Len Deighton: In the suspense novel Bomber (1970), he treated a misdirected bombing mission of World War II. In 1972, with Close-Up, Deighton abandoned the suspense theme and chose instead to explore Hollywood’s film industry. He returned to the espionage genre in 1974 with Spy Story and a later series of…

Strategic Air Command: The so-called bomber gap resulted from faulty U.S. intelligence that mistakenly reported that Soviet bomber aircraft technology and production rates were superior to those of the U.S. That perception induced Eisenhower to order the immediate production of more bombers. As was later discovered, the bomber gap did…

Sir Arthur Travers Harris, 1st Baronet was a British air officer who initiated and directed the “saturation bombing” that the Royal Air Force inflicted on Germany during World War II. Harris was reared in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and educated in English public schools. He joined the 1st Rhodesian

Malcolm Gladwell: The Bomber Mafia: A Dream, a Temptation, and the Longest Night of the Second World War (2021) centres on the technology and events behind the firebombing of Tokyo on March 9–10, 1945, by the U.S. Army Air Forces.

Gerd Müller was a German professional football (soccer) player who was one of the greatest goal scorers of all time. He netted 68 goals in 62 career international matches, a remarkable 1.1 goals per contest. Müller was named European Footballer of the Year in 1970—he was the first German to win

Asher ben Jehiel: …its first issuance with the Bomberg Talmud in 1520 (a famous edition of the Talmud by the Flemish printer Daniel Bomberg).

biblical literature: Printed editions: …Felix Pratensis and published by Daniel Bomberg (Venice, 1516/17). The second edition, edited by Jacob ben Hayyim ibn Adonijah and issued by Bomberg in four volumes (Venice, 1524/25), became the prototype of future Hebrew Bibles down to the 20th century. It contained a vast text-critical apparatus of Masoretic notes never…

London Group: …Wadsworth, and the Cubist painter David Bomberg.

human digestive system: Bombesin: A peptide that is found in the intrinsic nerves of the gastrointestinal tract, bombesin stimulates the release of gastrin and pancreatic enzymes and causes contraction of the gallbladder. These functions may be secondary, however, to the release of cholecystokinin, a hormone secreted by the…

Enrico Bombieri is an Italian mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1974 for his work in number theory. Between 1979 and 1982, Bombieri served on the executive committee of the International Mathematical Union. Bombieri received a Ph.D. from the University of Milan in 1963. He held

mate: …metal straw, known as a bombilla or bomba in Spanish, that is fitted with a strainer at one end to keep leaf particles from the mouth. Each gourd holds only a small amount of liquid and is repeatedly refilled with hot water, usually about 10 times. Mate is often shared…

fire-bellied toad, (Bombina), small amphibian (family Bombinatoridae) characterized by bright orange markings on the undersides of its grayish body and limbs. The common fire-bellied toad (B. bombina) is a pond dweller about 5 centimetres (2 inches) long. When disturbed it raises its forearms and

fire-bellied toad: The common fire-bellied toad (B. bombina) is a pond dweller about 5 centimetres (2 inches) long. When disturbed it raises its forearms and arches its head and hind legs over its back. Resting on the lower part of its tautly curved abdomen, it freezes with the…

collective violence: Terrorism: Terrorist actions include bombing, assassination, kidnapping, hijacking, arson, torture, and mass murder. Terrorists tend to adopt the position that their political or ideological objectives justify the means they employ to achieve them, even if innocent people are harmed.

Korean War: Air warfare: Strategic bombing was at first limited by policy to attacks on North Korean cities and military installations—a campaign pursued until P’yŏngyang resembled Hiroshima or Tokyo in 1945. In 1952 the bombing of power plants and dams along the Yalu was authorized, and the following year approval…

Convention on Cluster Munitions: These submunitions—which can include bomblets (antimateriel weapons that utilize small parachutes to aid in guidance), grenades (antipersonnel weapons that detonate on or shortly after impact), or mines (area denial weapons that detonate in response to pressure or in the presence of a metal object)—are ejected from the dispensing ordnance…

Bombo, town located in south-central Uganda. Bombo is situated about 23 miles (37 km) north of Kampala and 58 miles (93 km) south of Nakasongola and is connected by road to both. Located in an agricultural region, it is a centre of trade for cotton, coffee, and bananas. Industries produce plywood

Al Jolson: …Paree (1911), Honeymoon Express (1913), Bombo (1921), and Big Boy (1925). In Sinbad (1918) he transformed an unsuccessful George Gershwin song, “Swanee,” into his trademark number. And in Bombo he introduced “My Mammy.” The same show included three Jolson favourites: “Toot, Toot, Tootsie,” “California, Here I Come,” and “April Showers.”…

Boca Juniors: …Cichero Stadium, which was renamed Alberto J. Armando Stadium in 2000 in honour of a former club president. Fans know it as La Bombonera (“the Chocolate Box”) because of its unusual structure, with curving, steeply banked stands on three sides and one underdeveloped stand on the final side. The ground…

Nicole Kidman: Resurgence and subsequent films: …that year Kidman starred in Bombshell, portraying Gretchen Carlson, a former host on Fox News who accused the channel’s president, Roger Ailes, of sexual harassment.

Jean Harlow: …Hold Your Man (1933), and Bombshell (1933) were all box office smashes. Red Dust was one of the best of the movies in which Harlow starred with Clark Gable; the two also headlined in Hold Your Man, China Seas (1935), and Wife vs. Secretary (1936). After the censorious Motion Picture…

military aircraft: Bombers: …that its highly secret Norden bombsight provided such accuracy that “a bomb could be placed in a pickle barrel from 20,000 feet.”

bumblebee, (genus Bombus), genus of over 250 species of large bees. Bumblebees occur over much of the world but are most common in temperate climates. They are absent from most of Africa and the lowlands of India and have been introduced to Australia and New Zealand to aid in the pollination of

coevolution: …bumblebees, such as those of Bombus terrestris, obtain nectar from the plant without picking up or dropping off pollen. They cheat by cutting through other parts of the plant instead of entering the flower.

bumblebee: The British species B. vestalis sometimes stings the nest-building Bombus queen to death. There are then no nest-building larvae produced to compete with the parasitic larvae for the attention of the workers.

lepidopteran: Annotated classification: Family Bombycidae (silkworm moths) 350 species worldwide except Europe; most common in Asian and New World tropics; includes the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori); related family: Eupterotidae. Family Saturniidae (giant silkworm moths) 1,480

waxwing, any of three species of birds belonging to the songbird family Bombycillidae (order Passeriformes). They are elegant-looking birds named for beads of shiny red material on the tips of the secondary wing feathers. All species are gray-brown, with tapering crest. The common, or Bohemian,

waxwing: The cedar waxwing (B. cedrorum), smaller and less colourful, breeds in Canada and the northern United States. Flocks of waxwings may invade city parks and gardens in winter, searching for berries.

waxwing: …common, or Bohemian, waxwing (Bombycilla garrulus) is 20 cm (8 inches) long and has yellow and white wing markings in addition to red. It breeds in northern forests of Eurasia and America and every few years irrupts far southward in winter. The cedar waxwing (B. cedrorum), smaller and less…

Bombycillidae, songbird family, order Passeriformes, that includes waxwings (see waxwing), the silky flycatchers (the best known of which is the phainopepla, Phainopepla nitens), and the little-known gray hypocolius of southwest Asia. The waxwing species are irregularly distributed across the

lepidopteran: Annotated classification: Superfamily Bombycoidea Approximately 3,400 species; adults large to very large; male antennae comblike in form. Family Bombycidae (silkworm moths) 350 species worldwide except Europe; most common in Asian and New World tropics; includes the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori); related family: Eupterotidae.

bee fly, any insect of the family Bombyliidae (order Diptera). Many resemble bees, and most have long proboscises (feeding organs) that are used to obtain nectar from flowers. Their metallic brown, black, or yellow colour is attributable to a covering of dense hair; in many species the body and

bee fly: The larvae of Bombylius major, the large bee fly of the Northern Hemisphere and one of the earliest to appear in spring, are parasitic on solitary bees. Larvae of several species of Villa destroy grasshopper eggs; others are parasitic on caterpillars. Anthrax anale is a parasite of tiger…

silkworm moth, (Bombyx mori), lepidopteran whose caterpillar has been used in silk production (sericulture) for thousands of years. Although native to China, the silkworm has been introduced throughout the world and has undergone complete domestication, with the species no longer being found in the

Nostratic hypothesis: …was proposed by the American Allan Bomhard.

Africa: Metallic deposits: …are in Liberia in the Bomi Hills, Bong and Nimba ranges, and Mano valley; in the extension into Guinea of the Nimba–Simandou ranges, where hematites have been located; in Nigeria and Mauritania, which have large deposits of low-grade ore; and in Gabon, where extensive reserves are present in the northeast.…

Tubmanburg, city, western Liberia, western Africa. Located in the Bomi Hills, a former iron-mining district, it was long associated with the Liberian Mining Company (LMC; a subsidiary of Republic Steel Corporation), which closed down mining operations in the late 1970s. The firm, the first in

Bomu River, river in Central Africa, headstream of the Ubangi River. The Bomu River rises 30 miles (50 km) northwest of Doruma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and flows 450 miles (725 km) west, forming, together with the Ubangi, the frontier between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the

mining: History: …than 40,000 years ago at Bomvu Ridge in the Ngwenya mountains, Swaziland, to mine ochre used in burial ceremonies and as body colouring.

Bon, indigenous religion of Tibet that, when absorbed by the Buddhist traditions introduced from India in the 8th century, gave Tibetan Buddhism much of its distinctive character. The original features of Bon seem to have been largely magic-related; they concerned the propitiation of demonic forces

Bon, one of the most popular annual festivals in Japan, observed July 13–15 (August 13–15 in some places), honouring the spirits of deceased family ancestors and of the dead generally. It is, along with the New Year festival, one of the two main occasions during the year when the dead are believed

Édouard Manet: Mature life and works of Édouard Manet: As a result Manet painted Le Bon Bock (1873; The Good Point), which achieved considerable success at the Salon exhibition of 1873.

pear: History and types: …widely grown pear variety is Williams’ Bon Chrétien, known in the United States as Bartlett. In the United States and Canada, varieties such as Beurré Bosc, Anjou, and Winter Nelis are grown. A highly popular variety in England and the Netherlands is Conference. Common Italian varieties include Curato, Coscia, and…

William Edmondstoune Aytoun: …Magazine, later published as the Bon Gaultier Ballads (1845). These papers include Aytoun’s parodies “The Queen in France,” based on “Sir Patrick Spens,” and “The Massacre of the Macpherson,” both of which were models for later writers, especially for W.S. Gilbert in the Bab Ballads (1869).

glam rock: …of such American groups as Bon Jovi, Mötley Crüe, and Poison. In the 1990s Marilyn Manson courted controversy with a brand of glam intended to shock conservative Americans.

Bon Marché, (French: “Good Buy”), department store in Paris, founded as a small shop in the early 19th century. By about 1865 it had become the world’s first true department store. In 1876 the shop was given a new building, with skylighted interior courts, designed by the engineer Alexandre-Gustave

Bon, one of the most popular annual festivals in Japan, observed July 13–15 (August 13–15 in some places), honouring the spirits of deceased family ancestors and of the dead generally. It is, along with the New Year festival, one of the two main occasions during the year when the dead are believed

Japanese music: Biwa, vocal, and folk music: …folk dances are the summer bon odori, traditionally performed in circles around a high platform (yagura) where the musicians or music recordings are located.

Luxembourg: Relief and soils: …as the Bon Pays, or Gutland (French and German: “Good Land”). This region has a more-varied topography and an average elevation of 800 feet (about 245 metres). The Bon Pays is much more densely populated than the Oesling and contains the capital city, Luxembourg, as well as smaller industrial cities…

Théophile Gautier was a poet, novelist, critic, and journalist whose influence was strongly felt in the period of changing sensibilities in French literature—from the early Romantic period to the aestheticism and naturalism of the end of the 19th century. Gautier lived most of his life in Paris. At

Sharīk Peninsula, peninsula of northeastern Tunisia, 20 miles (32 km) wide and protruding 50 miles (80 km) into the Mediterranean Sea between the Gulfs of Tunis and Hammamet. The ruins of the old Punic town of Kerkouane, which date from the 6th century bce, are located there. During World War II it

Gustave Le Bon was a French social psychologist best known for his study of the psychological characteristics of crowds. After receiving a doctorate of medicine, Le Bon traveled in Europe, North Africa, and Asia and wrote several books on anthropology and archaeology. His interests later shifted to

Annaba, town and Mediterranean port, northeastern Algeria. It lies near the mouth of the Wadi Seybouse, close to the Tunisian border. Its location on a natural harbour (Annaba Gulf) between Capes Garde and Rosa early attracted the Phoenicians, probably in the 12th century bce. It passed to the

Bona Dea, in Roman religion, deity of fruitfulness, both in the earth and in women. She was identified with various goddesses who had similar functions. The dedication day of her temple on the Aventine was celebrated May 1. Her temple was cared for and attended by women only, and the same was the

Alaskan mountains: Physiography of the southern ranges: …(3,700 metres); the highest is Mount Bona, 16,421 feet (5,005 metres), while Mount Wrangell (14,163 feet [4,317 metres]) is still steaming. The Wrangells are some of the most visually striking of the Alaskan mountains because of their rugged topography and perennial snow cover.

Bonacolsi Family, Italian family in despotic control of the cities of Mantua (1276–1328), Modena (1312–26), and Carpi (1317–26). The first member recorded in Mantua was Otolino de Bonacosa in 1168. His son Gandolfo became console in 1200, and his grandson Martino was rector (1233). The signoria

Seven Holy Founders: Bonfilius, Alexis Falconieri, John Bonagiunta, Benedict dell’Antella, Bartholomew Amidei, Gerard Sostegni, and Ricoverus Uguccione. Formally Ordo Fratrum Servorum Sanctae Mariae (“Order of Friar Servants of St. Mary”), the order is a Roman Catholic congregation of mendicant friars dedicated to apostolic work.

William of Ockham: Treatise to John XXII: …resided in Avignon, Ockham met Bonagratia of Bergamo, a doctor of civil and canon law who was being persecuted for his opposition to John XXII on the problem of Franciscan poverty. On Dec. 1, 1327, the Franciscan general Michael of Cesena arrived in Avignon and stayed at the same convent;…

Bonaire, island and special municipality within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, in the westernmost group of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea. It lies 50 miles (80 km) north of the Venezuelan coast and 20 miles (32 km) east of Curaçao. The capital is Kralendijk. The northern part is hilly,

Andrea da Firenze was a Florentine fresco painter whose considerable ability is demonstrated by his works in the church of Sta. Maria Novella in Florence. Andrea’s name appears in the register of the Arte dei Medici e degli Speziali guild in Florence. At the end of 1365 he was commissioned to

Louis-Gabriel-Ambroise, viscount de Bonald was a political philosopher and statesman who, with the French Roman Catholic thinker Joseph de Maistre, was a leading apologist for Legitimism, a position contrary to the values of the French Revolution and favouring monarchical and ecclesiastical

Bonampak, ancient Mayan city, situated on a tributary of the Usumacinta River, now in eastern Chiapas, Mexico. The site’s engraved and sculpted stelae (upright stones) and its detailed murals document the ritual life, war practices, and political dynamics of the Late Classic Period (c. 600–900 ce)

Mongolian languages: …the east; and Monguor (Tu), Bao’an (Bonan), and Santa (Dongxiang) in the south—were isolated from the main body of Mongolian languages when the tide of Mongol conquest receded. These languages diverged from the main group of Mongolian dialects and to this day retain archaic features characteristic of Middle Mongolian that…

gamelan: …knobbed-centre, kettle-shaped gongs of the bonang, placed flat. Percussive melodic instruments include the bonang, the xylophone (gambang kayu), and various metallophones (instruments with a series of tuned metal plates, either suspended over a resonance trough or on resonance tubes). A sustained melody is played either by the bamboo flute (suling)…

Bonanno crime family, New York City-based organized crime syndicate with roots dating back to the late 19th century in Sicily. The Bonanno crime family is considered one of New York City’s Five Families, along with the Gambino, Genovese, Lucchese, and Colombo organizations. Historically, organized

Bonanno crime family: …appointments before his death was Joseph Bonanno (“Joe Bananas”), a young battle commander and enforcer who served under him. When Maranzano died, Bonanno took charge of the family that later came to bear his name. He remained in power for more than 30 years. Under his leadership, the family’s criminal…

Bonanza, American television series that ran on NBC from 1959 to 1973. Bonanza’s 14 seasons and 440 episodes made it the second-longest-running western in broadcast history, after Gunsmoke. Bonanza, the first western broadcast in colour, recounted the story of the Cartwrights, a fictional family of

Bonanza Creek, stream in western Yukon, Canada, rising near Dawson and flowing 20 mi (32 km) northwest to the Klondike River. In it gold was found by George Washington Carmack on Aug. 17, 1896, setting off the gold rush of that year into the Klondike Valley. The creek, formerly called Rabbit Creek,

Fritz von Unruh: …Nazi dictatorship in his drama Bonaparte (1927) and continued to press his warnings in Berlin in Monte Carlo (1931) and Zero (1932).

Bonaparte Family, a family made famous by Napoleon I, emperor of the French (1804–1814/15). The French form Bonaparte was not commonly used, even by Napoleon, until after the spring of 1796. The original name was Buonaparte, which was borne in the early Middle Ages by several distinct families in

Ugo Foscolo: …Napoleon, proclaimed in his ode A Bonaparte liberatore (1797; “To Bonaparte the Liberator”), quickly turned to disillusionment when Napoleon ceded Venetia to Austria in the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797). Foscolo’s very popular novel Ultime lettere di Jacopo Ortis (1802; The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis, 1970) contains a bitter…

Antoine-Jean Gros: …in his first major work, Napoleon on the Bridge at Arcole (1796). Napoleon bestowed on him the rank of inspecteur aux revues. He accompanied Napoleon on his campaigns and also helped select works of art from Italy for the Louvre.

Eroica Symphony, symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven, known as the Eroica Symphony for its supposed heroic nature. The work premiered in Vienna on April 7, 1805, and was grander and more dramatic than customary for symphonies at the time. It was Beethoven’s largest solely instrumental work. It has

ermine, (Mustela erminea), northern weasel species in the genus Mustela, family Mustelidae. The species is called ermine especially during its winter white colour phase. The animal’s pelt was used historically in royal robes in Europe, and the term ermine also refers to the animal’s white coat,

gull: Bonaparte’s gull (L. philadelphia), of North America, has a black head and bill, a gray mantle, and pinkish to reddish legs. It builds a stick nest in trees and hunts for insects over ponds. In the winter it may plunge into the sea for fish.…

Caroline Bonaparte was the queen of Naples (1808–15), Napoleon’s youngest sister and the wife (1800) of Joachim Murat. As a result of her ambitious and intriguing nature, her husband became governor of Paris, marshal of France (1804), grand duke of Berg and of Cleves (1806), lieutenant of the

Charles Joseph Bonaparte was a lawyer and grandson of Jérôme Bonaparte, youngest brother of Napoleon; he became one of President Theodore Roosevelt’s chief “trust-busters” as U.S. attorney general. After graduating from Harvard Law School (1872), Bonaparte began the practice of law in Baltimore in

Napoleon III was the nephew of Napoleon I, president of the Second Republic of France (1850–52), and then emperor of the French (1852–70). He gave his country two decades of prosperity under a stable, authoritarian government but finally led it to defeat in the Franco-German War (1870–71). He was

Charles-Lucien Bonaparte, prince di Canino e di Musignano was a scientist and the eldest son of Napoleon I’s second surviving brother Lucien. His publication of American Ornithology, 4 vol. (1825–33), established his scientific reputation. In 1848–49, when he took part in the political agitation

Élisa Bonaparte was Napoleon I’s eldest sister to survive infancy. She was married on May 1, 1797, to Félix Baciocchi, a member of a Corsican noble family. Napoleon gave her the principality of Piombino in March 1805 and the principality of Lucca in the following June and finally, in March 1809,

Elizabeth Patterson Bonaparte was one of America’s first international celebrities, known for her fashionable clothing, witty remarks, fierce independence, and ties to the Bonapartes of France. She was married briefly to Jérôme Bonaparte, king of Westphalia and youngest brother of Napoleon I.

Jérôme Bonaparte was Napoleon I’s youngest brother, who became king of Westphalia and marshal of France. It was through Jérôme that the Bonaparte line extended into the United States; his eldest son, Jerome, grew up in Maryland with his American mother. The Bonaparte family had endured poverty and

Joseph Bonaparte was a lawyer, diplomat, soldier, and Napoleon I’s eldest surviving brother, who was successively king of Naples (1806–08) and king of Spain (1808–13). Like his brothers, Joseph embraced the French republican cause and, with the victory of Corsican patriot Pasquale Paoli, was forced

Joséphine was the consort of Napoleon Bonaparte and empress of the French. Joséphine, the eldest daughter of Joseph Tascher de La Pagerie, an impoverished aristocrat who had a commission in the navy, lived the first 15 years of her life on the island of Martinique. In 1779 she married a rich young

Louis Bonaparte was a French prince imperial, the only son of Napoleon III by Empress Eugénie. He was a delicate boy, but when the Franco-German War of 1870 broke out his mother sent him to the army. After the first defeats he had to flee from France with the Empress and settled in England at

Louis Bonaparte was a French soldier and Napoleon I’s third surviving brother. As king of Holland (1806–10), he guarded the welfare of his subjects. His unwillingness to join the Continental System brought him into conflict with the emperor. After attending military school at Châlons, France, Louis

Louis-Lucien Bonaparte was a philologist, politician, and the third son of Napoleon’s second surviving brother, Lucien Bonaparte. He passed his youth in Italy and did not go to France until 1848, when he served two brief terms in the Assembly as representative for Corsica (1848) and for the Seine

Lucien Bonaparte was Napoleon I’s second surviving brother who, as president of the Council of Five Hundred at Saint-Cloud, was responsible for Napoleon’s election as consul on 19 Brumaire (Nov. 10, 1799). Educated in France, Lucien returned to Corsica in 1789 and became an outspoken speaker in the

Élisa Bonaparte was Napoleon I’s eldest sister to survive infancy. She was married on May 1, 1797, to Félix Baciocchi, a member of a Corsican noble family. Napoleon gave her the principality of Piombino in March 1805 and the principality of Lucca in the following June and finally, in March 1809,

Caroline Bonaparte was the queen of Naples (1808–15), Napoleon’s youngest sister and the wife (1800) of Joachim Murat. As a result of her ambitious and intriguing nature, her husband became governor of Paris, marshal of France (1804), grand duke of Berg and of Cleves (1806), lieutenant of the

Pauline Bonaparte was the second sister of Napoleon to survive infancy, and was the gayest and most beautiful of his sisters. She married Gen. C.V.E. Leclerc (1772–1802), a staff officer of Napoleon, in 1797 and accompanied him to San Domingo. When Leclerc died of yellow fever she returned to

Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve: The Causeries du lundi period of Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve: …Napoleon III’s cousin, the princess Mathilde, somewhat of a literary centre itself, though less formal in style than had been the salon of Mme Récamier until 1848.

Napoleon I was a French general, first consul (1799–1804), and emperor of the French (1804–1814/15), one of the most celebrated personages in the history of the West. He revolutionized military organization and training; sponsored the Napoleonic Code, the prototype of later civil-law codes;

Louis Bonaparte was a French prince imperial, the only son of Napoleon III by Empress Eugénie. He was a delicate boy, but when the Franco-German War of 1870 broke out his mother sent him to the army. After the first defeats he had to flee from France with the Empress and settled in England at

Napoléon-François-Charles-Joseph Bonaparte, duke von Reichstadt , duke von Reichstadt was the only son of Emperor Napoleon I and Empress Marie-Louise; at birth he was styled king of Rome. Three years after his birth, the French empire to which he was heir collapsed, and he was taken by the empress

Napoléon-Joseph-Charles-Paul Bonaparte was the youngest son of Jérôme Bonaparte, Napoleon I’s youngest brother, and his second wife, Catherine of Württemberg. In 1852 he was named heir presumptive to the throne of the Second Empire. After the French Revolution of 1848, he was elected to the

Rome: Churches and palaces: …in the Palazzo Bonaparte, now Palazzo Misciatelli. Across the way is the Palazzo Salviati, built by the duc de Nevers in the 17th century and owned in the 19th by Louis Bonaparte. The Palazzo Doria Pamphilj is a late 15th-century building behind a 1734 facade. It contains an art gallery,…

Pauline Bonaparte was the second sister of Napoleon to survive infancy, and was the gayest and most beautiful of his sisters. She married Gen. C.V.E. Leclerc (1772–1802), a staff officer of Napoleon, in 1797 and accompanied him to San Domingo. When Leclerc died of yellow fever she returned to

Pierre-Napoléon Bonaparte was a French prince (after 1851) and son of Napoleon I’s brother Lucien Bonaparte. A self-proclaimed republican after 1848 and deputy for Corsica, Bonaparte was reconciled to his cousin Napoleon III after the latter’s coup d’etat in 1851. With this the republicans

Bonapartist, any of the 19th-century supporters of Napoleon I and Napoleon III and of their political theories and policies. The Bonapartist party advanced the claims of the Bonaparte family throughout the century and, though never completely united, believed in an autocratic government run with