hand tool: Drilling and boring tools: A varied terminology is related to making holes with revolving tools. A hole may be drilled or bored; awls, gimlets, and augers also produce holes. An awl is the simplest hole maker, for, like a needle, it simply pushes material to one side…

piddock, any of the marine bivalve mollusks of the family Pholadidae (Adesmoidea). Worldwide in distribution, they are especially adapted for boring into rock, shells, peat, hard clay, or mud. Most species occur in the intertidal zone, a few in deeper water. One end of each of the two valves is

boring machine, device for producing smooth and accurate holes in a workpiece by enlarging existing holes with a bore, which may bear a single cutting tip of steel, cemented carbide, or diamond or may be a small grinding wheel. Single-point tools, gripped in a boring head attached to a rotating

clionid, any member of the sponge family Clionidae (class Demospongiae, phylum Porifera), noted for its ability to dissolve and bore into calcium-containing substances, such as limestone, coral, and mollusk shells. Clionid sponges occur in all oceans. The microscopic clionid larva attaches itself

hand tool: Drilling and boring tools: A varied terminology is related to making holes with revolving tools. A hole may be drilled or bored; awls, gimlets, and augers also produce holes. An awl is the simplest hole maker, for, like a needle, it simply pushes material to one side…

Edwin G. Boring was an American psychologist first recognized for his experimental work but later known as a historian of psychology. Boring studied engineering and psychology at Cornell University, receiving his Ph.D. in the latter in 1914. He taught at Clark University and then went to Harvard

Edwin G. Boring was an American psychologist first recognized for his experimental work but later known as a historian of psychology. Boring studied engineering and psychology at Cornell University, receiving his Ph.D. in the latter in 1914. He taught at Clark University and then went to Harvard

Puerto Rico, self-governing island commonwealth of the West Indies, associated with the United States. The easternmost island of the Greater Antilles chain, it lies approximately 50 miles (80 km) east of the Dominican Republic, 40 miles (65 km) west of the Virgin Islands, and 1,000 miles (1,600 km)

Russian literature: The Kievan period: …account and two lives of Boris and Gleb, the first Russian saints, have survived to the present day. The sanctity of these two men, who were killed by their brother Svyatopolk in a struggle for the throne, consists not in activity but in the pious passivity with which, in imitation…

Modest Mussorgsky: Life and career: …he began his great work Boris Godunov to his own libretto based on the drama by Aleksandr Pushkin. The first version, completed in December 1869, was rejected by the advisory committee of the imperial theatres because it lacked a prima donna role. In response, the composer subjected the opera to…

Boris Godunov, historical blank verse drama in 23 scenes by Russian poet and playwright Aleksandr Pushkin, written in 1824–25, published in 1831, and considered one of the most important plays of the early 19th century. Its theme is the tragic guilt and inexorable fate of a great hero, Boris

Boris I ; feast day May 2 [May 15]) was the khan of Bulgaria (852–889), whose long reign witnessed the conversion of the Bulgarians to Christianity, the founding of an autocephalous Bulgarian church, and the advent of Slavonic literature and establishment of the first centres of Slav-Bulgarian

Boris I ; feast day May 2 [May 15]) was the khan of Bulgaria (852–889), whose long reign witnessed the conversion of the Bulgarians to Christianity, the founding of an autocephalous Bulgarian church, and the advent of Slavonic literature and establishment of the first centres of Slav-Bulgarian

Boris III was the king of Bulgaria from 1918 to 1943, who, during the last five years of his reign, headed a thinly veiled royal dictatorship. The son of Ferdinand I of Bulgaria and Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Parma, Boris, despite his Roman Catholic parentage, was brought up in the Orthodox faith for

Boris I ; feast day May 2 [May 15]) was the khan of Bulgaria (852–889), whose long reign witnessed the conversion of the Bulgarians to Christianity, the founding of an autocephalous Bulgarian church, and the advent of Slavonic literature and establishment of the first centres of Slav-Bulgarian

the Who: …Jack”), creepy insects (Entwistle’s “Boris the Spider”), and gender confusion (“I’m a Boy”). As one instrument after another ended in splinters, the Who firmly declared themselves proponents of making violent rage a form of rock catharsis.

Russia: Ivan III: …eldest surviving brothers, Andrey and Boris, whose grievances were further increased by Ivan’s refusal to give them a share of conquered Novgorod. In 1480 they rebelled, and only with difficulty were they persuaded to remain loyal. A more serious conflict arose (1497–1502) in the form of an open and murderous…

Borisoglebsk, city, Voronezh oblast (province), southwestern Russia, on the left bank of the Vorona River, near its confluence with the Khoper. Founded in 1646 as a fortress against the Tatars, it now serves as a grain collection centre. Other industries are related to agriculture—e.g., flour

Barysaw, city, Minsk oblast (region), Belarus, on the Berezina River at its confluence with the Skha. Founded in the 12th century, Barysaw has been at various times under Lithuanian, Polish, and Russian rule. Napoleon’s disastrous retreat across the Berezina River in 1812 took place north of the

Bulgaria: Bulgaria’s transition: …led by former Sofia mayor Boiko Borisov, garnered nearly 40 percent of the votes and secured 116 seats in the 240-seat National Assembly, while the Socialist-led Coalition for Bulgaria claimed only 40 seats. Borisov took office as prime minister on July 27.

Viktor Elpidiforovich Borisov-Musatov was a Russian painter of the Art Nouveau period (known in Russia as style moderne), one of the most masterful painters of his time, and who made an important contribution to the history of Russian painting. His female figures are some of the best of the Art

Kyiv: Transportation: Boryspil International Airport operates direct flights to many Ukrainian towns and international service to major cities throughout Europe, Asia, and North America. Within Kyiv itself there is efficient subway and rail, bus, streetcar, and trolleybus service.

St. Ludmila: Ludmila married Borivoj, the first Czech prince to adopt Christianity. After their baptism by Archbishop St. Methodius of Sirmium, apostle of the Slavs, they built Bohemia’s first Christian church, near Prague. Borivoj tried to induce his people to accept Christianity, but he was unsuccessful. After Borivoj died,…

Tehrān: Cultural life: …high-rise buildings, topped by the Borj-e Mīlād (Milad Tower); completed in the early 21st century, the tower rises 1,427 feet (435 metres) above the city. The Āzādī Tower, completed in 1971, greets visitors at the western entrance to the city. For those looking to enjoy Tehrān’s natural beauty, the pedestrian…

Ecuador: Ecuador from the late 20th century: Left-wing opponent Rodrigo Borja Cevallos was elected to the presidency in 1988, but he seemed to have few solutions to the steadily worsening economic crisis. His term was marked by a major national uprising in 1990, with Indigenous groups demonstrating in favour of such issues as land…

Borgia Family, descendants of a noble line, originally from Valencia, Spain, that established roots in Italy and became prominent in ecclesiastical and political affairs in the 1400s and 1500s. The house of the Borgias produced two popes and many other political and church leaders. Some members of

Saint Francis Borgia ; canonized 1671; feast day October 10) was a Spanish nobleman who, as the third general of the Society of Jesus, was instrumental in spreading the Jesuits’ influence throughout Europe. Educated at Saragossa, Spain, he married Eleanor de Castro, a Portuguese noblewoman, in

Alexander VI was a corrupt, worldly, and ambitious pope (1492–1503), whose neglect of the spiritual inheritance of the church contributed to the development of the Protestant Reformation. Rodrigo was born into the Spanish branch of the prominent and powerful Borgia family. His uncle Alonso de

Callixtus III was the pope from 1455 to 1458. As a member of the Aragonese court, he reconciled King Alfonso V with Pope Martin V, who appointed Callixtus bishop of Valencia in 1429. Pope Eugenius IV made him a cardinal in 1444. As a compromise between the influential Colonna and Orsini families of

Alexander VI was a corrupt, worldly, and ambitious pope (1492–1503), whose neglect of the spiritual inheritance of the church contributed to the development of the Protestant Reformation. Rodrigo was born into the Spanish branch of the prominent and powerful Borgia family. His uncle Alonso de

Genghis Khan: Early struggles: …a member of the royal Borjigin clan of the Mongols, was poisoned by a band of Tatars, another nomadic people, in continuance of an old feud.

Robert H. Bork was an American legal scholar, federal judge, and onetime U.S. solicitor general (1973–77) whose nomination to a seat on the U.S. Supreme Court by Republican Pres. Ronald Reagan in 1987 was rejected by a bipartisan majority of the U.S. Senate. The opposition to Bork’s nomination

Robert H. Bork was an American legal scholar, federal judge, and onetime U.S. solicitor general (1973–77) whose nomination to a seat on the U.S. Supreme Court by Republican Pres. Ronald Reagan in 1987 was rejected by a bipartisan majority of the U.S. Senate. The opposition to Bork’s nomination

Tien Shan: Physiography: The most important ranges are Borkoldoy, Dzhetym, At-Bashy, and the Kakshaal (Kokshaal-Tau) Range, in which Dankova Peak reaches a height of 19,626 feet (5,982 metres).

Borkou, region in northern Chad, centred around the town of Faya (formerly Largeau). It is mostly a sandy desert of the southeastern Sahara, south of the Tibesti massif and west of the Ennedi plateau. Formerly a vassal state of Ouaddaï, a Muslim (Sanūsī) sultanate, it was ceded to France under an

Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti (BET), former large prefecture (administrative division) of northern Chad. The region occupies much of the southeast-central portion of the Sahara, and the terrain is primarily low-lying arid desert that rises in the northwest to the lofty massif of the Tibesti. The sparse

Borkou, region in northern Chad, centred around the town of Faya (formerly Largeau). It is mostly a sandy desert of the southeastern Sahara, south of the Tibesti massif and west of the Ennedi plateau. Formerly a vassal state of Ouaddaï, a Muslim (Sanūsī) sultanate, it was ceded to France under an

dam: Fish passes: The Borland fish lock was developed in Scotland as an alternative to fish ladders. It operates on the same intermittent principle as a ship lock but is constructed as a closed conduit. Intermittent closure of the gates at the bottom causes the continuous flow through the…

Borlänge, town, Dalarna län (county), central Sweden, on the Dal River. In the Middle Ages a stronghold known as Borghnäs was located near the present site; its destruction in 1434 opened a war of liberation against the Danes. With the coming of railroads, beginning in 1875, Borlänge developed into

Norman Ernest Borlaug was an American agricultural scientist and plant pathologist, and winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1970. Known as the “Father of the Green Revolution,” Borlaug helped lay the groundwork for agricultural technological advances that alleviated world hunger. Borlaug studied

Frank Borman was a U.S. astronaut who, in Apollo 8 with James A. Lovell and William A. Anders in December 1968, made the first crewed flight around the Moon. The astronauts remained in an orbit about 112 km (70 miles) above the surface of the Moon for about 20 hours, transmitting television

Ernest G. Bormann was an American communication theorist best known as the originator of symbolic convergence theory (SCT) and its attendant method, fantasy theme analysis, which both explore how the sharing of narratives or “fantasies” can create and sustain group consciousness. For Bormann, these

Martin Bormann was a powerful party leader in Nazi Germany, one of Adolf Hitler’s closest lieutenants. An avowed and vocal pan-German in his youth, Bormann participated in right-wing German Free Corps activities after the close of World War I. Bormann was imprisoned in 1924 for participation in a

Benjamin Raich: …2005 Alpine world championships in Bormio, Italy, he took first place in the combined and the slalom, second place in the GS, and third in the super G and the downhill. He amassed 1,454 points in the 2004–05 World Cup standings and won the slalom, GS, and combined titles, but…

Cospicua, town, eastern Malta, one of the Three Cities (the others being Senglea and Vittoriosa), at the head of Dockyard Creek, just south of Valletta across Grand Harbour. It developed as a suburb of Vittoriosa in the mid-16th century and was a thriving settlement before it was crippled by the

Christianity: The reborn human: …as when one is “born again” or “sees the light,” or as the result of a slow process, a “growing,” a “maturing,” and an “evolution.” They are also distinguished according to the psychic capability predominant at the time that thereby takes charge (will, intellect), the endowment at hand, and…

John Mayer: …in 2012 with the rootsy Born and Raised, on which he drew inspiration from 1970s folk-rock performers such as Neil Young. Paradise Valley (2013), while featuring guest appearances by pop singer Katy Perry and rhythm-and-blues performer Frank Ocean, followed in a similar vein. He returned to his earlier sound for…

Larry Woiwode: …of a North Dakota family; Born Brothers (1988) continues the story of Charles and Jerome Neumiller, characters from Beyond the Bedroom Wall who also appear in The Neumiller Stories (1989). Poppa John (1981) concerns an out-of-work television actor, and Indian Affairs (1992) is a sequel to What I’m Going to…

John Barry: Barry captured five Academy Awards—for Born Free (1966; Oscars for both best score and best song), The Lion in Winter (1968), Out of Africa (1985), and Dances with Wolves (1990)—as well as nominations for Mary, Queen of Scots (1971) and

Manuel Rojas: , Born Guilty), an autobiographical novel with existential preoccupations. The use of interior monologue, flashbacks, and stream of consciousness foreshadowed some of the techniques later employed in the Latin American new novel. Hijo de ladrón was translated into the major European languages and established Rojas as…

the Chemical Brothers: (2010), Don’t Think (2012), and Born in the Echoes (2015). In addition, the Chemical Brothers created the soundtrack for the 2011 thriller movie Hanna and wrote and performed the song “This Is Not a Game” for The Hunger Games: Mockingjay Part 1 (2014). For No Geography (2019), the duo won…

Bruce Springsteen: From Born to Run to Born in the U.S.A.: It was Born in the U.S.A. (1984) and his subsequent 18-month world tour that cinched Springsteen’s reputation as the preeminent writer-performer of his rock-and-roll period. The album produced seven hit singles, most notably the title track, a sympathetic portrayal of Vietnam War veterans widely misinterpreted as a…

Etheridge Knight: In Born of a Woman (1980)—a work that balances personal suffering with affirmation—he introduced the concept of the poet as a “meddler” who forms a trinity with the poem and the reader. Much of his verse was collected in The Essential Etheridge Knight (1986).

Oliver Stone: …of the Vietnam War with Born on the Fourth of July (1989). The film, based on the autobiography of Vietnam veteran Ron Kovic, chronicles the evolution of a young man, played by Tom Cruise, from patriotic soldier to paraplegic antiwar activist. Stone won an Academy Award for directing that movie…

Ron Kovic: Antiwar activism and Born on the Fourth of July: …year Kovic published his memoir, Born on the Fourth of July, which tells the story of his transformation from a patriotic soldier to an antiwar activist. A deeply personal and searingly honest book, it begins with an epigraph that Kovic also recited at the start of his speech at the…

Lady Gaga: Later albums: Lady Gaga’s third album, Born This Way (2011), found the entertainer reaching back to earlier musical eras for inspiration. As a blonde dance-pop performer with a penchant for provocation, Lady Gaga had often earned comparisons to the singer Madonna, and on the album’s first two singles the similarities were…

Nicholas Ray: Films of the early 1950s: …crusade), Ray directed the unremarkable Born to Be Bad (1950), the first of a number of films he made with Robert Ryan. In Flying Leathernecks (1951) Ryan played a bleeding-heart Marine officer who tries to persuade a hard-as-nails major (John Wayne) to lighten up on the recruits, and then in…

Ethan Hawke: …Chet Baker in the biopic Born to Be Blue (2015). His credits from 2016 included The Magnificent Seven, a remake of the 1960 classic western, and Maudie, about Canadian folk artist Maud Lewis. Hawke also was featured in the horror movies Daybreakers (2009), Sinister (2012), and The

heavy metal: …the lyrics of Steppenwolf’s “Born to be Wild” (1968), and by the early 1970s rock critics were using it to refer to a specific style of music.

Jet Li: …starred in Zhonghua Yingxiong (1986; Born to Defense), a commercial disappointment, but, for the first time, Li played a character in a period setting (the 1940s) who was defending the honour of China and its people from the insults of foreigners. He would return to this type of role often…

Lana Del Rey: Breakthrough: Video Games, Born to Die, and Paradise: …lead single for her album Born to Die, released in January 2012.

Robert Wise: Films of the mid- to late 1940s: Born to Kill (1947), though, was something special, a pitiless film noir in which tough-guy Lawrence Tierney played a sociopathic killer who tries to marry his way into respectability.

Bruce Springsteen: From Born to Run to Born in the U.S.A.: With his third album, Born to Run (1975), Springsteen transformed into a full-fledged rock and roller, heavily indebted to Phil Spector and Roy Orbison. The album, a diurnal song cycle, was a sensation even before it hit the shelves; indeed, the week of the album’s release, Columbia’s public relations…

Busby Berkeley: Later films: …Lady Be Good (1941), and Born to Sing (1942). For Me and My Gal (1942) was all his, with Gene Kelly and Garland as 1915 vaudeville performers. It was a hit, but there was friction between Berkeley and Garland. That tension and going over budget led to his removal from…

Joseph Boyden: Education and early writing career: …a collection of short stories, Born with a Tooth (2001). Not all are serious; there are some light-hearted tales of music making, socialising, gambling, and even the theatricality of professional wrestling. But the erosion of old patterns of existence and the skills that supported Aboriginal groups for millennia is a…

Born Yesterday, American romantic comedy film, released in 1950, in which Judy Holliday gave an Academy Award-winning performance in a role she had first made famous on Broadway. Born Yesterday, which was based on a play by Garson Kanin, featured Holliday as Billie Dawn, the dumb mistress of

Garson Kanin: Screenplays, theatrical work, and novels: …directed the Broadway production of Born Yesterday (1946–49), which he also wrote. Arguably his best-known play, the comedy centers on a millionaire who travels to Washington, D.C., in order to lobby senators. However, when he realizes that his unrefined mistress might be an embarrassment, he hires her a tutor. The…

Bertran De Born was a French soldier and celebrated medieval troubadour. Viscount of Hautefort and lord of vast domains, Bertran twice warred with his brother Constantin for sole possession of the family heritage. Their liege lord, Richard the Lion-Heart, Duke of Aquitaine, initially favoured

Max Born was a German physicist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1954 with Walther Bothe for his probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics. Born came from an upper-middle-class, assimilated, Jewish family. At first he was considered too frail to attend public school, so he was

chemical bonding: The Born-Haber cycle: The analysis of the formation of an ionic compound from its elements is commonly discussed in terms of a Born-Haber cycle, which breaks the overall process into a series of steps of known energy. The Born-Haber cycle for the formation of sodium…

chemical bonding: The quantum mechanics of bonding: The Born-Oppenheimer approximation, which was introduced by Max Born and J. Robert Oppenheimer in 1927, separates the motion of the electrons in a molecule from the motion of the nuclei. The separation is based on the fact that the nuclei are much heavier than the electrons…

Borna disease, a viral disease of warm-blooded animals, notably horses and sheep, characterized by inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. Named for a severe outbreak at Borna, near Leipzig, Ger., in 1894, it is transmitted by food and water contaminated by secretions of infected animals.

Heinrich Heine: Later life and works: …ill-advised book on the late Ludwig Börne (1786–1837), the leader of the German radicals in Paris, in which Heine attempted to defend his own more subtle stand against what he thought of as the shallowness of political activism; but the arrogance and ruthlessness of the book alienated all camps.

clouded leopard: diardi (also called the Bornean clouded leopard), found on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo, are thought to have diverged about 1.4 million years ago. The population of clouded leopards declined sharply in the latter half of the 20th century as a result of hunting and deforestation. They are…

biodiversity loss: Human-driven biodiversity loss: …as the Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), which could become extinct by the middle of the 21st century. Hunters killed 2,000–3,000 Bornean orangutans every year between 1971 and 2011, and the clearing of large areas of tropical forest in Indonesia and Malaysia for oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) cultivation became an…

Hungarian literature: Renaissance and Reformation: Péter Bornemisza, the first important Protestant writer in Hungary, gave an entrancing view of Hungarian life, teeming with fresh observations, vivid descriptions, and original comments. His volume Ördögi Kisértetekről (1578; “On the Temptations of the Devil”) offered an interesting consideration of moral and sexual problems…

Osa Johnson: (1932), Baboona (1935), and Borneo (1937), along with numerous short features. They also collaborated on several books: Cannibal-Land (1922), Camera Trails in Africa (1924), Lion (1929), Congorilla (1931), and Over African Jungles (1935). On her own Johnson wrote Jungle Babies (1930) and Jungle Pets (1932).

Borneo, island in the extreme southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. It is the third largest island in the world, surpassed in size by only Greenland and New Guinea. Borneo is situated southeast of the Malay Peninsula in the Greater Sunda Islands group of the Malay Archipelago. The island is

isoprenoid: Monoterpenes: …previously mentioned, as well as borneol, fenchyl alcohol, and the hydrocarbon camphene.

Gustave-Adolphe Thuret: In 1867 Thuret and Édouard Bornet determined the life cycle of the red alga Floridae. Thuret’s two important works, Études phycologiques (1878) and Notes algologiques (1876–80), were published posthumously.

Bornholm, Danish island in the Baltic Sea, 105 miles (169 km) southeast of Copenhagen and 22 miles (35 km) southeast of Sweden. Once a Viking stronghold, independent until the 10th century, it was controlled by Sweden and then, in the 16th century, by Lübeck (a German city of the Hanseatic League).

pleurodynia, viral (coxsackie B) epidemic disease with an incubation period of two to four days, marked by a brief fever, severe chest and lower back pain aggravated by deep breathing and movement, and a tendency to recur at intervals of a few days. The disease is usually self-limiting, terminating

Protestantism: Revivalism in the 19th century: …from the world, whereas the Bornholmers (as they later came to be called in Denmark because of a famous episode in evangelism on the island of Bornholm) wanted to declare salvation for the world. The movement had influence in Norway and Denmark and even in the United States.

bornite, a copper-ore mineral, copper and iron sulfide (Cu5FeS4). Typical occurrences are found in Mount Lyell, Tasmania; Chile; Peru; and Butte, Mont., U.S. Bornite, one of the common copper minerals, forms isometric crystals but is seldom found in these forms. It alters readily upon weathering to

Kanem-Bornu, African trading empire ruled by the Sef (Sayf) dynasty that controlled the area around Lake Chad from the 9th to the 19th century. Its territory at various times included what is now southern Chad, northern Cameroon, northeastern Nigeria, eastern Niger, and southern Libya. Kanem-Bornu

Borno, state, northeastern Nigeria. It is the central fragment of the old Bornu empire of the Kanuri people. Its name is said to mean “Home of the Berbers.” The territory became part of Northern Nigeria after the division of Bornu between the British and the French at the turn of the century and

Kanem-Bornu, African trading empire ruled by the Sef (Sayf) dynasty that controlled the area around Lake Chad from the 9th to the 19th century. Its territory at various times included what is now southern Chad, northern Cameroon, northeastern Nigeria, eastern Niger, and southern Libya. Kanem-Bornu

Borno, state, northeastern Nigeria. It is the central fragment of the old Bornu empire of the Kanuri people. Its name is said to mean “Home of the Berbers.” The territory became part of Northern Nigeria after the division of Bornu between the British and the French at the turn of the century and

Bornu, historical kingdom and emirate in northeastern Nigeria. Bornu was originally the southernmost province of the Kanem empire, an ancient kingdom that reached its peak in the 12th and 13th centuries. Toward the end of the 14th century the power of Kanem waned, and the empire shrank until little

Africa: Religions: …the Malinke, Hausa, Songhai, and Bornu—are Islamized, and the religion has also achieved substantial gains among such Guinea Coast people as the Yoruba of Nigeria and the Temne of Sierra Leone. Much conversion to Christianity also has occurred, most notably to Roman Catholicism and in the coastal regions of sub-Saharan…

Borobudur, massive Buddhist monument in central Java, Indonesia, 26 miles (42 km) northwest of Yogyakarta. The Borobudur monument combines the symbolic forms of the stupa (a Buddhist commemorative mound usually containing holy relics), the temple mountain (based on Mount Meru of Hindu mythology),

Aleksandr Borodin was a major Russian nationalist composer of the 19th century. He was also a notable scientist for his research on aldehydes. Borodin’s father was a Georgian prince and his mother an army doctor’s wife, and he was reared in comfortable circumstances. His gift for languages and

Aleksandr Borodin was a major Russian nationalist composer of the 19th century. He was also a notable scientist for his research on aldehydes. Borodin’s father was a Georgian prince and his mother an army doctor’s wife, and he was reared in comfortable circumstances. His gift for languages and

Mikhail Markovich Borodin was the chief Comintern agent in China in the 1920s, who built the loosely structured Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) of Sun Yat-sen into a highly centralized Leninist-style organization. Borodin joined the Bolshevik party in Russia in 1903. In 1906 he was arrested and

Battle of Borodino, (Sept. 7 [Aug. 26, Old Style], 1812), bloody battle of the Napoleonic Wars, fought during Napoleon’s invasion of Russia, about 70 miles (110 km) west of Moscow, near the river Moskva. It was fought between Napoleon’s 130,000 troops, with more than 500 guns, and 120,000 Russians

Tien Shan: Physiography: …to the north by the Borohoro Mountains, which have glaciers in the eastern part and are characterized by steeply sloping ridges. This range also gradually descends westward, where at an elevation of 6,801 feet (2,073 metres) lies the great undrained Lake Sayram. The Ili depression is bounded to the south…

Trailok: Trailok’s father, King Borommaracha II (1424–48), named him heir apparent in 1438, and even as a small boy he was named the king’s deputy in the important northern city of Phitsanulok. Though only an adolescent when he came to the throne, he proved to be an energetic leader…

Ramathibodi I: …by his Suphan Buri brother-in-law, Borommaraja I, who reigned for nine years before Ramesuan could regain the throne and restore Ramathibodi’s dynasty.

Trailok was the eighth king of Siam (Thailand; 1448–88), who established a centralized political and administrative system, the outlines of which lasted until the late 19th century. Trailok’s father, King Borommaracha II (1424–48), named him heir apparent in 1438, and even as a small boy he was

boron (B), chemical element, semimetal of main Group 13 (IIIa, or boron group) of the periodic table, essential to plant growth and of wide industrial application. atomic number 5 atomic weight [10.806, 10.821] melting point 2,200 °C (4,000 °F) boiling point 2,550 °C (4,620 °F) specific gravity