Octavio Paz: His reflection on that experience, Bajo tu clara sombra y otros poemas (“Beneath Your Clear Shadow and Other Poems”), was published in Spain in 1937 and revealed him as a writer of real promise. Before returning home Paz visited Paris, where Surrealism and its adherents exerted a profound influence on…

Bayeux, town, Calvados département, Normandy région, northwestern France. It lies on the Aure River, northwest of Caen. As Bajocasses, it was a capital of the Gauls, then, as Augustodurum and, later, Civitas Baiocassium, it was an important Roman city that became a bishopric in the 4th century.

Bajocian Stage, second of the four divisions of the Middle Jurassic Series, representing all rocks formed worldwide during the Bajocian Age, which occurred between 170.3 million and 168.3 million years ago during the Jurassic Period. (Some researchers have proposed a longer time span for this stage

Chokwe, Bantu-speaking people who inhabit the southern part of Congo (Kinshasa) from the Kwango River to the Lualaba; northeastern Angola; and, since 1920, the northwestern corner of Zambia. They live in woodland savanna intersected with strips of rainforest along the rivers, swamps, and

Gizi Bajor was a Hungarian actress known not only for her magnetic charm and attractiveness but also for her craftsmanship and versatility. Bajor graduated into the National Theatre from the Academy of Theatrical Art in 1914 and was associated with that theatre throughout her career, becoming a

Pennisetum: Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), an annual species, is cultivated in tropical areas for its edible grain. Several varieties of feathertop (P. villosum), native to Ethiopia, are cultivated as ornamentals for their arching form and feathery coloured flower clusters.

Albania: The nature of Turkish rule: …highlands, to tribal chieftains called bajraktars, who presided over given territories with rigid patriarchal societies that were often torn by blood feuds. Peasants who were formerly serfs now worked on the estates of the beys as tenant farmers.

Michael Baius was a theologian whose work powerfully influenced Cornelius Jansen, one of the fathers of Jansenism. Baius was educated at the Catholic University of Leuven (Louvain), where he studied philosophy and theology and held various university appointments. In about 1550, with the theologian

bok choy, (Brassica rapa), member of the mustard family (Brassicaceae) that is a variety (chinensis) of Brassica rapa. Bok choy belongs to a family of plants that includes other vegetables popular in Asian cookery such as mustard greens and Chinese leaves (also known as Chinese cabbage and Napa

Holocaust: Artistic responses to the Holocaust: Paintings and drawings by survivors Samuel Bak, Alice Lok Cahana, and David Olère document the horrors that they experienced in ghettos and death camps. Holocaust survivors also composed a wide variety of music, including street songs, which gave voice to life in the ghetto; resistance songs, such as Hirsh Glik’s…

kamikaze: …was given the nickname “Baka” by the Allies from the Japanese word for fool. The pilot had no means of getting out once the missile was fastened to the aircraft that would launch it. Dropped usually from an altitude of over 25,000 feet (7,500 metres) and more than 50…

Tamás Bakócz was an archbishop who led a Crusade against the Ottoman Turks in 1514. Bakócz was born into a serf family, but he benefited from the fact that his older brother Bálint was provost of Titel. Bakócz was able to study in Krakow and at various Italian universities. Matthias I took notice

Tamás Bakócz was an archbishop who led a Crusade against the Ottoman Turks in 1514. Bakócz was born into a serf family, but he benefited from the fact that his older brother Bálint was provost of Titel. Bakócz was able to study in Krakow and at various Italian universities. Matthias I took notice

Kaonde, a Bantu-speaking people the vast majority of whom inhabit the northwestern region of Zambia. A numerically much smaller group lives in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The Zambian wooded highlands average 4,000 feet (1,220 metres) in elevation; to the southeast begin open plains

Shimonoseki, city, southwestern Yamaguchi ken (prefecture), far western Honshu, Japan. It occupies a strategic position on the Kanmon (Shimonoseki) Strait between Honshu and Kyushu. Kitakyūshū lies opposite Shimonoseki across the strait. The city, the most populous in the prefecture, was formerly

mysticism: The goal of mysticism: In 1966 David Bakan, one of the founders of humanistic psychology, argued that Sigmund Freud’s practice of psychoanalysis—and, by extension, all of the psychotherapies derived from it—constitute a modern revival of rational mysticism. Bakan contended that free association is a type of meditation that is intended to…

malformation: Exaggerated growth: …well illustrated in the so-called bakanae, or foolish seedling disease, of rice. The bakanae disease is caused by the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi. Diseased plants are often conspicuous in a field because of their extreme height and pale, spindly appearance. This exaggerated growth response was found to be due to specific…

Yiddish literature: The classic writers: …an important slim volume called Bakante bilder (“Familiar Scenes”). These introspective works are remarkable for their extensive use of internal monologue before this technique had been widely explored in other European literatures. Der meshugener batlen (“The Mad Talmudist”) enters the mind of a yeshiva boy who reflects on his unstable…

juju: …most notably Tunde King and Ayinde Bakare. King is credited not only with coining the term juju—in reference to the sound of a small, Brazilian tambourine-like drum that was used in his ensemble—but also with making the first recording of juju music in 1936. A year later Bakare went a…

Niger: Colonial administration: …head, the left-wing trade unionist Djibo Bakary, advocated a no vote in the referendum of 1958, but 72 percent of the votes cast were in favour of a continued link with France. Nevertheless, under Bakary’s successor, his cousin and fellow Songhai-Zarma Hamani Diori, independence was proclaimed on August 3, 1960.

Cameroon: Consolidation and challenge: …with Nigeria over the oil-rich Bakassi Peninsula came to a head in late 1993 and early 1994 when Nigerian troops advanced into the region. New skirmishes occurred in early 1996, and, although a truce was signed, sporadic fighting continued for the next few years. After eight years of investigation and…

Tamás Bakócz was an archbishop who led a Crusade against the Ottoman Turks in 1514. Bakócz was born into a serf family, but he benefited from the fact that his older brother Bálint was provost of Titel. Bakócz was able to study in Krakow and at various Italian universities. Matthias I took notice

Bacchae, drama produced about 406 bce by Euripides. It is regarded by many as his masterpiece. In Bacchae the god Dionysus arrives in Greece from Asia intending to introduce his orgiastic worship there. He is disguised as a charismatic young Asian holy man and is accompanied by his women votaries,

Khalid Bakdash was a Syrian politician who acquired control of the Syrian Communist Party in 1932 and remained its most prominent spokesman until 1958, when he went into exile. As a young man Bakdash went to law school in Damascus but was expelled for illegal political activity. In 1930 he joined

Khalid Bakdash was a Syrian politician who acquired control of the Syrian Communist Party in 1932 and remained its most prominent spokesman until 1958, when he went into exile. As a young man Bakdash went to law school in Damascus but was expelled for illegal political activity. In 1930 he joined

cloudberry, (Rubus chamaemorus), creeping herbaceous plant, native to the Arctic and subarctic regions of the north temperate zone, and its edible raspberry-like fruit. Inuit and Sami peoples collect the sweet juicy fruits in autumn to freeze for winter food. In markets of northern Scandinavia,

cloudberry, (Rubus chamaemorus), creeping herbaceous plant, native to the Arctic and subarctic regions of the north temperate zone, and its edible raspberry-like fruit. Inuit and Sami peoples collect the sweet juicy fruits in autumn to freeze for winter food. In markets of northern Scandinavia,

baked Alaska, dessert of American origin that consists of ice cream layered between a slice of sponge cake and a covering of meringue, which is baked quickly at high heat until lightly browned. Baked Alaska seems a physical improbability, given the tendency of ice cream to melt under heat. The

cloudberry, (Rubus chamaemorus), creeping herbaceous plant, native to the Arctic and subarctic regions of the north temperate zone, and its edible raspberry-like fruit. Inuit and Sami peoples collect the sweet juicy fruits in autumn to freeze for winter food. In markets of northern Scandinavia,

custard: Baked custard contains whole eggs, which cause the dish to solidify to a gel. Flan, or crème caramel, is a custard baked in a dish coated with caramelized sugar that forms a sauce when the custard is unmolded. For crème brûlée, the baked custard is…

Sénégal River: Physiography and hydrology: From Bakel to Dagana, a distance of 385 miles (620 km), the river flows through an alluvial valley as much as 12 miles (19 km) wide. Floods come in early September at Bakel, reaching Dagana by mid-October. During the flood season the water level rises 12…

Bakelite, trademarked synthetic resin invented in 1907 by Belgian-born American chemist Leo Hendrik Baekeland. A hard, infusible, and chemically resistant plastic, Bakelite was based on a chemical combination of phenol and formaldehyde (phenol-formaldehyde resin), two compounds that were derived

Jacob B. Bakema was a Dutch architect who, in association with J.H. van den Broek, was particularly active in the reconstruction of Rotterdam after World War II. Bakema studied architecture and hydraulic engineering at Groningen, then studied advanced architecture at the Academy of Architecture,

Jacob B. Bakema was a Dutch architect who, in association with J.H. van den Broek, was particularly active in the reconstruction of Rotterdam after World War II. Bakema studied architecture and hydraulic engineering at Groningen, then studied advanced architecture at the Academy of Architecture,

Jacob B. Bakema was a Dutch architect who, in association with J.H. van den Broek, was particularly active in the reconstruction of Rotterdam after World War II. Bakema studied architecture and hydraulic engineering at Groningen, then studied advanced architecture at the Academy of Architecture,

Baker City, city, seat (1868) of Baker county, northeastern Oregon, U.S. It is situated along the Powder River, in Baker Valley, between the Blue Mountains (west) and the Wallowa Mountains (east). Lying on the old Oregon Trail and settled during the Oregon gold rush (1861–62), it was laid out in

Baker Island, unincorporated territory of the United States in the South Pacific Ocean, about 1,650 miles (2,650 km) southwest of Honolulu. A coral atoll rising to 25 feet (8 metres), it measures 1 mile (1.6 km) long by 0.7 mile (1.1 km) wide and has a land area of about 0.6 square mile (1.5 square

tent: …slope of the pyramid; the Baker tent, which is a rectangular fabric lean-to with an open front protected by a projecting horizontal flap; the umbrella tent, which was originally made with internal supporting arms like an umbrella but which later became widely popular with external framing of hollow aluminum; and…

Baker v. Carr, (1962), U.S. Supreme Court case that forced the Tennessee legislature to reapportion itself on the basis of population. Traditionally, particularly in the South, the populations of rural areas had been overrepresented in legislatures in proportion to those of urban and suburban

Baker v. Owen, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on October 20, 1975, summarily (without written briefs or oral argument) affirmed a ruling of a U.S. district court that had sustained the right of school officials to administer corporal punishment to students over the objection of their

Theodore Baker: …of Musical Terms (1895) and Baker’s Biographical Dictionary of Musicians (1900), the work for which he is best known. This last volume included the names of many musicians never previously mentioned in musical reference works. A second edition was published in 1905, and the dictionary underwent several revisions, the 8th…

toque: The typical white baker’s cap, traditionally worn by chefs, is a form of toque.

baking: Yeast: …rye bread, are leavened with bakers’ yeast, composed of living cells of the yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A typical yeast addition level might be 2 percent of the dough weight. Bakeries receive yeast in the form of compressed cakes containing about 70 percent water or as dry granules containing about…

Alan Baker was a British mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1970 for his work in number theory. Baker attended University College, London (B.S., 1961), and Trinity College, Cambridge (M.A. and Ph.D., 1964). He held an appointment at University College (1964–65) and then joined the

Anita Baker is an American singer whose three-octave range and powerful, emotional delivery brought her international acclaim in the 1980s and ’90s. She was one of the most popular artists in urban contemporary music, a genre that her sophisticated, tradition-oriented soul and rhythm-and-blues

Annie Baker is an American playwright, best known for her Pulitzer Prize-winning play, The Flick (2013). Baker grew up mostly in Amherst, Massachusetts, though she moved between New York City and Massachusetts after her parents divorced. She attended Tisch, New York University’s arts school,

Augusta Braxton Baker was an American librarian and storyteller who worked long and prolifically in the field of children’s literature. Her many accomplishments included the first extensive bibliography of children’s books portraying positive African-American role models. Braxton was the only child

Augustine Baker was an English Benedictine monk who was an important writer on ascetic and mystical theology. Educated at Broadgate’s Hall (now Pembroke College), Oxford, Baker was a Roman Catholic convert who evolved an ascetical doctrine based on his reading and personal experiences. His doctrine

Carlos Baker was an American teacher, novelist, and critic known for his definitive biographies of Ernest Hemingway and Percy Bysshe Shelley. Baker received a Ph.D. from Princeton University (1940) and became professor of English there in 1951. His book Shelley’s Major Poetry: The Fabric of a

Carlos Baker was an American teacher, novelist, and critic known for his definitive biographies of Ernest Hemingway and Percy Bysshe Shelley. Baker received a Ph.D. from Princeton University (1940) and became professor of English there in 1951. His book Shelley’s Major Poetry: The Fabric of a

Chet Baker was an American jazz trumpeter and vocalist noted for the plaintive, fragile tone of both his playing and singing. He was a cult figure whose well-publicized struggles with drug addiction curtailed a promising career. Born in Oklahoma and reared in California from age 10, Baker began

Chet Baker was an American jazz trumpeter and vocalist noted for the plaintive, fragile tone of both his playing and singing. He was a cult figure whose well-publicized struggles with drug addiction curtailed a promising career. Born in Oklahoma and reared in California from age 10, Baker began

Constance Baker Motley was an American lawyer and jurist, an effective legal advocate in the civil rights movement and the first African American woman to become a federal judge (1966–2005). Constance Baker’s father was a chef for Skull and Bones, an exclusive social club at Yale University in New

Janet Baker is an English operatic mezzo-soprano who was known for her vocal expression, stage presence, and effective diction. As a recitalist, she was noted for her interpretations of the works of Gustav Mahler, Edward Elgar, and Johann Sebastian Bach. Baker studied voice in London until 1956,

Journey to the Center of the Earth: Cast:

Ella Baker was an American community organizer and political activist who brought her skills and principles to bear in the major civil rights organizations of the mid-20th century. Baker was reared in Littleton, North Carolina. In 1918 she began attending the high school academy of Shaw University

Etta Baker was an American folk musician who influenced the folk music revival of the 1950s and ’60s with her mastery of East Coast Piedmont blues, a unique fingerpicking style of guitar-playing that is common to the Appalachian Mountains, especially areas of Georgia, the Carolinas, and Virginia.

John Hanning Speke: …Nile explorers Samuel Baker and Florence von Sass (who later became Baker’s wife). Speke and Grant told them of another lake said to lie west of Lake Victoria. This information helped the Baker party to locate another Nile source, Lake Albert.

baseball: Integration: In 1961 Gene Baker became the first African American to manage a minor league team, and in the mid-1960s there were only two African American coaches in the major leagues. In 1975 the Cleveland Indians made Frank Robinson the first Black field manager in major league history.…

Father Divine was a prominent African American religious leader of the 1930s. The Depression-era movement he founded, the Peace Mission, was originally dismissed as a cult, but it still exists and is now generally hailed as an important precursor of the civil rights movement. Reportedly born on a

George Fisher Baker was an American financier, bank president, and philanthropist who endowed the Graduate School of Business Administration at Harvard. When the national banking system was created in 1863, Baker joined with several New York stockbrokers to establish the First National Bank of New

George Pierce Baker was an American teacher of some of the most notable American dramatists, among them Eugene O’Neill, Philip Barry, Sidney Howard, and S.N. Behrman. Emphasizing creative individuality and practical construction (he guided students’ plays through workshop performances), Baker

Ginger Baker was an English drummer and percussionist known for his flamboyant playing style that incorporated intricate polyrhythms influenced by jazz, rock, and West African music. Baker was widely considered rock’s first superstar drummer, serving as the drummer for the seminal British rock

Noctiluca: English naturalist Henry Baker, in 1753, provided a scientific description of Noctiluca, which is a large (about 1–2 mm [0.04–0.08 inch] in diameter), spherical, gelatinous single-celled organism enveloped in a thin pellicle (outer covering). The cell contains a centrally located nucleus. Embedded within the cell cytoplasm are…

Houston A. Baker, Jr. is an American educator and critic who proposed new standards, based on African American culture and values, for the interpretation and evaluation of literature. Baker attended Howard University (B.A, 1965), the University of Edinburgh, and the University of California at Los

Houston A. Baker, Jr. is an American educator and critic who proposed new standards, based on African American culture and values, for the interpretation and evaluation of literature. Baker attended Howard University (B.A, 1965), the University of Edinburgh, and the University of California at Los

James Baker is an American government official, political manager, and lawyer who occupied important posts in the Republican presidential administrations of the 1980s and early ’90s, including that of U.S. secretary of state (1989–92). (Read James Baker’s Britannica essay on isolationism.) The son

James Baker is an American government official, political manager, and lawyer who occupied important posts in the Republican presidential administrations of the 1980s and early ’90s, including that of U.S. secretary of state (1989–92). (Read James Baker’s Britannica essay on isolationism.) The son

Janet Baker is an English operatic mezzo-soprano who was known for her vocal expression, stage presence, and effective diction. As a recitalist, she was noted for her interpretations of the works of Gustav Mahler, Edward Elgar, and Johann Sebastian Bach. Baker studied voice in London until 1956,

Phil Karlson: Later films: …sheriff Buford Pusser (played by Joe Don Baker) to clean up his corrupt Tennessee town using any means necessary. Karlson reteamed with Baker on Framed (1975), in which a gambler seeks revenge against the crooked cops who sent him to prison on a trumped-up charge. It was Karlson’s last film,…

Josephine Baker was an American-born French dancer and singer who symbolized the beauty and vitality of Black American culture, which took Paris by storm in the 1920s. Baker grew up fatherless and in poverty. Between the ages of 8 and 10 she was out of school, helping to support her family. As a

LaFayette Curry Baker was the chief of the U.S. Federal Detective Police during the American Civil War and director of Union intelligence and counterintelligence operations. In 1848 Baker left his home in Michigan, where the family had moved when he was a child, and worked at a variety of

LaVern Baker was an American rhythm-and-blues singer notable for her vocal power and rhythmic energy. At age 17 she performed as Little Miss Sharecropper. Her 1955–65 tenure with Atlantic Records yielded 15 rhythm-and-blues hits, most notably “Tweedle Dee” (1955), “Jim Dandy” (1957), and “I Cried a

Jamaica: The crown colony: …the 19th century, when Captain Lorenzo Dow Baker, founder of the organization that later became the United Fruit Company, started a lucrative banana trade in Jamaica. Bananas soon became a principal export crop for small farmers as well as for large estates.

Lucy Brewer was a self-professed first woman U.S. Marine, whose claim is colourful but generally agreed to be unfounded. According to legend, Lucy Brewer, originally a farm girl from Massachusetts, disguised herself as a man and served as a member of the USS Constitution Marine guard during the War

Mary Baker Eddy was a Christian religious reformer and founder of the religious denomination known as Christian Science. Mary Baker Eddy’s family background and life until her “discovery” of Christian Science in 1866 greatly influenced her interest in religious reform. She was born to devout

bridge: Truss bridges: Designed by Michael Baker, the two-hinged arch truss carries four lanes of traffic 263 metres (876 feet) above the river and has a span of 510 metres (1,700 feet).

Cascade Range: Mount Baker (10,778 feet [3,285 metres]) steamed heavily in 1975, and Mount Saint Helens (8,365 feet [2,550 metres]) erupted in 1980 and again in 1981. The mountains lie 100 to 150 miles (160 to 240 km) inland from the Pacific Ocean and east of the…

Nancy Kassebaum is a U.S. Republican politician who was the first woman to represent Kansas in the U.S. Senate. She served from 1978 to 1997. Nancy Landon was the daughter of Alfred M. Landon, governor of Kansas and Republican candidate for president in 1936. She studied political science at the

Newton D. Baker was a lawyer, political leader, and U.S. secretary of war during World War I. In 1897 Baker began to practice law in his hometown, moving later to Cleveland, where he served two terms (1912–16) as mayor. Baker, who had played an important role in Woodrow Wilson’s nomination in the

Newton D. Baker was a lawyer, political leader, and U.S. secretary of war during World War I. In 1897 Baker began to practice law in his hometown, moving later to Cleveland, where he served two terms (1912–16) as mayor. Baker, who had played an important role in Woodrow Wilson’s nomination in the

United States: Literature: …the comic obsessive novels of Nicholson Baker through the work of those short-story writers and novelists, including Edmund White and David Leavitt, who have made art out of previously repressed and unnarrated areas of homoerotic experience. Literature is above all the narrative medium of the arts, the one that still…

Noor Inayat Khan was a British resistance agent in Nazi-occupied France during World War II, serving in the Special Operations Executive (SOE). For several months in summer and fall of 1943, she was the only British intelligence agent operating in the Paris area, sending crucial wireless

Marilyn Monroe was an American actress who became a major sex symbol, starring in a number of commercially successful films during the 1950s, and is considered a pop culture icon. Norma Jeane Mortenson later took her mother’s name, Baker. Her mother was frequently confined in an asylum, and Norma

Marilyn Monroe was an American actress who became a major sex symbol, starring in a number of commercially successful films during the 1950s, and is considered a pop culture icon. Norma Jeane Mortenson later took her mother’s name, Baker. Her mother was frequently confined in an asylum, and Norma

Ginger Baker was an English drummer and percussionist known for his flamboyant playing style that incorporated intricate polyrhythms influenced by jazz, rock, and West African music. Baker was widely considered rock’s first superstar drummer, serving as the drummer for the seminal British rock

Ginger Baker was an English drummer and percussionist known for his flamboyant playing style that incorporated intricate polyrhythms influenced by jazz, rock, and West African music. Baker was widely considered rock’s first superstar drummer, serving as the drummer for the seminal British rock

Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker was a British statesman and advocate of international disarmament who received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1959. Fluent in seven languages, he campaigned widely for 40 years for peace through multilateral disarmament. The son of Canadian-born Quakers, Baker

Ray Stannard Baker was an American journalist, popular essayist, literary crusader for the League of Nations, and authorized biographer of Woodrow Wilson. A reporter for the Chicago Record (1892–98), Baker became associated with Outlook, McClure’s, and the “muckraker” American Magazine. He explored

Ealing Studios: …known producers, Basil Dean and Reginald Baker, with the financial support of the Courtauld family, manufacturers of textiles, the company opened its own distribution outlet within two years and built the studios at Ealing near London. It produced several vaudeville-style musical comedies as well as serious feature films during the…

the Tragically Hip: Overview: …were childhood neighbors and friends Rob Baker (b. April 12, 1962, Kingston) and Gord Sinclair (b. November 19, 1963, Kingston). They took their name from a skit in Monkees band member Mike Nesmith’s 1981 TV special Elephant Parts.

Queen: Aided by producer Roy Thomas Baker, Queen shot up the international charts with its third album, Sheer Heart Attack (1974). A Night at the Opera (1975), one of pop music’s most expensive productions, sold even better. Defiantly eschewing the use of synthesizers, the band constructed a sound that…

A Night to Remember: Production notes and credits:

Russell Baker was an American newspaper columnist, author, humorist, and political satirist, who used good-natured humour to comment slyly and trenchantly on a wide range of social and political matters. When Baker was five years old, his father died. From that time on, he and his mother and one of

Russell Baker was an American newspaper columnist, author, humorist, and political satirist, who used good-natured humour to comment slyly and trenchantly on a wide range of social and political matters. When Baker was five years old, his father died. From that time on, he and his mother and one of

Sotheby’s: The founder, Samuel Baker (died 1778), a London bookseller, held his first auction (under his own name) early in 1744, selling an estate library of 457 books. Establishing the firm in York Street and handling further libraries over the years, he went into partnership with George Leigh…

Sara Josephine Baker was an American physician who contributed significantly to public health and child welfare in the United States. Baker prepared at private schools for Vassar College, but the death of her father put that school out of reach. She decided to study medicine and after a year of

flag of Tonga: …relied heavily on an Englishman, Shirley W. Baker, for advice regarding a new flag, which was first hoisted in 1866 and codified in the constitution of November 4, 1875. Like the British Red Ensign, three-quarters of the flag was plain red and there was a distinctive canton in the upper…

Sir Benjamin Baker was an English civil engineer and the chief designer of the railway bridge over the Firth of Forth, Scotland. In 1861 Baker became an assistant to the consulting engineer John Fowler and by 1875 was his partner. Baker became Fowler’s chief assistant in 1869 and as such was