop, and politician who aroused national consciousness in Norway before it became independent of Denmark. Brun was an indifferent student at the University of Copenhagen but, briefly, a prominent member of the so-called Norske Selskab (Norwegian

Rudolf Brun was a Swiss politician who became the first burgomaster, and virtual dictator, of Zürich, and whose struggles to maintain personal power ultimately brought the city into the Swiss Confederation (1351). Although a member of the old Zürich nobility, Brun put himself at the head of a

twin prime conjecture: …until 1919, when Norwegian mathematician Viggo Brun showed that the sum of the reciprocals of the twin primes converges to a sum, now known as Brun’s constant. (In contrast, the sum of the reciprocals of the primes diverges to infinity.) Brun’s constant was calculated in 1976 as approximately 1.90216054 using…

Dick Bruna was a Dutch illustrator and writer who was best known as the creator of the beloved children’s character Nijntje (Miffy in English), a sparingly drawn white bunny that featured in 32 books. The Miffy books were translated into more than 50 languages. Bruna’s father headed the publishing

United Kingdom: The kingdom of England: …chiefly as the victor at Brunanburh, against a combine of Olaf Guthfrithson, king of Dublin; Owain of Strathclyde; and Constantine, king of the Scots, whom Athelstan had defeated in 934. They invaded England in 937, and their defeat is celebrated by a poem in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

Boruca, Indians of western Panama and Costa Rica, one of a group known as Talamancan. Their languages are similar and belong to the Chibchan family. The Boruca, of whom comparatively little is known, have much in common with the Bribrí and the well-studied Guaymí

Avery Brundage was an American sports administrator who was the controversial and domineering president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) from 1952 to 1972 and did more to set the tone of the modern Olympic Games than any other individual. Brundage competed in the pentathlon and

Augustus: Rise to power: …understanding with Octavian at the treaty of Brundisium, under the terms of which Octavian was to have the whole west (except for Africa, which Lepidus was allowed to keep) and Italy, which, though supposedly neutral ground, was in fact controlled by Octavian. The east was again to go to Antony,…

Brundtland Report, publication released in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) that introduced the concept of sustainable development and described how it could be achieved. Sponsored by the United Nations (UN) and chaired by Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem

Gro Harlem Brundtland is a Norwegian politician who was the first female prime minister of Norway, serving for three terms (1981, 1986–89, and 1990–96), and later was director general of the World Health Organization (WHO; 1998–2003). Trained as a physician, she became identified with public health

Guillaume Brune was the only one of Napoleon’s marshals associated with the French Revolutionary Reign of Terror. A distinguished cavalry commander, he consolidated his reputation as defender of Holland against the Allies. At first dedicated to a literary career, Brune became associated in Paris

Alfred Bruneau was a composer influential in the movement toward realism in French opera. A pupil of the French opera composer Jules Massenet at the Paris Conservatoire, Bruneau later worked as a copyist to the publisher Georges Hartmann. His earliest works included three choral symphonies and an

Alfred Bruneau was a composer influential in the movement toward realism in French opera. A pupil of the French opera composer Jules Massenet at the Paris Conservatoire, Bruneau later worked as a copyist to the publisher Georges Hartmann. His earliest works included three choral symphonies and an

Brunhild was the queen of the Frankish kingdom of Austrasia, daughter of the Visigothic king Athanagild, and one of the most forceful figures of the Merovingian age. In 567 Brunhild married Sigebert I, king of Austrasia, changing her religion from Arianism to Roman Catholicism. In the same year,

Brunhild was the queen of the Frankish kingdom of Austrasia, daughter of the Visigothic king Athanagild, and one of the most forceful figures of the Merovingian age. In 567 Brunhild married Sigebert I, king of Austrasia, changing her religion from Arianism to Roman Catholicism. In the same year,

Brunei, independent Islamic sultanate on the northern coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. It is bounded to the north by the South China Sea and on all other sides by the East Malaysian state of Sarawak, which also divides the state into two disconnected segments of unequal size. The

Brunei: Sultanate: …mid-1980s two political parties, the Brunei National Democratic Party and the Brunei National United Party, were legalized, but membership restrictions were imposed (e.g., government employees, who made up a significant proportion of Brunei’s citizens, were excluded) and their activities impeded by the government. After only a few years, both parties…

Brunei: Sultanate: …National Democratic Party and the Brunei National United Party, were legalized, but membership restrictions were imposed (e.g., government employees, who made up a significant proportion of Brunei’s citizens, were excluded) and their activities impeded by the government. After only a few years, both parties were banned. The Brunei National United…

Seria: Brunei Shell Petroleum, among the sultanate’s largest corporations, is headquartered there. Pop. (2011) 10,610; (2016) 18,936.

Bandar Seri Begawan, capital of Brunei. The city lies along the Brunei River near its mouth on Brunei Bay, an inlet of the South China Sea on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. Bandar Seri Begawan was once predominantly an agricultural trade centre and river port. After suffering extensive

national flag consisting of a yellow field (background) with two diagonal stripes, one black and one white, and a central red and yellow coat of arms. Its width-to-length ratio is 1 to 2.Although a few countries have half of their national flag in yellow, Brunei alone has a yellow background. The

history of Brunei, history of Brunei from the 6th century to the present. Although its early history is obscure, Brunei was known to be trading with and paying tribute to China in the 6th century ce. It then came under Hindu influence for a time through allegiance to the Majapahit empire, based in

Hillingdon: …of the main campus of Brunel University. Founded in 1928 as Acton Technical College, it became the Brunel College of Advanced Technology in 1962 and was later granted university status. It incorporated the Shoreditch College of Education in 1980 (adding the Runnymede campus) and the West London Institute of Higher…

Chauvet–Pont d’Arc: Discovery of the site: …the obstruction, he and speleologist Éliette Brunel Deschamps crawled through the opening and reached the roof of an unknown cave. With the help of a spelunking ladder, they descended 26 feet (8 metres) to the ground below. That day, with Brunel Deschamps’s daughter and fellow speleologist Christian Hillaire, they explored…

Hillingdon: …of the main campus of Brunel University. Founded in 1928 as Acton Technical College, it became the Brunel College of Advanced Technology in 1962 and was later granted university status. It incorporated the Shoreditch College of Education in 1980 (adding the Runnymede campus) and the West London Institute of Higher…

Isambard Kingdom Brunel was a British civil and mechanical engineer of great originality who designed the first transatlantic steamer. The only son of the engineer and inventor Sir Marc Isambard Brunel, he was appointed resident engineer when work on the Thames Tunnel began, under his father’s

Olivier Brunel was a Flemish merchant and explorer who established trade between the Low Countries and Russia and explored the northern coast of Russia while searching for a route to China and the East Indies. The first Flemish navigator of the Arctic Ocean, Brunel sailed beyond Lapland in 1565 in

Sir Marc Isambard Brunel was a French-émigré engineer and inventor who solved the historic problem of underwater tunneling. In 1793, after six years in the French navy, Brunel returned to France, which was then in the midst of revolution. Within a few months his royalist sympathies compelled him to

Filippo Brunelleschi was an architect and engineer who was one of the pioneers of early Renaissance architecture in Italy. His major work is the dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (the Duomo) in Florence (1420–36), constructed with the aid of machines that Brunelleschi invented

Jerome Bruner was an American psychologist and educator who developed theories on perception, learning, memory, and other aspects of cognition in young children that had a strong influence on the American educational system and helped launch the field of cognitive psychology. Bruner’s father, a

Jerome Bruner was an American psychologist and educator who developed theories on perception, learning, memory, and other aspects of cognition in young children that had a strong influence on the American educational system and helped launch the field of cognitive psychology. Bruner’s father, a

Latin American architecture: Architecture of the new independent republics, c. 1810–70: …in 1849 by the Frenchman François Brunet de Baines. In both the school’s pedagogy and its architecture, Brunet introduced to Santiago the influence of the French Beaux-Arts eclectic historicism. He then began to work for the government and designed the new Municipal Theatre (1853) in Santiago. In Uruguay the new…

Andrée Brunet and Pierre Brunet: Brunet and Joly each competed individually before their Olympic debut in 1924. Brunet became a national hero in France by winning consecutive national titles between 1924 and 1930. Joly was the French women’s champion from 1921 to 1931.

Andrée Brunet and Pierre Brunet were French figure skaters who were the outstanding pairs performers of their time. They won consecutive Olympic gold medals in 1928 and 1932. (Read Scott Hamilton’s Britannica entry on figure skating.) Brunet and Joly each competed individually before their Olympic

solipsism: …a coherent radical solipsist is Claude Brunet, a 17th-century French physician.

Jacques-Charles Brunet was a compiler of major French bibliographical works. The son of a bookseller, Brunet acquired a taste for bibliography at an early age and published a supplement to the Dictionnaire bibliographique de livres rares (1810; “Dictionary of Rare Books”), brought out a few years

Andrée Brunet and Pierre Brunet: Brunet and Joly each competed individually before their Olympic debut in 1924. Brunet became a national hero in France by winning consecutive national titles between 1924 and 1930. Joly was the French women’s champion from 1921 to 1931.

baseball: Women in baseball: …teams, the Blondes and the Brunettes, and charged admission to see them play. In the early 20th century, barnstorming teams known as “Bloomer Girls” were formed in various parts of the United States and took on amateur and semiprofessional teams that included both men and women.

Otto Brunfels was a botanist, considered by Carolus Linnaeus to be one of the founders of modern botany. Brunfels entered the Carthusian monastery in Strassburg in 1514 as a priest of the austere religious order. He remained until 1521, when, becoming acquainted with humanists, he fled the

Brunhild, a beautiful Amazon-like princess in ancient Germanic heroic literature, known originally from Old Norse sources (the Edda poems and the Vǫlsunga saga) and from the Nibelungenlied in German and more recently from Richard Wagner’s late 19th-century opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen (“The

Brunhild, a beautiful Amazon-like princess in ancient Germanic heroic literature, known originally from Old Norse sources (the Edda poems and the Vǫlsunga saga) and from the Nibelungenlied in German and more recently from Richard Wagner’s late 19th-century opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen (“The

Brunhild was the queen of the Frankish kingdom of Austrasia, daughter of the Visigothic king Athanagild, and one of the most forceful figures of the Merovingian age. In 567 Brunhild married Sigebert I, king of Austrasia, changing her religion from Arianism to Roman Catholicism. In the same year,

Brunhild was the queen of the Frankish kingdom of Austrasia, daughter of the Visigothic king Athanagild, and one of the most forceful figures of the Merovingian age. In 567 Brunhild married Sigebert I, king of Austrasia, changing her religion from Arianism to Roman Catholicism. In the same year,

Brunhild, a beautiful Amazon-like princess in ancient Germanic heroic literature, known originally from Old Norse sources (the Edda poems and the Vǫlsunga saga) and from the Nibelungenlied in German and more recently from Richard Wagner’s late 19th-century opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen (“The

Brunhild, a beautiful Amazon-like princess in ancient Germanic heroic literature, known originally from Old Norse sources (the Edda poems and the Vǫlsunga saga) and from the Nibelungenlied in German and more recently from Richard Wagner’s late 19th-century opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen (“The

Brunhild was the queen of the Frankish kingdom of Austrasia, daughter of the Visigothic king Athanagild, and one of the most forceful figures of the Merovingian age. In 567 Brunhild married Sigebert I, king of Austrasia, changing her religion from Arianism to Roman Catholicism. In the same year,

Babar: …the French writer and illustrator Jean de Brunhoff (1899–1937) and his son Laurent de Brunhoff (1925–2024).

Leonardo Bruni was an Italian humanist scholar of the Renaissance. Bruni was secretary to the papal chancery from 1405 and served as chancellor of Florence from 1427 until his death in 1444. His Historiarum Florentini populi libri XII (1610; “Twelve Books of Histories of the Florentine People”) is

Nicolas Sarkozy: Presidency: …and his marriage to singer Carla Bruni in February 2008 drew increased media scrutiny. Many in France viewed the interest in Sarkozy’s private life as distasteful and inappropriate, and some accused Sarkozy himself of cultivating a flashy image to distract the public from negative aspects of his administration.

Bruniaceae: Brunia stokoei develops hairy red and white flowers and grows to 1 to 5 m (3 to 16 feet) in height. Species of the genera Brunia and Berzelia are cultivated as ornamentals.

Bruniaceae, family of shrubby evergreen plants, comprising 12 genera native to southern Africa, many resembling heather in habit. Members of the family, which is unplaced in the Asterids II clade, have clusters of thin branches and small leaves. Brunia stokoei develops hairy red and white flowers

angiosperm: Annotated classification: Order Bruniales Families: Bruniaceae, Columelliaceae. Order Dipsacales Families: Adoxaceae, Caprifoliaceae (includes the former families Diervillaceae, Dipsacaceae, Linnaeaceae, Morinaceae, and Valerianaceae). Order

Brüning Museum, archaeological museum in Lambayeque, Peru, displaying objects and artifacts of Peru’s ancient civilizations. Upon opening in 1966, the Brüning Museum became northern Peru’s preeminent museum, specializing in Peru’s pre-Hispanic cultures. The museum was named for Hans Heinrich

Brüning Museum, archaeological museum in Lambayeque, Peru, displaying objects and artifacts of Peru’s ancient civilizations. Upon opening in 1966, the Brüning Museum became northern Peru’s preeminent museum, specializing in Peru’s pre-Hispanic cultures. The museum was named for Hans Heinrich

Brüning Museum: The museum was named for Hans Heinrich (Enrique) Brüning, a German engineer and amateur ethnographer who lived in and studied the region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Brüning’s photography, drawings, and cultural findings galvanized anthropological and archaeological study in the region. The museum displays items from Brüning’s…

Brüning Museum: The museum was named for Hans Heinrich (Enrique) Brüning, a German engineer and amateur ethnographer who lived in and studied the region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Brüning’s photography, drawings, and cultural findings galvanized anthropological and archaeological study in the region. The museum displays items from Brüning’s…

Heinrich Brüning was a conservative German statesman who was chancellor and foreign minister shortly before Adolf Hitler came to power (1930–32). Unable to solve his country’s economic problems, he hastened the drift toward rightist dictatorship by ignoring the Reichstag and governing by

Chicago style: including Leon Rappolo, Paul Mares, George Brunis, and others), a white New Orleans band playing at Chicago’s Friar’s Society.

France: Soils of France: …of brown forest soils, or brown earths. These soils, which develop under deciduous forest cover in temperate climatic conditions, are of excellent agricultural value. Some climate-related variation can be detected within the French brown earth group; in the high-rainfall and somewhat cool conditions of northwestern France, carbonates and other minerals…

Robert Coover: His later novels included The Brunist Day of Wrath (2014), a sequel to The Origin of the Brunists, and Huck Out West (2017), which centres on Mark Twain’s classic fictional characters Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer.

South America: Soils: …most important of those are brunizems (deep, dark-coloured prairie soils, developed from wind-deposited loess), chestnut soils, and ferruginous tropical soils. On the low coastal ranges, in the foothills of the western Andes, and on the nearby plains and terraces of Colombia and Ecuador, the soils consist mainly of red-yellow latosols,…

Sweden: Political conflict: …defeated Christian’s troops in the Battle of Brunkeberg on the outskirts of Stockholm (1471). During Sten’s rule, Uppsala University was founded (1477). When Christian I died in 1481, the matter of the union again arose, and in 1483 John, Christian’s son, was accepted as king of Sweden; Sten, however, managed…

Brno, city, southeastern Czech Republic. Brno lies in the eastern foothills of the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands, at the confluence of the Svratka and Svitava rivers. It is the traditional capital of Moravia. North of Brno is the Moravian Karst, a region famous for its caves, grottoes, and gorges.

hormone: Neurohypophysis and the polypeptide hormones of the hypothalamus: …arginine vasotocin evokes the so-called Brunn (water-balance) response; that is, water accumulates within the body as a result of a combination of increased water uptake through the skin and the wall of the bladder and decreased urinary output. This response, which also involves the uptake of sodium by the skin,…

Battle of Morgarten: …than a month later (Pact of Brunnen, Dec. 9, 1315). It was one of the first victories by dismounted commoners over armoured knights in many years and marked the beginning of the rise of the Swiss eidgenossen (“oath brothers”) as the most ferocious shock combatants in Europe. Because of…

small intestine: Secretions from Brunner glands, in the submucosa of the duodenum, function principally to protect the intestinal walls from gastric juices. Lieberkühn glands, occupying the mucous membrane, secrete digestive enzymes, provide outlet ports for Brunner glands, and produce cells that replace surface-membrane cells shed from the tips of…

Emil Brunner was a Swiss theologian in the Reformed tradition who helped direct the course of modern Protestant theology. Ordained in the Swiss Reformed Church, Brunner served as a pastor at Obstalden, Switzerland, from 1916 to 1924. In 1924 he became professor of systematic and practical theology

Emil Brunner was a Swiss theologian in the Reformed tradition who helped direct the course of modern Protestant theology. Ordained in the Swiss Reformed Church, Brunner served as a pastor at Obstalden, Switzerland, from 1916 to 1924. In 1924 he became professor of systematic and practical theology

Ludwig Mond: In 1873 he and John Tomlinson Brunner founded the important chemical-manufacturing firm of Brunner, Mond and Company. They began on a large scale to make soda ash (sodium carbonate) by the newly developed Solvay process, a process that was significantly improved by Mond. In attempting to find ways of…

Ludwig Mond: …the important chemical-manufacturing firm of Brunner, Mond and Company. They began on a large scale to make soda ash (sodium carbonate) by the newly developed Solvay process, a process that was significantly improved by Mond. In attempting to find ways of obtaining ammonia from coal and coke, Mond also invented…

murre: The thick-billed, or Brünnich’s, murre (U. lomvia), with a somewhat heavier beak, often nests farther north, to Ellesmere Island and other islands within the Arctic Circle, where the common murre is absent. There is some overlap in breeding grounds, however, and the two species nest in…