Nicolas Boileau was a poet and leading literary critic in his day, known for his influence in upholding Classical standards in both French and English literature. He was the son of a government official who had started life as a clerk. Boileau made good progress at the Collège d’Harcourt and was

Nicolas Boileau was a poet and leading literary critic in his day, known for his influence in upholding Classical standards in both French and English literature. He was the son of a government official who had started life as a clerk. Boileau made good progress at the Collège d’Harcourt and was

custard: >Boiled custard may omit the white of the egg. It is cooked slowly over hot water until it reaches the consistency of thick cream. Also called crème anglaise, boiled custard may be used as a sauce with fruits and pastries or incorporated into desserts such…

flaxseed: …linseed oil are raw, refined, boiled, and blown. Raw oil is the slowest-drying. Refined oil is raw oil with the free fatty acids, gums, and other extraneous materials removed. The boiled and blown grades dry most quickly and form the hardest films. After the oil has been removed from flaxseed…

boiler, apparatus designed to convert a liquid to vapour. In a conventional steam power plant, a boiler consists of a furnace in which fuel is burned, surfaces to transmit heat from the combustion products to the water, and a space where steam can form and collect. A conventional boiler has a

insurance: Miscellaneous insurance: Boiler and machinery insurance has several distinctive features. A substantial portion of the premium collected is used for inspection services rather than loss protection. Second, the boiler policy provides that its coverage will be in excess of any other applicable insurance. In this sense, it…

James Jackson Jeffries was an American boxer who was the world heavyweight champion from June 9, 1899, when he knocked out Bob Fitzsimmons in 11 rounds at Coney Island, New York City, until 1905, when he retired undefeated. Among his six successful title defenses were two knockouts of former

boiling, the cooking of food by immersion in water that has been heated to near its boiling point (212 °F [100 °C] at sea level; at higher altitudes water boils at lower temperatures, the decrease in boiling temperature being approximately one degree Celsius for each 1,000 feet [300 metres]).

boiling, in the history of punishment, a method of execution commonly involving a large container of heated liquid such as water, oil, molten lead, wax, tallow, or wine, into which a convicted prisoner was placed until he died. During the reign of the Roman emperor Nero, thousands of Christians

soap and detergent: Boiling process: Still widely used by small and medium-sized producers is the classical boiling process. Its object is to produce neat soap in purified condition, free from glycerin. Neat soap is the starting material for making bars, flakes, beads, and powders. The boiling process is…

geyser: …that has been confining near-boiling water in deep, narrow conduits beneath a geyser. As steam or gas bubbles begin to form in the conduit, hot water spills from the vent of the geyser, and the pressure is lowered on the water column below. Water at depth then exceeds its…

Dominica: Relief, drainage, and soils: In the south, Boiling Lake lies 2,300 feet (700 metres) above sea level; its waters are often forced 3 feet (1 metre) above normal by the pressure of escaping gases. The island has rich alluvial and volcanic soils. There are numerous rivers, all of them unnavigable. A range…

boiling point, temperature at which the pressure exerted by the surroundings upon a liquid is equaled by the pressure exerted by the vapour of the liquid; under this condition, addition of heat results in the transformation of the liquid into its vapour without raising the temperature. At any

Rutherford, borough (town), Bergen county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. It lies 7 miles (11 km) southeast of Paterson, near the Passaic River. Laid out in 1862, the settlement was originally known as Boiling Springs. In 1875 it was renamed to honour John Rutherfurd, a U.S. senator from New Jersey

nuclear reactor: PWRs and BWRs: …pressurized-water reactor (PWR) and the boiling-water reactor (BWR). In the PWR, water at high pressure and temperature removes heat from the core and is transported to a steam generator. There the heat from the primary loop is transferred to a lower-pressure secondary loop also containing water. The water in the…

Louis-Léopold Boilly was a prolific painter known for his genre scenes of Parisian life and society during the Revolution and the French Empire. He is also noted for his pioneering use of lithography. Boilly, the son of a wood-carver, painted portraits for a living before moving to Paris in 1785.

Boina, short-lived kingdom of the Sakalava people in western Madagascar. The Sakalava, who originated in southern Madagascar, migrated up the west coast in the mid-17th century under the leadership of Andriandahifotsy. When he died, one of his sons succeeded to the rule of southwestern Madagascar

boa: …are divided into two subfamilies, Boinae and Erycinae. Boinae includes the boa constrictor (Boa constrictor), tree boas (genus Corallus), and anacondas (genus Eunectes) of the American tropics; two other genera are found on Madagascar and islands of the southwestern Pacific. Members of Boinae range from 1 metre (3.3 feet) long…

Johann Christian, baron von Boyneburg was a German statesman and man of learning who worked for a balance of power between the Habsburg emperor and the other German princes and for a solution of the Roman Catholic–Lutheran–Calvinist conflict. Brought up as a Lutheran, Boyneburg studied at Jena

Paul Sérusier: Formally called Landscape at the Bois d’Amour at Pont-Aven (1888), it was known to the Nabis as The Talisman, and it is considered the first Nabi painting. Although by the summer of 1889 Sérusier’s enthusiasm for Gauguin’s work had begun to subside, he joined Gauguin at Pont-Aven…

Osage orange, (Maclura pomifera), thorny tree or shrub native to the south-central United States, the only species of its genus in the family Moraceae. The Osage orange is often trained as a hedge; when planted in rows along a boundary, it forms an effective spiny barrier. The tree also serves as a

Bois de Boulogne, Park, west of Paris, France. In a loop of the Seine River, it was once a forest and a royal hunting preserve. It was acquired by the city of Paris in 1852 and transformed into a recreational area. It occupies 2,155 acres (873 hectares) and contains the famous racetracks of

Gerhard Dagly: …creating small lacquered boxes called bois de Spa. Dagly worked there for a time, but little else is known of his early life.

Paris: City site: … to the west and the Bois de Vincennes to the east. Moreover, during his reign a large area of land was laid out in promenades and garden squares. Under Mayor Jacques Chirac in the late 20th century, the municipal government initiated efforts to create new parks, and such projects continued…

Franciscus Sylvius was a physician, physiologist, anatomist, and chemist who is considered the founder of the 17th-century iatrochemical school of medicine, which held that all phenomena of life and disease are based on chemical action. His studies helped shift medical emphasis from mystical

Franciscus Sylvius was a physician, physiologist, anatomist, and chemist who is considered the founder of the 17th-century iatrochemical school of medicine, which held that all phenomena of life and disease are based on chemical action. His studies helped shift medical emphasis from mystical

W.E.B. Du Bois was an American sociologist, historian, author, editor, and activist who was the most important Black protest leader in the United States during the first half of the 20th century. He shared in the creation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in

William Pène du Bois was an American author and illustrator of children’s books noted for his comic coterie of peculiar characters. In 1948, he was awarded the Newbery Medal for The Twenty-One Balloons (1947). Born into a family of artists, du Bois studied art in France and published books for

’s-Hertogenbosch, gemeente (municipality), south-central Netherlands. It is situated where the Dommel and Aa rivers join to form the Dieze and lies along the Zuidwillemsvaart (canal). Chartered in 1185 by Henry I, duke of Brabant, who had a hunting lodge nearby (hence the name, meaning “the duke’s

Emil Heinrich Du Bois-Reymond was the German founder of modern electrophysiology, known for his research on electrical activity in nerve and muscle fibres. Working at the University of Berlin (1836–96) under Johannes Müller, whom he later succeeded as professor of physiology (1858), Du Bois-Reymond

Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran was a French chemist who developed improved spectroscopic techniques for chemical analysis and discovered the elements gallium (1875), samarium (1880), and dysprosium (1886). In 1858 Lecoq de Boisbaudran began working in the family wine business, though he pursued

Pauline Marois: …the resignation of PQ leader André Boisclair—prompted by very poor results for the party in the 2007 election—Marois returned and, running unopposed, was chosen party chief.

Boise, capital and largest city of Idaho, U.S., and the seat (1864) of Ada county. It lies along the Boise River in the southwestern part of the state. Because mountains to the north protect it from Canadian blizzards, Boise has relatively mild winters, as well as hot, dry summers. Boise was named

Boise State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Boise, Idaho, U.S. The university comprises eight colleges, including the Larry G. Selland College of Applied Technology, which provides applied science degrees in fields such as information technology, horticulture,

Boise National Forest, large area of evergreen coniferous forest in southwestern Idaho, U.S., located north and east of Boise. Established in 1908, it has an area of about 4,080 square miles (10,570 square km). Portions of both Frank Church–River of No Return Wilderness and Sawtooth Wilderness Area

Boise River, watercourse, southwestern Idaho, U.S., formed by the confluence of the Middle Fork and North Fork branches, southeast of Idaho City in Boise National Forest. It flows generally westward through Arrowrock and Lucky Peak reservoirs and through the city of Boise to join the Snake River at

Boise State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Boise, Idaho, U.S. The university comprises eight colleges, including the Larry G. Selland College of Applied Technology, which provides applied science degrees in fields such as information technology, horticulture,

wainscot: …French equivalent for wainscot is boiserie. The latter term’s use is generally reserved, however, for the profusely decorated paneling, often carved in low relief, of the 17th and 18th centuries in France. Boiserie commonly covers the wall up to the ceiling and may also be painted, gilded, or, in some…

Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguillebert was a French economist who was a precursor of the Physiocrats and an advocate of economic and fiscal reforms for France during the reign of Louis XIV. Boisguillebert was opposed to the economic policy of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, finance minister to Louis XIV,

Joseph Bodin de Boismortier was a prolific French composer of instrumental and vocal music. He spent his late childhood and early adult years in Metz and Perpignan, France, then moved to Paris about 1723. In 1724 he secured a royal privilege as engraver and began publishing his music; by 1747 he

François Le Métel, seigneur de Boisrobert was a prolific French dramatist, irreligious churchman, and founding member of the French Academy. A Norman Huguenot lawyer’s son, he became a Catholic in the 1620s and began to take holy orders. His wit and effrontery won him the favour of Cardinal de

Cologne Cathedral: …the 1820s, spurred on by Sulpiz Boisserée, a German proponent of the Gothic Revival movement. In 1842 a new cornerstone was laid by King Frederick William IV of Prussia, and work to complete the cathedral resumed in earnest. The architects Ernst Friedrich Zwirner and Richard Voigtel carried out the enterprise,…

Japanese Civil Code: …work of a French jurist, Gustave-Emil Boissonade, who also had written the criminal and penal codes of 1882. Opponents argued that, if the civil code were to be based upon French law, then Japanese lawyers trained in the French system would have an advantage over those trained in the English.…

enamel miniature: The Swedish-born Charles Boit produced works in this medium in London for William III and Queen Anne. The German-born Christian Friedrich Zincke painted most of the English celebrities of the mid-18th century in enamels of remarkably even quality. The widespread European popularity of the miniature portrait painted…

Odisha: Festivals: …state is the ceremony of Boita-Bandana (worshipping of boats) in October or November (the date is set to the Hindu calendar). For five consecutive days before the full moon, people gather near riverbanks or the seashore and float miniature boats in remembrance of their ancestors who once sailed to faraway…

Lisbon: The Age of Discovery: …was begun in 1502 by Diogo de Boytac (Boitaca), an architect of French origin, and was not finished until the end of the century. Four other architects worked on the project, their styles passing from the Gothic through the Renaissance to the Baroque. Smoothed by time, the ensemble is harmonious…

Brian Boitano is an American figure skater who won multiple U.S. national and world titles as well as an Olympic gold medal. He was also the inventor of the jump called the tano lutz. (Read Scott Hamilton’s Britannica entry on figure skating.) Boitano began skating at age eight. Shortly after that,

Ahmed Sefrioui: In his first novel, La Boîte à merveilles (1954; “The Box of Wonders”), Sefrioui recalls his youth in this older, picturesque culture, “embalming” his past rather than glorifying it. A second novel, La Maison de servitude (1973; “The House of Servitude”), deals with the conflict raised by the demands…

lacquerwork: Europe: Small lacquered boxes called Boîte de Spa became a specialty of that Belgian town and the nearby centres of Liège and Aachen, where a member of the Dagly family was active.

Marcel Duchamp: Farewell to art: …War II he assembled his Boîte-en-valise, a suitcase containing 68 small-scale reproductions of his works. When the Nazis occupied France, he smuggled his material across the border in the course of several trips. Eventually he carried it to New York City, where he joined a number of the Surrealists in…

Arrigo Boito was an Italian poet and composer acclaimed for his opera Mefistofele (1868; for which he composed both libretto and music) and his librettos after William Shakespeare for Giuseppe Verdi’s Otello (1887) and Falstaff (1893). The son of an Italian painter of miniatures and a Polish

Arrigo Boito was an Italian poet and composer acclaimed for his opera Mefistofele (1868; for which he composed both libretto and music) and his librettos after William Shakespeare for Giuseppe Verdi’s Otello (1887) and Falstaff (1893). The son of an Italian painter of miniatures and a Polish

Neoclassical art: France: Other contemporary sculptors included Louis-Simon Boizot and Étienne-Maurice Falconet, who was director of sculpture at the Sèvres factory. The slightly younger generation included the sculptors Joseph Chinard, Joseph-Charles Marin, Antoine-Denis Chaudet, and Baron François-Joseph Bosio. The early sculpture of Ingres’s

Keegan-Michael Key: Career: …in the animated sitcom series BoJack Horseman (2014–15). He also played supporting roles in the films Let’s Be Cops (2014), Horrible Bosses 2 (2014), and Pitch Perfect 2 (2015). Key and Peele won an Emmy Award for outstanding variety sketch series in 2016. That same year Key and Peele starred…

Cape Bojador, extension of the West African coast into the Atlantic Ocean, now part of Western Sahara. Located on a dangerous reef-lined stretch of the coast, its Arabic name, Abū Khaṭar, means “the father of danger.” Early European navigators called it “the point of no return” until it was first

Lake Scutari: The Bojana River flows out at the lake’s southern end to the Adriatic. Around the lakeshore are many small villages that are noted for their old monasteries and fortresses. The Albanian town of Shkodër (Skadar) is at the southern end of the lake.

Bill Robinson was an American dancer of Broadway and Hollywood, best known for his dancing roles with Shirley Temple in films of the 1930s. Robinson’s parents having died when he was a child, he was raised by a grandmother and received little formal schooling. He began dancing for pennies at the

Mother Teresa ; canonized September 4, 2016; feast day September 5) was the founder of the Order of the Missionaries of Charity, a Roman Catholic congregation of women dedicated to the poor, particularly to the destitute of India. She was the recipient of numerous honours, including the 1979 Nobel

Johan Bojer was a Norwegian novelist, internationally popular in the 1920s because his works dramatized topical problems of the day. He is best remembered in his own country for novels depicting folk life in the fishing-farming communities of the Lofoten Islands: Den siste viking (1921; Last of the

Khalid Sheikh Mohammed: …his participation in the so-called Bojinka Plot, a deadly and wildly ambitious plan concocted by Mohammed’s nephew, Ramzi Yousef. The conspirators, based in Manila, aimed to blow up 11 U.S.-bound transpacific airliners with virtually undetectable bombs. Other elements of the plot involved attacks on Pope John Paul II, U.S. Pres.…

Khalid Sheikh Mohammed: …his participation in the so-called Bojinka Plot, a deadly and wildly ambitious plan concocted by Mohammed’s nephew, Ramzi Yousef. The conspirators, based in Manila, aimed to blow up 11 U.S.-bound transpacific airliners with virtually undetectable bombs. Other elements of the plot involved attacks on Pope John Paul II, U.S. Pres.…

World War I: Caporetto: …two Austrian armies, under General Svetozar Borojević von Bojna, attacked the eastern end of the Italians’ Venetian salient on the Bainsizza Plateau and on the low ground near the Adriatic shore, the German 14th Army, comprising the six German divisions and nine Austrian ones under Otto von Below, with Konrad…

Bojnūrd, city, capital of North Khorāsān province, northeastern Iran. The precise date and circumstances of Bojnūrd’s founding are unknown, but it is generally believed that the city’s first settlements were established sometime during the Ṣafavid era (1502–1736). No structures from that period

Bojo Guksa was a Buddhist priest who founded the Chogye-jong (Chogye Sect), now one of the largest Buddhist sects in Korea. It is derived from Ch’an, the Chinese form of Buddhism, known as Sŏn in Korea and as Zen in Japan. Bojo became a Buddhist follower at the age of eight and entered the

bok choy, (Brassica rapa), member of the mustard family (Brassicaceae) that is a variety (chinensis) of Brassica rapa. Bok choy belongs to a family of plants that includes other vegetables popular in Asian cookery such as mustard greens and Chinese leaves (also known as Chinese cabbage and Napa

Milky Way Galaxy: Dust clouds: …dust clouds are the so-called Bok globules, named after the Dutch American astronomer Bart J. Bok; these objects are about one light-year across and have masses of 1–20 solar masses.

Lake Wales: …a peaceful setting for the Bok Singing Tower, 205 feet (62 metres) high, which contains a carillon of 57 bells. The Audubon Center is 6 miles (10 km) south, and Lake Kissimmee State Park is about 15 miles (25 km) east. A Mardi Gras celebration is held annually before the…

Lake Wales: Bok Tower Gardens was established in 1929 on nearby Iron Mountain (295 feet [90 metres], the highest point in peninsular Florida) by Edward W. Bok, Pulitzer Prize winner (1921) and editor of the Ladies’ Home Journal. The gardens, famed for their plant and animal life,…

Bart J. Bok was a Dutch-born American astronomer known for his work on the structure and evolution of the Milky Way Galaxy and for his study of “Bok globules,” small dark clouds observable against the background of bright nebulae. Bok suggested that these globules may be condensed clouds of

Bart J. Bok was a Dutch-born American astronomer known for his work on the structure and evolution of the Milky Way Galaxy and for his study of “Bok globules,” small dark clouds observable against the background of bright nebulae. Bok suggested that these globules may be condensed clouds of

Canadian literature: Poetry and poetics: 1999; The Weather, 2001) and Christian Bök (Eunoia, 2001). In Sheep’s Vigil by a Fervent Person (2001) and Little Theatres; or, Aturuxos Calados (2005), Erin Mouré offers inventive translations of Portuguese and Galician authors as she explores ideas of local and global citizenship and community.

Edward Bok was an innovative American editor in the field of periodical journalism for women; during his 30-year stewardship of the Ladies’ Home Journal (1889–1919), he effected important reforms and helped shape contemporary American culture. Growing up in a poor immigrant family in Brooklyn, New

Edward Bok was an innovative American editor in the field of periodical journalism for women; during his 30-year stewardship of the Ladies’ Home Journal (1889–1919), he effected important reforms and helped shape contemporary American culture. Growing up in a poor immigrant family in Brooklyn, New

Gulf of Kotor, winding, fjordlike inlet of the Adriatic coast, Montenegro. A fine natural harbour, it comprises four bays linked by narrow straits. The stark mountains around the bay slope steeply to a narrow shoreline on which citrus fruits and subtropical plants grow and tourist facilities have

Gulf of Kotor: …the Middle Ages a “Boka Navy” was created with ships from the town of Kotor and other gulf ports; initially a trading guild, it became involved in naval battles and campaigns against pirates until the 19th century.

Bokaro, city and metropolitan area, eastern Jharkhand state, northeastern India. It lies along the Damodar River, just west of one of India’s largest iron and steel plants. Construction of the steelworks began in 1968, and the first blast furnace was inaugurated in 1972. The plant was built with

Bokaro, city and metropolitan area, eastern Jharkhand state, northeastern India. It lies along the Damodar River, just west of one of India’s largest iron and steel plants. Construction of the steelworks began in 1968, and the first blast furnace was inaugurated in 1972. The plant was built with

Jean-Bédel Bokassa was an African military leader who was president of the Central African Republic (1966–76) and self-styled emperor of the Central African Empire (1976–79). The son of a village headman, Bokassa attended local mission schools before joining the French army in 1939. He

Jean-Bédel Bokassa was an African military leader who was president of the Central African Republic (1966–76) and self-styled emperor of the Central African Empire (1976–79). The son of a village headman, Bokassa attended local mission schools before joining the French army in 1939. He

Boké, town and port located in western Guinea. It lies along the Nuñez River, near the Atlantic coast. The country’s most important bauxite-producing area lies north of Sangarédi, 50 miles (80 km) east-northeast of Boké, where an international consortium began to exploit bauxite in 1973. Once a

John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners: …translation of the French romance The Boke Huon de Bordeuxe, which introduces Oberon, king of the fairies, into English literature, is almost as successful as his translation of Froissart. Near the end of his life, he translated into English prose two of the newly fashionable courtesy books: The Castell of…

Sir Thomas Elyot: In 1531 he published The Boke Named the Governour, dedicated to the king, and that autumn went as the king’s envoy to the court of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V.

Saint Albans: One of his books, The Boke of St. Albans, contains the earliest example of colour printing in England. Printing and other light industries such as electrical engineering and the manufacture of musical instruments are still important, but services (including tourism) now constitute much of the local economic activity.

sweating sickness: His account, A Boke or Counseill Against the Disease Commonly Called the Sweate, or Sweatyng Sicknesse (1552), is the main historical source of knowledge of the extraordinary disease.

Osbern Bokenam was an English poet and friar best known as the author of a verse collection entitled Legends of Holy Women. Little is known of Bokenam’s life. He traveled often to Italy, living for several years in Venice and later making pilgrimages to Rome and other cities. He made his home,

Osbern Bokenam was an English poet and friar best known as the author of a verse collection entitled Legends of Holy Women. Little is known of Bokenam’s life. He traveled often to Italy, living for several years in Venice and later making pilgrimages to Rome and other cities. He made his home,

Kazakhstan: Cultural life: Baytūrsyn-ulï, along with Aliqan Nūrmuhambet Bokeyqan-ulï, Mir Jaqib Duwlat-ulï, and, later, Maghjan Jumabay-ulï, represented the cream of Kazakh modernism in literature, publishing, and cultural politics in the reformist decades before Sovietization set in after 1920. All these figures disappeared into Soviet prisons and never returned, as a result…

Bukhara, city, south-central Uzbekistan, located about 140 miles (225 km) west of Samarkand. The city lies on the Shakhrud Canal in the delta of the Zeravshan River, at the centre of Bukhara oasis. Founded not later than the 1st century ce (and possibly as early as the 3rd or 4th century bce),

Buxoro, oblast (province), central Uzbekistan. The oblast was constituted in 1938, but in 1982 much of its territory in the north and east was transferred to a newly formed Navoi oblast. Buxoro oblast mainly comprises the Kimirekkum Desert, with the lower reaches of the Zeravshan River in the

Bukhara rug, name erroneously given to floor coverings made by various Turkmen tribes. The city of Bukhara, Uzbekistan, became prominent as a seat of Islamic scholarship in the early medieval period. During the first half of the 20th century its name was applied to rugs of various Turkmen tribes,

Elijah Bokher Levita was a German-born Jewish grammarian whose writings and teaching furthered the study of Hebrew in European Christendom at a time of widespread hostility toward the Jews. Levita went to Italy early in life and in 1504 settled at Padua. There he wrote a manual of Hebrew (1508)

Bokhtar, city, southwestern Tajikistan. It lies in the Vakhsh River valley, 62 miles (100 km) south of Dushanbe. Bokhtar has existed since the 17th century. It is on the railway line between Dushanbe and Kŭlob. The city has food-processing plants, clothing manufacturers, an electrical-transformer

Africa: The Paleozoic Era: …they also occur in the Bokkeveld Series of South Africa. Fossilized plants that include Archaeosigillaria (ancient club mosses) may be traced in formations of the earlier Devonian Period in the Sahara and in South Africa (Witteberg Series).

macaque: Species: Another close relative is the bokkoi (M. pagensis), found only on the Mentawai Islands of Indonesia.

ski jumping: …the mid-1980s, however, Swedish jumper Jan Boklöv demonstrated a new technique that provided even more lift: the V style. This position is achieved by pointing the tips of the skis outward in opposite directions to create a V shape. After initially being ridiculed for his nontraditional style, Boklöv was later…

Bokmål, a literary form of Norwegian developed by the gradual reform of written Danish in conformity to Norwegian usage. Bokmål means in Norwegian “book language” and Riksmål approximately “official language” (meaning literally, “language of the

Bokna Fjord, inlet of the North Sea in southwestern Norway. At its mouth, between the southern tip of Karm Island and the northern tip of the Tungenes Peninsula, it is 12 miles (20 km) wide. Bokna Fjord proper extends inland for about 28 miles (45 km). Its principal branches include Skjold Fjord

Boko Haram, Islamic sectarian movement, founded in 2002 by Muhammed Yusuf in northeastern Nigeria, that since 2009 has carried out assassinations and large-scale acts of violence in that country. The group’s initial proclaimed intent was to uproot the corruption and injustice in Nigeria, which it

African art: Bambara (Bamana): …is a textile known as bokolanfini. This cloth, embellished with designs painted in earth, absorbs the nyama released during girls’ initiation excision and is also worn for marriage and burial. Traditionally, bokolanfini patterns served as cues to broader reflections on life; contemporary textiles are created in Bamako and elsewhere solely…

Hungary: Economic and social change: Lajos Bokros, finance minister for Horn, attempted a turnaround with an austerity package (since known as the Bokros package) that called for the dismantling of the last vestiges of Hungary’s expensive cradle-to-grave socialist policies. He devalued the currency, reduced social benefits, and accelerated the sale…