Robert Brown: …Brown published a pamphlet, A Brief Account of Microscopical Observations…, about his observations of the “rapid oscillatory motion” of a variety of microscopic particles. He recorded that, after noticing moving particles (now known to be amyloplasts, organelles involved with starch synthesis) suspended within living pollen grains of Clarkia pulchella, he…

Franz Kafka: Kafka and his father: …an den Vater (written 1919; Letter to Father), a letter that never reached the addressee, Kafka attributed his failure to live, to cut loose from parental ties and establish himself in marriage and fatherhood, as well as his escape into literature, to the prohibitive father figure, which instilled in him…

George Saunders: His novella The Brief and Frightening Reign of Phil was released in 2005. The Braindead Megaphone (2007) is a book of essays. The environmentalist fable Fox 8 was first published in 2013 and then republished as an illustrated book in 2018. Congratulations, by the Way (2014) is…

Richard Dawkins: A second volume of memoir, Brief Candle in the Dark: My Life in Science (2015), recorded episodes from the latter part of his career.

Brief Encounter, British film drama, released in 1945, that pivots on the subject of forbidden love, as set against the strictures of suburban British life. The film, based on Noël Coward’s play Still Life, was one of director David Lean’s first great successes. At an English train station,

mental disorder: Brief focal psychotherapy: This is a form of short-term dynamic therapy in which a time limit to the duration of the therapy is often established at the outset. Sessions lasting 30 to 60 minutes are held weekly for, typically, five to 15 weeks. At the…

12 Contemporary Black Authors You Must Read: Marlon James: He won for his novel A Brief History of Seven Killings (2014), which tells a fictionalized account of the attempted murder of reggae legend Bob Marley in 1976. Winning the Booker was a major career triumph for James, whose first novel, John Crow’s Devil (2005), had been rejected about 80…

Philip Glass: and the Errol Morris documentaries A Brief History of Time (1991) and The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara (2003).

John Playford: His Brief Introduction to the Skill of Musick, a handbook on music theory and practice, went into many editions between 1654 and 1730 and was revised in 1694 by the composer Henry Purcell. An elegy on Playford’s death, “Gentle shepherds, you that know,” by Nahum Tate,…

Manuel de Falla: …other for a national opera, La vida breve (first performed in Nice, France, 1913).

Juan Carlos Onetti: …novel, La vida breve (1950; A Brief Life), he creates the mythical city of Santa María, which is also the setting of several subsequent novels. The book’s unhappy narrator fantasizes about living as another person but always encounters the same emptiness and helplessness that drove him to escape into fantasy…

John Aubrey: …Aubrey’s biographical manuscripts, however, is Brief Lives (2 vol., 1898; edited by Andrew Clark). Though not biographies in the strict sense of the word, Aubrey’s Lives, based on observation and gossip, are profiles graced by picturesque and revealing detail that have found favour with later generations. They also convey a…

Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon: …1854 she had published her Brief Summary in Plain Language of the Most Important Laws Concerning Women, which had a useful effect in helping forward the passage of the Married Women’s Property Act. In 1866, cooperating with Emily Davies, she proposed a plan for the extension of university education to…

The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, novel by Junot Díaz, published in 2007. The long-awaited first novel from Junot Díaz, which won him the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 2008, expands a short story about Oscar Wao—a lonely, overweight, Dominican sci-fi nerd in Paterson, New Jersey, who falls

Hugo von Hofmannsthal: …“Ein Brief” (also called “Chandos Brief,” 1902). This essay was more than the revelation of a personal predicament; it has come to be recognized as symptomatic of the crisis that undermined the esthetic Symbolist movement of the end of the century.

Thomas Harriot: …upon his return, he published A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia (1588). This was his only work published during his lifetime. Very soon after the Virginia sojourn, Harriot was living on and surveying Raleigh’s estates in Ireland.

Friedrich Nicolai: Nicolai’s Briefe über den jetzigen Zustand der schönen Wissenschaften in Deutschland (1755; “Letters on the Current State of the Fine Arts in Germany”), published anonymously, was directed against both Gottsched and Gottsched’s Swiss opponents, the critics Johann Jakob Bodmer and Johann Breitinger. Nicolai’s enthusiasm for English…

aesthetics: The aesthetic experience: …with beauty he plays” (Briefe über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen [1794–95; Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man]).

Moses Mendelssohn: …year Mendelssohn also published his Briefe über die Empfindungen (“Letters on Feeling”), stressing the spiritual significance of feelings.

Heinrich Wilhelm von Gerstenberg: His work, Briefe über die Merkwürdigkeiten der Literatur (1766–67; “Letters About the Peculiarities of Literature”) contained the first definite formulation of the critical principles of this movement: its enthusiasm for Shakespeare, its preoccupation with youthful genius, and its emphasis on the importance of unbridled emotion.

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing: Rising reputation as dramatist and critic.: …contributed regularly to Nicolai’s weekly, Briefe, die neueste Literatur betreffend (“Letters Concerning the Latest Literature”), writing a number of essays on contemporary literature. The central point of these was a vigorous attack on the influential theatre critic J.C. Gottsched for his advocacy of a theatre modeled on French drama, especially…

American literature: New directions: His short poems in Briefings (1971) were close to autobiographical jottings, small glimpses, and observations, but, like his longer poems, they turned the natural world into a source of vision. Like Ignatow, he made it a virtue to seem unliterary and found illumination in the pedestrian and the ordinary.

Brzeg, city, Opolskie województwo (province), southwestern Poland, situated on high bluffs on the western side of the Oder River. An important Silesian settlement from the 14th century, when Prince Ludwik I built his castle there, Brzeg was the home of the Piast family, rulers of the duchy of Brzeg

history of the Low Countries: Causes of the revolt: …Geuzen seized the port of Brielle (April 1, 1572), west of Rotterdam. This was a move of considerable strategic importance because the port controlled the mouth of both the Meuse and the Waal, and the prince immediately supported the movement. The Geuzen then took Flushing, Veere, and Enkhuizen, so that…

Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke: 14, 1759, the French admiral Hubert de Brienne, Count de Conflans, taking advantage of an opening in Hawke’s blockade, headed southeast from Brest along the French coast to pick up troops for the invasion. Six days later Hawke’s fleet of some 23 ships caught up with Conflans’ 21-vessel squadron and…

brier, term generally applied to any plant with a woody and thorny or prickly stem, such as those of the genera Rosa, Rubus, Smilax, and Erica. White, or tree, heath (E. arborea) is found in southern France and the Mediterranean region. Its roots and knotted stems are used for making briarwood

beef Stroganoff: A second theory ventures that Charles Brière, a French chef living in Russia, simply attached the name of the noble family, which owned much of Siberia while maintaining a palace in St. Petersburg, to the dish that in 1891 earned him the grand prize at a culinary competition in what…

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: …the International Law Commission, and James Brierly was assigned as special rapporteur in 1949 to address the subject. After his resignation in 1952, each of his successors began the work anew. Sir Humphrey Waldock, appointed in 1961, produced six reports from which the commission was able to create a draft…

hallucination: French physician Alexandre-Jacques-François Brierre de Boismont in 1845 described many instances of hallucinations associated with intense concentration, or with musing, or simply occurring in the course of psychiatric disorder. In the last half of the 19th century, studies of hallucinations continued. Investigators in France were particularly oriented…

Eugène Brieux was a French dramatist, one of the leading exponents of the realist drama, whose somewhat didactic works attacked the social evils of his day. Brieux’s works formed part of the repertory of the famed Théâtre-Libre of André Antoine, which had a far-reaching effect on the spread of the

brig, two-masted sailing ship with square rigging on both masts. Brigs were used for both naval and mercantile purposes. As merchant vessels, they plied mostly coastal trading routes, but oceanic voyages were not uncommon; some brigs were even used for whaling and sealing. Naval brigs carried a

Danube River: Physiography: …two small streams—the Breg and Brigach—from the eastern slopes of the Black Forest mountains of Germany, which partially consist of limestone. From Donaueschingen, where the headstreams unite, the Danube flows northeastward in a narrow, rocky bed. To the north rise the wooded slopes of the Swabian and the Franconian mountains.…

brigade, a unit in military organization commanded by a brigadier general or colonel and composed of two or more subordinate units, such as regiments or

restaurant: French restaurants of the 19th century: …so-called brigade de cuisine, or kitchen team, consisting of highly trained experts each with clearly defined duties. These teams included a chef, or gros bonnet, in charge of the kitchen; a sauce chef, or deputy; an entremettier, in charge of preparation of soups, vegetables, and sweet courses; a rôtisseur to…

brigadier, the highest field grade officer in the British Army and Royal Marines, ranking above colonel and below the general officer grades. The rank was first conferred by Louis XIV upon the commander of several regiments. The British copied it from the French very early and a royal warrant of

brigadier general, military rank just above that of colonel. In both the British and U.S. armies of World War I, a brigadier general commanded a brigade. When the British abolished the brigade, they discontinued the rank of brigadier general but revived it as plain brigadier in 1928. In the U.S.

Brigadier Gerard, (foaled 1968), English racehorse (Thoroughbred) who won all but one of his 18 races in his three-year racing career, winning more than $581,000. He was sired by Queen’s Hussar and foaled by La Paiva. John Hislop bred him, his wife owned him, and Major Dick Hern trained him at West

Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin: Fonvizin’s first important comedy, Brigadir (written 1766–69, published 1783; “Brigadier”), ridiculed the contemporary fashion of aping French manners and speech—or rather of aping them incorrectly. His masterpiece, Nedorosl (published 1783; “The Minor”), is considered the first truly Russian drama. It deals with a gentry family so ignorant and brutish…

Agnes de Mille: …of Venus (1943), Carousel (1945), Brigadoon (1947), Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1949), Paint Your Wagon (1951), The Girl in Pink Tights (1954), and 110 in the Shade (1963). She also arranged dances for the films Romeo and Juliet (1936) and Oklahoma! (1955), directed

Vincente Minnelli: Films of the early 1950s: Father of the Bride, An American in Paris, and The Bad and the Beautiful: Brigadoon (1954) was much more of a challenge for Minnelli. This Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe musical about a mythical land that materializes once every hundred years in the Scottish highlands was originally scheduled to be filmed on location, but MGM made Minnelli shoot…

Italy: Condition of the Italian kingdom: …an especially violent form of brigandage, which, though fomented and often assisted by emissaries of the exiled Francis II, was a form of class warfare against the agrarian bourgeoisie. Men on horseback occupied villages in the south, killed Liberals, and raised the white flag of the Bourbon kingdom. The government…

Brigantes, in ancient Britain, a tribe conquered by the Romans during the reign of Antoninus Pius (c. ad 155). The Brigantes occupied the region south of the Antonine Wall, extending to the Humber estuary in the east and to the River Mersey in the west. Their chief city was Isurium (Aldborough) and

Bragança, city and concelho (municipality), northeastern Portugal. It lies on a branch of the Sabor River in the Culebra Mountains, 105 miles (170 km) northeast of Porto on the border with Spain. Originally, Bragança was a Celtic city known as Brigantia; it later became the Juliobriga of the

Brigit, in Celtic religion, ancient goddess of the poetic arts, crafts, prophecy, and divination; she was the equivalent of the Roman goddess Minerva (Greek Athena). In Ireland this Brigit was one of three goddesses of the same name, daughters of the Dagda, the great god of that country. Her two

brigantine, two-masted sailing ship with square rigging on the foremast and fore-and-aft rigging on the mainmast. The term originated with the two-masted ships, also powered by oars, on which pirates, or sea brigands, terrorized the Mediterranean in the 16th century. In northern European waters the

Lake Constance, lake bordering Switzerland, Germany, and Austria and occupying an old glacier basin at an elevation of 1,299 feet (396 m). It has an area of 209 square miles (541 square km) and is about 40 miles (65 km) long and up to 8 miles (13 km) wide, with an average depth of 295 feet (90 m)

Bregenz, town, capital of Bundesland (federal state) Vorarlberg, western Austria, on the eastern shore of Lake Constance (Bodensee). The town lies at the foot of the Pfänder Mountain (3,487 feet [1,063 metres]; ascended by suspension railway). Inhabited in prehistoric times, it was later the site

A Coruña, city, capital of A Coruña provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Galicia, in extreme northwestern Spain. It lies on an inlet facing the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Mero River. Under the Romans, A Coruña was the port of Brigantium, but its present

Red Brigades, militant left-wing organization in Italy that gained notoriety in the 1970s for kidnappings, murders, and sabotage. Its self-proclaimed aim was to undermine the Italian state and pave the way for a Marxist upheaval led by a “revolutionary proletariat.” The reputed founder of the Red

blue-eyed soul: …14, 1946, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada), Eddie Brigati (b. October 22, 1946, New York, New York), and Dino Danelli (b. July 23, 1945, New York). Produced by Phil Spector, “You’ve Lost That Lovin’ Feelin’ ” (1964) and “Unchained Melody” (1965) earned the Righteous Brothers considerable commercial success. The Rascals’ hits “Good…

English literature: Poetry: Basil Bunting’s Briggflatts (1966) celebrates his native Northumbria. The dour poems of R.S. Thomas commemorate a harsh rural Wales of remote hill farms where gnarled, inbred celibates scratch a subsistence from the thin soil.

Brown v. Board of Education: Background and case: …lawsuits filed by the NAACP: Briggs v. Elliott (1951) in South Carolina, Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County (1952) in Virginia, and Gebhart v. Belton (1952) in Delaware; there was also a fifth case that was filed independently in the District of Columbia, Bolling v. Sharpe (1951).…

Christian fundamentalism: The late 19th to the mid-20th century: …most famous such trial involved Charles A. Briggs (1841–1913), a minister of the Presbyterian Church who had denounced the idea of verbal inspiration in an address at the Union Theological Seminary in New York City in 1891. Briggs was convicted of heresy and suspended from the ministry in 1893. In…

African Blood Brotherhood: …in 1919 by black leftist Cyril Briggs. Based in Harlem, the ABB had a large West Indian following that included many Caribbean-born political radicals. Briggs had hoped to offer an alternative to the populism of Marcus Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), but the ABB’s membership never approached the numbers…

Emily Pomona Edson Briggs was an American journalist, one of the first women to acquire a national reputation in the field. Emily Edson grew up in Burton, Ohio, and, from 1840, near Chicago, attending local schools. She taught briefly and, about 1854, married John R. Briggs. In 1861, when her

Henry Briggs was an English mathematician who invented the common, or Briggsian, logarithm. His writings were mainly responsible for the widespread acceptance of logarithms throughout Europe. His innovation was instrumental in easing the burden of mathematicians, astronomers, and other scientists

Isabel Colegate was a British author of novels about life among the upper classes in England during the 20th century. At the age of 19 Colegate began working as an assistant to literary agent Anthony Blond. When Blond became a publisher, one of the first books he brought was Colgate’s first novel,

cloning: Early cloning experiments: …in 1952 by American scientists Robert W. Briggs and Thomas J. King, who used DNA from embryonic cells of the frog Rana pipiens to generate cloned tadpoles. In 1958 British biologist John Bertrand Gurdon successfully carried out nuclear transfer using DNA from adult intestinal cells of African clawed frogs (Xenopus…

logarithm: …with base 10) are called common, or Briggsian, logarithms and are written simply log n.

Brigham City, city, seat of Box Elder county, near Bear River Bay of Great Salt Lake, northern Utah, U.S., at the foot of the Wasatch Range, 21 miles (34 km) north of Ogden. Settled in 1851 by Mormons, most of whom were immigrants from Denmark, it was named in 1877 for the Mormon leader Brigham

Brigham Young University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Provo, Utah, U.S. The university is supported by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon) and has branch campuses in Laie, Hawaii, and Rexburg, Idaho. It is composed of eight colleges, the J. Willard

Brigham Young University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Provo, Utah, U.S. The university is supported by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon) and has branch campuses in Laie, Hawaii, and Rexburg, Idaho. It is composed of eight colleges, the J. Willard

Amariah Brigham was an American doctor and administrator who, as one of the leaders of the asylum movement in the 19th century, advocated for humane treatment of the mentally ill. Brigham, who was orphaned at age 11, studied with several doctors before opening a medical practice when he was 21. The

Western architecture: United States: Sturgis and Charles Brigham, architects of the Museum of Fine Arts on Copley Square (1876; closed 1909) and the church of the Advent (1878), both in Boston, attempted to give to this tough, uneasy Gothic style something of monumental grandeur in their competition design of 1872 for…

Brighella, stock character of the Italian commedia dell’arte; a roguish, quick-witted, opportunistic, and sometimes lascivious and cruel figure. Originally one of the comic servants, or zanni, of the commedia, Brighella was a jack-of-all-trades whose loyalty as a soldier, hangman’s varlet,

Brigit, in Celtic religion, ancient goddess of the poetic arts, crafts, prophecy, and divination; she was the equivalent of the Roman goddess Minerva (Greek Athena). In Ireland this Brigit was one of three goddesses of the same name, daughters of the Dagda, the great god of that country. Her two

Will Smith: Later films and Oscar win: …in the Netflix action film Bright, which is set in a Los Angeles inhabited by humans and mythical creatures. Smith then was cast as the genie in the family comedy Aladdin (2019). He played two roles in Gemini Man (2019): a retired assassin and his younger clone, the latter a…

Gerald Maurice Edelman: …a scientific audience and in Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind (1992) for laypersons. He also wrote Wider than the Sky: The Phenomenal Gift of Consciousness (2004) and Second Nature: Brain Science and Human Knowledge (2006).

coal: Banded and nonbanded coals: Banded coals include bright coal, which contains more than 80 percent vitrinite, and splint coal, which contains more than 30 percent opaque matter. The nonbanded varieties include boghead coal, which has a high percentage of algal remains, and cannel coal, which has a high percentage of spores in…

Ada Limón: Full-time poetry career: In 2015 she published Bright Dead Things, which was a finalist for the National Book Award and the National Book Critics Circle Award. Her next collection of poetry, The Carrying (2018), won the latter award. The book was heralded for its candor, covering such themes as infertility, chronic pain,…

Bright disease, inflammation of the structures in the kidney that produce urine: the glomeruli and the nephrons. The glomeruli are small round clusters of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) that are surrounded by a double-walled capsule, called Bowman’s capsule. Bowman’s capsule in turn

Susette La Flesche was a Native American writer, lecturer, and activist in the cause of Native peoples’ rights. La Flesche’s father was an Omaha chief who was the son of a French trader and an Omaha woman. He sent his children to a Presbyterian mission school to provide them with an

David Butler: After directing her in Bright Eyes (1934), for which he also cowrote the story, he helped guide her to stardom with The Little Colonel (1935), The Littlest Rebel (1935), and Captain January (1936). The hugely successful comedies helped establish Temple as Hollywood’s top box-office attraction. Butler’s later movies for…

microbiology: Light microscopy: …microscopy are available, such as:

facula: …the chromosphere, they are called plages.

Patricia Neal: …whom she also costarred in Bright Leaf (1950). Neal revealed in her autobiography, As I Am (1988), that Cooper had been the great love of her life; however, their affair ended shortly after their working collaboration. Neal married the popular author Roald Dahl in 1953, a union that lasted until…

James Bridges: …he helmed his last film, Bright Lights, Big City, an intelligent but curiously flat adaptation of the Jay McInerney best seller about the club-and-cocaine scene in 1980s New York City. Two years later Clint Eastwood directed White Hunter, Black Heart, which was based on a script cowritten by Bridges. Diagnosed…

nebula: Classes of nebulae: Bright nebulae are comparatively dense clouds of gas within the diffuse interstellar medium. They have several subclasses: (1) reflection nebulae, (2) H II regions, (3) diffuse ionized gas, (4) planetary nebulae, and (5) supernova remnants.

Ethan Hawke: 2006), Ash Wednesday (2002), and A Bright Ray of Darkness (2021). Rules for a Knight (2015) is an epistolary parable.

Laurie Anderson: …recordings included Strange Angels (1989), Bright Red (1994), and The Ugly One with the Jewels and Other Stories (1995).

American literature: The Off-Broadway ascendancy: …who had gained attention with A Bright Room Called Day (1991), set in Germany in 1932–33; he won Broadway fame with his epically ambitious two-part drama Angels in America (1991–92), which combined comedy with pain, symbolism with personal history, and invented characters with historical ones. A committed political writer, Kushner…

Jane Campion: …2009 Campion earned accolades for Bright Star, which chronicles the romance between poet John Keats and Fanny Brawne. She later cowrote and codirected the eerie TV series Top of the Lake (2013, 2017), about a female detective.

Steve Martin: …latter album inspired the musical Bright Star, which premiered in 2014 and made its Broadway debut two years later. The duo cowrote the score, and Martin penned the book for the sentimental play about two connected love stories in North Carolina during the 1920s and ’40s. It received five Tony…

Alexei Ratmansky: …2002); the Bolshoi Ballet (The Bright Stream, 2003); and the San Francisco Ballet (The Carnival of the Animals, 2003). The positive reception of The Bright Stream earned him in 2004 an appointment as artistic director of the Bolshoi Ballet, which had been struggling since the dissolution of the Soviet…

Mark Robson: Films of the 1950s: …You, and the critically acclaimed Bright Victory (both 1951) featured Arthur Kennedy as a blinded soldier adjusting to civilian life. In 1953 Robson directed Return to Paradise, an adaptation of a James Michener novel, with Gary Cooper as a drifter. The following year the director made a rare foray into…

Stephen Fry: …directorial debut in 2003 with Bright Young Things, an adaptation of British writer Evelyn Waugh’s Vile Bodies (1930), a novel centred on the reckless frivolity of a group of English socialites in the wake of World War I. Fry made his Broadway debut in 2013 playing Malvolio in Shakespeare’s Twelfth…

Bright disease, inflammation of the structures in the kidney that produce urine: the glomeruli and the nephrons. The glomeruli are small round clusters of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) that are surrounded by a double-walled capsule, called Bowman’s capsule. Bowman’s capsule in turn

John Bright was a British reform politician and orator active in the early Victorian campaigns for free trade and lower grain prices. He was a co-founder of the Anti-Corn Law League, as well as campaigns for parliamentary reform. Bright was the eldest surviving son of Jacob Bright, a self-made

Joy Bright Hancock was a U.S. military officer, one of the first women to hold a regular commission in the U.S. Navy. Joy Bright enlisted in the Naval Reserve after graduating from the Pierce School of Business Administration in Philadelphia in 1918. From 1919 she worked as a civilian for the U.S.

Richard Bright was a British physician who was the first to describe the clinical manifestations of the kidney disorder known as Bright’s disease, or nephritis. Bright graduated in medicine from the University of Edinburgh in 1813. After working in hospitals on the Continent and in London, he

Sir Charles Tilston Bright was a British engineer who superintended the laying of the first Atlantic telegraph cable. In 1852 he became an engineer for the Magnetic Telegraph Company, for which he laid thousands of miles of underground telegraph lines in England as well as the first undersea cable

shorthand: History and development of shorthand: Somewhat influenced by Tiro’s system, Timothy Bright designed an English system in 1588 that consisted of straight lines, circles, and half circles. (Tiro’s method was cursive, based on longhand script.) Bright’s system was called Characterie: an Arte of Shorte, Swifte, and Secrete Writing by Character.

bright-cut, type of decorative engraving used on metal objects, especially those made of silver. The decorative designs are created by making a series of short cuts into the metal, using a polished engraving tool that causes the exposed surfaces to reflect light and give an impression of

spectroscopy: Historical survey: They are called brightline, or emission, spectra.

viewfinder: …viewfinder most commonly used, the bright-line viewfinder, is essentially an inverted Galilean telescope system with an optically projected rectangle outlining the frame area. The viewed image is neither inverted nor reversed.

Samuel Selvon: His first novel, A Brighter Sun (1952), describes East Indians and Creoles in Trinidad, their prejudices and mutual distrusts, and the effect of this animosity on a young man. It was the first time that an East Indian author had written with such quiet authority and simple charm…

spectroscopy: Historical survey: They are called brightline, or emission, spectra.

Edgar Sheffield Brightman was a U.S. philosopher, educator at Wesleyan University and Boston University, and former director of the National Council on Religion in Higher Education. He was noted for his empirical argument for theism based on idealism and consciousness. His writings emphasize the

Andrea Bocelli: …(“Time to Say Goodbye”) with Sarah Brightman, and both versions became hits. Bocelli’s popularity in the United States grew in 1997 with the release of Romanza—which collected songs from his previous albums and eventually sold more than 15 million copies worldwide—and with repeated PBS airings of his live show Romanza…

brightness, in physics, the subjective visual sensation related to the intensity of light emanating from a surface or from a point source (see luminous