ultraviolet radiation: …UVA (400–315 nm), also called black light; UVB (315–280 nm), responsible for the radiation’s best-known effects on organisms; and UVC (280–100 nm), which does not reach Earth’s surface.

subbituminous coal, generally dark brown to black coal, intermediate in rank between lignite and bituminous coal according to the coal classification used in the United States and Canada. In many countries subbituminous coal is considered to be a brown coal. Subbituminous coal contains 42 to 52

John Howard Griffin: …racism in the best seller Black like Me (1961). The book—which detailed countless incidents of hatred, suspicion, and hostility toward Griffin, who was by all appearances African American—sold more than a million copies and later became a motion picture (1964). Griffin’s story was detailed in Robert Bonazzi’s Man in the…

Lisu: The Chinese distinguish between Black Lisu, White Lisu, and Flowery Lisu, terms that seem to relate to their degree of assimilation of Chinese culture. In the 1960s the Black Lisu, living highest up in the Salween River valley, were least assimilated; they wore coarse clothes of homespun hemp, while…

Black Lives Matter (BLM), international social movement, formed in the United States in 2013, dedicated to fighting racism and anti-Black violence, especially in the form of police brutality. The name Black Lives Matter signals condemnation of the unjust killings of Black people by police (Black

locust: …cultivated as ornamentals, especially the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), often called false acacia, or yellow locust. A number of species are also useful for erosion control and as timber trees.

black lung, respiratory disorder, a type of pneumoconiosis caused by repeated inhalation of coal dust over a period of years. The disease gets its name from a distinctive blue-black marbling of the lung caused by accumulation of the dust. Georgius Agricola, a German mineralogist, first described

Russell Coutts: …poised to lead the yacht Black Magic to the first-ever America’s Cup defense by non-Americans, but, instead of setting a personal record, Coutts had another surprise for the sailing world. In the fifth race of the best-five-of-nine series, he yielded command of the Black Magic to his backup helmsman, 26-year-old…

sorcery, the practice of malevolent magic, derived from casting lots as a means of divining the future in the ancient Mediterranean world. Some scholars distinguish sorcery from witchcraft by noting that it is learned rather than intrinsic. Other scholars, noting that modern witches claim to learn

Orson Welles: Films of the later 1940s: The Stranger, The Lady from Shanghai, and Macbeth: …few scenes) in Gregory Ratoff’s Black Magic (1949). He starred in other films, including Henry King’s Prince of Foxes (1949), as a colourful Cesare Borgia, and most famously Carol Reed’s classic thriller The Third Man (1949), as the amoral Harry Lime. Welles would spend much of the next 25 years…

black mamba, (Dendroaspis polylepis), species of mamba snake known for its large size, quickness, and extremely potent venom. It lives in sub-Saharan Africa and is one of the continent’s most dangerous snakes. The average black mamba is 2–2.5 metres (6.6–8.2 feet) long, with a maximum length of 4.3

John Oliver Killens: …his 1965 collection of essays Black Man’s Burden, which addressed the African American experience in the United States and denounced the nonviolent approach to facing oppression.

mangabey: The black mangabey (L. aterrimus) has long curved gray whiskers on the cheeks and a coconut-like crest on the crown; it replaces the gray-cheeked species south of the Congo River. A little-known subspecies of the black mangabey, Opdenbosch’s mangabey (L. aterrimus opdenboschi) has a shorter crest,…

Avicennia, genus comprising at least eight species of trees or shrubs in the family Acanthaceae. Avicennia has a wide geographical distribution, with members found in intertidal estuaries along many of the world’s tropical and warm temperate coasts. Their fleshy, leathery leaves are opposite and

bittern: Somewhat larger is the black mangrove bittern (I. flavicollis), of southeastern Asia and Australia. This species shows plumelike development of the crown and neck feathers and is sometimes separated as Dupetor. For information on tiger bitterns, or tiger herons, see heron.

Manhattan: Ingredients and varieties: The Black Manhattan uses amaro (a bitter Italian liqueur) in place of vermouth, and the Revolver substitutes coffee liqueur for vermouth. Further, Manhattans may be made with other liquors in lieu of whiskey, including brandy, rum, and tequila. In addition, orange or lemon peels are sometimes…

mezzotint, a method of engraving a metal plate by systematically and evenly pricking its entire surface with innumerable small holes that will hold ink and, when printed, produce large areas of tone. The pricking of the plate was originally done with a roulette (a small wheel covered with sharp

maple syrup: …sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and black maple (Acer nigrum). Some botanists consider the second to be a subspecies of the first, but in any event the flavour of their syrups is nearly indistinguishable, with a rich, hearty taste that is not overwhelmingly sweet. The black maple, however, is less abundant…

black market, trading in violation of publicly imposed regulations such as rationing laws, laws against certain goods, and official rates of exchange among currencies. Rationing is common in wartime in order to equalize the distribution of scarce goods and services; black-market activity may

marlin: The black marlin (Istiompax indica) grows as large or larger than the blue. It is known to reach a weight of more than 700 kg (1,500 pounds). An Indo-Pacific species, it is blue or blue-gray above and lighter below; its distinctive stiff pectoral fins are set…

Marsha P. Johnson was a Black American drag queen and activist who was dedicated to social justice for the gay and transgender communities. She was a pioneer of the gay rights movement in the late 1960s and spent the following two decades advocating for equal rights for the lesbian, gay, bisexual,

Whitey Bulger: … portrayed him in the biopic Black Mass (2015). His exploits were also chronicled in multiple television shows and documentaries, including Whitey: United States of America v. James J. Bulger (2014), which proved controversial for featuring Bulger’s claim that he was never an informant despite a wealth of evidence otherwise.

black mass, in the Roman Catholic church, a requiem mass during which the celebrant wears black vestments. The term is more commonly used, however, for a blasphemous and usually obscene burlesque of the true mass performed by satanic cults. The naked back of a woman often serves as an altar, and a

shamrock: Black medic (Medicago lupulina) is also sometimes referred to as a shamrock.

Haki R. Madhubuti: …Afrikan Minds and Institutions (1973), Black Men: Obsolete, Single, Dangerous?: Afrikan American Families in Transition: Essays in Discovery, Solution, and Hope (1990), and Tough Notes: A Healing Call for Creating Exceptional Black Men: Affirmations, Meditations, Readings, and Strategies (2002). The memoir YellowBlack: The First Twenty-One Years of a Poet’s Life…

Cimarron River: …the Cimarron flows east past Black Mesa, a peak 4,973 feet (1,516 meters) high, through the northern Oklahoma Panhandle and bends northward through the southeastern corner of Colorado and the southwestern corner of Kansas. The riverbed in this area is dry except during spring and early summer or during occasional…

pipeline: Slurry pipelines: …longest coal-slurry pipeline is the Black Mesa pipeline in the United States. Built in 1970, this 18-inch pipeline transports 4.8 million tons of coal per year from Black Mesa, Ariz., to southern Nevada, over a distance of 273 miles. This coal pipeline has been highly successful. Many other long-distance slurry…

biotite, a silicate mineral in the common mica group. It is abundant in metamorphic rocks (both regional and contact), in pegmatites, and also in granites and other intrusive igneous rocks. For chemical formula and detailed physical properties, see mica (table). Biotite is regarded as a mixture

Daniel Kaluuya: …the dystopian sci-fi anthology series Black Mirror. His attempts at breaking into movies yielded small parts in the crime drama Welcome to the Punch and the crime comedy Kick-Ass 2 (both 2013).

Black Mischief, satiric novel by Evelyn Waugh, published in 1932. The book skewers attempts to impose European customs and beliefs upon so-called primitive peoples. The story is set in the fictional empire of Azania, an island off the coast of Africa. Upon the death of the emperor of Azania, rule

sooty mold, plant disease characterized by splotchy black stains or coatings on leaves, stems, and fruit. The black residue of sooty mold is composed of dark fungal threads of a number of ascomycetes, including species of Alternaria, Capnodium, Cladosporium, Fumago, and Scorias. These fungi grow in

Don Cheadle: …cast in another dark comedy, Black Monday (2019– ), centred on the stock market crash of October 19, 1987, and his performance earned him his 9th and 10th Emmy nominations. In 2021 he and Benicio Del Toro starred as small-time criminals in Soderbergh’s No Sudden Move, a drama set in…

stock market crash of 1929: The panic began again on Black Monday (October 28), with the market closing down 12.8 percent. On Black Tuesday (October 29) more than 16 million shares were traded. The Dow lost another 12 percent and closed at 198—a drop of 183 points in less than two months. Prime securities tumbled…

Black Monday, global stock market crash that occurred on October 19, 1987. There have been several Black Mondays in history that are connected to stock market collapses, but what is arguably the worst of them arrived in 1987. October 19 was the day when global stock markets went into collective

David Rabe: … (1998); The Dog Problem (2002); The Black Monk (2004), based on a Chekhov short story; An Early History of Fire (first performed 2012); and Visiting Edna (2016).

The Black Monk, short story by Anton Chekhov, first published in Russian as “Chorny monakh” in 1894. “The Black Monk,” Chekhov’s final philosophical short story, concerns Kovrin, a mediocre scientist who has grandiose hallucinations in which a black-robed monk convinces him that he possesses

Marcus Garvey was a charismatic Black leader who organized the first important American Black nationalist movement (1919–26), based in New York City’s Harlem. Largely self-taught, Garvey attended school in Jamaica until he was 14. After traveling in Central America and living in London from 1912 to

Spanish moss, (Tillandsia usneoides), epiphyte (a nonparasitic plant that is supported by another plant and has aerial roots exposed to the humid atmosphere) of the pineapple family (Bromeliaceae). It is found in southern North America, the West Indies, and Central and South America. The

sooty mold, plant disease characterized by splotchy black stains or coatings on leaves, stems, and fruit. The black residue of sooty mold is composed of dark fungal threads of a number of ascomycetes, including species of Alternaria, Capnodium, Cladosporium, Fumago, and Scorias. These fungi grow in

Black Mountain College, experimental liberal arts college in Black Mountain, North Carolina, U.S. (about 20 miles [32 km] east of Asheville), founded in 1933 by scholars John Andrew Rice and Theodore Dreier. In little more than two decades, the college proved a wide-reaching influence on the larger

Black Mountain poet, any of a loosely associated group of poets that formed an important part of the avant-garde of American poetry in the 1950s, publishing innovative yet disciplined verse in the Black Mountain Review (1954–57), which became a leading forum of experimental verse. The group grew up

Black Mountain Range, southern spur of the Assam Himalayas in Bhutan. It lies between the Sankosh River (west) and the Mangde (Tongsa) River (east), and tributaries of the two rivers run through deep ravines down its steep slopes. The road between Punakha and Tongsa Dzong (a fortified monastery)

Black Mountain poet: …yet disciplined verse in the Black Mountain Review (1954–57), which became a leading forum of experimental verse.

Black Mountains, mountain range in Yancey and Buncombe counties in western North Carolina, U.S., part of the Appalachian Mountains extending north from the Blue Ridge. The range includes Mount Mitchell (6,684 feet [2,037 meters]), the highest point east of the Mississippi River. Since the Black

Black Mountains, plateau in Powys county, Wales, lying east of the River Usk and extending between Abergavenny and Hay-on-Wye. Waun Fach (2,660 ft [811 m]) is the highest

mulberry: Major species: Black mulberry (M. nigra), the most common species, is a native of western Asia that spread westward in cultivation at an early period. Up to the 15th century it was extensively grown in Italy for raising silkworms, but it has since been superseded by white…

Nation of Islam, African American movement and organization, founded in 1930 and known for its teachings combining elements of traditional Islam with Black nationalist ideas. The Nation also promotes racial unity and self-help and maintains a strict code of discipline among members. Islam was

Rumer Godden: Black Narcissus (1939; filmed 1946), her first novel to achieve popular success, concerns a group of English nuns who surmount physical and emotional difficulties to establish a mission in the Himalayas. Underlying the plot are the issues of cultures in conflict and obsessive love, both…

Deborah Kerr: …role of Sister Clodagh in Black Narcissus (1947), for which she won her first New York Film Critics’ Circle Award (her subsequent awards were for Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison [1957] and The Sundowners [1960]). Black Narcissus became an international hit and led to an MGM contract and the opportunity to…

Jim Broadbent: …priest in the TV miniseries Black Narcissus, an adaptation of a novel by Rumer Godden.

Black nationalism, political and social movement prominent in the 1960s and early ’70s in the United States that gained popularity among Black Americans. The movement sought to acquire economic power and to infuse among Black people a sense of community and group feeling. The roots of Black

Langston Hughes: Black Nativity (1961; film 2013) is a gospel play that uses Hughes’s poetry, along with gospel standards and scriptural passages, to retell the story of the birth of Jesus. It was an international success, and performances of the work—often diverging substantially from the original—became a…

Mary J. Blige: Acting career: … (2012), Betty and Coretta (2013), Black Nativity (2013), and Mudbound (2017). For her work in the latter movie, a drama about racism in 1940s Mississippi, Blige earned an Academy Award nomination for best supporting actress. In addition, “Mighty River,” which she cowrote and sang for the film’s soundtrack, received an…

nightshade: The black nightshade (S. nigrum) is also generally considered poisonous, but its fully ripened fruit and foliage are cooked and eaten in some areas.

Rome: People of Rome: …such Romans are the “black nobility,” families with papal titles who form a society within high society, shunning publicity and not given to great intimacy with the “white nobility,” whose titles were conferred by mere temporal rulers. The inhabitants who consider themselves the most nobly Roman of them all…

Nossob River: …the White Nossob and the Black Nossob, both of which rise northeast of Windhoek (the national capital). Their confluence is north of Leonardville, which is located near the tropic of Capricorn. The Nossob then follows a southeasterly course, passing through the thick, porous sands of the semiarid western Kalahari (Desert).…

black oak, (Quercus velutina), North American timber tree belonging to the red oak group in the beech family (Fagaceae). The tree is distributed throughout the eastern United States. It grows on exposed slopes and ridges, as it cannot tolerate shade. Black oak usually grows to about 25 metres (80

Black Obelisk, Assyrian monument of King Shalmaneser III (reigned 858–824 bc). The most complete Assyrian obelisk yet discovered, it is decorated with cuneiform inscriptions and reliefs recording military campaigns and other triumphs, including payment of tribute by King Jehu of Israel (reigned

opal: Black opal, with a very dark gray or blue to black body colour, is particularly rare and highly prized. White opal, with light body colours, and fire opal, characterized by yellow, orange, or red body colour, are much more common.

Tyra Banks: Early life and modeling career: …videos including Michael Jackson’s “Black or White” (1991), Tina Turner’s “Love Thing” (1992), and George Michael’s “Too Funky” (1992). In 1992 she returned from Paris, and in 1993 she was featured in a recurring role on several episodes of the television comedy series The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (1990–96),…

Kevin Costner: …raise his biracial granddaughter in Black or White. The next year he starred as a high-school cross-country running coach in McFarland, USA.

Neil Gaiman: …Comics, and the result was Black Orchid (1988), a miniseries that helped establish the atmosphere for the DC renaissance of the late 1980s. Along with Alan Moore’s work on Watchmen (1986–87) and Swamp Thing (1983–87) and Frank Miller’s gritty interpretation of Batman in The Dark Knight Returns (1986), the success…

Coelogyne: The black orchid (C. pandurata) has black velvety markings on its fiddle-shaped central labellum (modified petal); it bears from 5 to 15 greenish yellow flowers.

Hudsonian orogeny: …Mazatzal orogeny in Arizona, the Black orogeny in South Dakota, and the Penokean orogeny in the southern part of the Lake Superior region may represent the Hudsonian event in the United States. Precambrian rocks in the Southern Province, which extends south-southwest of Lake Superior into the mid-continental United States, also…

Es’kia Mphahlele: … of the influential literary periodical Black Orpheus (1960–64), published in Ibadan, Nigeria; founder and director of Chemchemi, a cultural centre in Nairobi for artists and writers (1963–65); and editor of the periodical Africa Today (1967). He received a doctorate from the University of Denver in 1968. In 1977 he returned…

Orpheus: …Brazilian director Marcel Camus’s film Black Orpheus (1959).

Gertrude Atherton: Her controversial novel Black Oxen (1923), the story of a woman revitalized by hormone treatments and based on Atherton’s own experience, was her biggest popular success.

oystercatcher: The black oystercatcher (H. bachmani), of western North America, and the sooty oystercatcher (H. fuliginosus), of Australia, are dark except for the pinkish legs.

Sun Temple, temple in Konark, Odisha state, India, that is dedicated to the Hindu sun god Surya. It was built of stone in the 13th century. The Sun Temple is the pinnacle of Hindu Orissan architecture and is unique in terms of its sculptural innovations and the quality of its carvings. Textual

Hitching a Ride: …bright orange fruits of the black palm (Astrocaryum standleyanum), for example, comprise a seed covered by a tough woody layer forming a nut, or stone, which is in turn covered by a layer of pulp. When the fruit ripens and drops to the forest floor, many animals come to eat…

black panther, colloquial term used to refer to large felines classified in the genus Panthera that are characterized by a coat of black fur or large concentrations of black spots set against a dark background. The term black panther is most frequently applied to black-coated leopards (Panthera

Black Panther, comic strip superhero created for Marvel Comics by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby. The character first appeared in Fantastic Four no. 52 (July 1966). Seeking to address the dearth of Black characters in comics, Lee and Kirby created T’Challa, a member of the royal family of

Black Panther: Black Panther in film and other media: Director Ryan Coogler helmed Black Panther (2018), a dazzling spectacle that saw Boseman return to the screen in the role of T’Challa. Perhaps the MCU’s best-reviewed film to date, Black Panther examined race, gender, and power issues through an Afrofuturist lens and featured an ensemble cast that included Michael…

Black Panther Party, African American revolutionary party, founded in 1966 in Oakland, California, by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. The party’s original purpose was to patrol African American neighborhoods to protect residents from acts of police brutality. The Panthers eventually developed into

Black Panther Party, African American revolutionary party, founded in 1966 in Oakland, California, by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. The party’s original purpose was to patrol African American neighborhoods to protect residents from acts of police brutality. The Panthers eventually developed into

Black Panther Ten-Point Program, document first published on May 15, 1967, in the second issue of The Black Panther, the newspaper of the militant Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. Composed in October 1966 by Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton, the cofounders of the Black Panther Party, the

Black Panther Ten-Point Program, document first published on May 15, 1967, in the second issue of The Black Panther, the newspaper of the militant Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. Composed in October 1966 by Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton, the cofounders of the Black Panther Party, the

Eusébio was a Portuguese football (soccer) player considered one of the greatest of all time. He was celebrated for his long runs through defenders and his deft scoring touch. Eusébio began his career playing on the Sporting Clube de Lourenço Marques in what was then the Portuguese territory of

Angela Bassett: >Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022). For the latter she won a Golden Globe for best performance by an actress in a supporting role in any motion picture and received her second Oscar nomination.

My Chemical Romance: The Black Parade (2006), a bombastic rock opera about the reflections of a dying cancer patient, was produced by Rob Cavallo, who had worked previously with pop-punk group Green Day on its similarly ambitious American Idiot. The ensuing multicontinent concert tour found My Chemical Romance…

Matilda Sissieretta Jones was an American opera singer who was among the greatest sopranos in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Jones early revealed her talent as a singer, and for a time she studied at the Providence (Rhode Island) Academy of Music. She may have undertaken further studies at

Matilda Sissieretta Jones: …called, to her distaste, the Black Patti Troubadors, a motley group whose performances included blackface minstrel songs and “coon” songs and featured acrobats and comedians. Madame Jones, as she preferred to be known, restricted herself to operatic selections, which over the years grew to include costumes and scenery. Performing almost…

bubble tea, beverage combining tea, milk, and “bubbles”—chewy gelatinous candies made of tapioca or fruit jelly. Bubble tea is a favourite in its homeland of Taiwan and is now popular worldwide. Bubble tea originated in the city of T’ai-nan, Taiwan, in the mid-1980s. Dozens of variations of the

Steve Biko: …of the founders of the Black People’s Convention, an umbrella organization of Black consciousness groups.

black pepper, (Piper nigrum), perennial climbing vine of the family Piperaceae and the hotly pungent spice made from its fruits. Black pepper is native to the Malabar Coast of India and is one of the earliest spices known. Widely used as a spice around the world, pepper also has a limited usage in

black pepper: …whole peppercorns, when ground, yield black pepper. White pepper is obtained by removing the dark outer part of the pericarp, and the flavour is less pungent than that of black pepper. The outer coating is softened either by keeping the berries in moist heaps for 2 or 3 days or…

peppermint: Black peppermint, also called English peppermint or mitcham mint, is extensively grown in the United States and has purplish stems. The white variety is less hardy and less productive, but its oil is considered more delicate in odour and obtains a higher price.

Henry Louis Gates, Jr.: …Gates became codirector of the Black Periodical Literature Project at Yale. In the years that followed he earned a reputation as a “literary archaeologist” by recovering and collecting thousands of lost literary works (short stories, poems, reviews, and notices) by African American authors dating from the early 19th to the…

tag: …wall-to-wall in Great Britain, and pom-pom-pullaway in the United States). In addition, there are also freeze tag and group tag. With freeze tag, the tagged person cannot move until someone from his team “unfreezes” him with a touch. In group tag the child touching a safe area (often known as…

phoebe: …most widely distributed is the black phoebe (S. nigricans), which is found near water from the southwestern United States to Argentina. Measuring 16 cm (6.3 inches) long, S. nigricans is slightly smaller than S. phoebe, and it is dark above with a contrasting white belly.

phosphorus: Properties and reactions: …is converted to a flaky black crystalline form, which somewhat resembles graphite. This may prove to be the most stable form of phosphorus, despite the relative difficulty in its preparation. In both the red and the black forms, each phosphorus atom forms three single bonds, which are spread apart sufficiently…

red pill and blue pill: The term black pill, first popularized in the 2010s on the incel blog Omega Virgin Revolt, refers to accepting the futility of fighting against a feminist system. Blackpilled incels are encouraged to either commit suicide or “go ER”/be a “hERo,” referencing Elliot Rodger’s 2014 Isla Vista murder…

pine: Major Eurasian pines: The Austrian, or black, pine (P. nigra) grows to a height of 30 or even 45 metres (98 to 148 feet), with a straight trunk and branches in regular whorls, forming in a large tree a pyramidal head. It derives its name from the sombre aspect…

cypress pine: Major species: …columellaris), found throughout Australia; the black cypress pine (C. endlicheri) of eastern Australia, locally also called black pine, red pine, and scrub pine; the Port Macquarie pine, or stringybark (C. macleayana), of southeastern Australia; and the common cypress pine (C. preissii) of southern Australia, often shrubby near the seacoast, with…

yellowwood: …elatus) of southeastern Australia; the black pine, or matai (P. spicatus), the kahikatea, or white pine (P. dacrydioides), the miro (P. ferrugineus), and the totara (P. totara), all native to New Zealand; kusamaki, or broad-leaved podocarpus (P. macrophyllus), of China and Japan; real yellowwood (P. latifolius),

Douglas Fairbanks: …The Thief of Bagdad (1924), The Black Pirate (1926), The Iron Mask (1929), and The Taming of the Shrew (1929), in which he costarred with Mary Pickford, the popular leading lady to whom he was married from 1920 to 1935.

Georgia O’Keeffe: New Mexico: …Place (1940), Pelvis IV (1944), Black Place III (1944), and numerous other paintings of the area’s distinctive natural and architectural forms. Such paintings of what she saw allowed her to continue to explore the abstract language she had identified as her own in the 1910s in that its abstract shapes…

cacao: Pests and diseases: A pod rot called black pod is caused by a fungus (Phytophthora) that spreads rapidly on the pods under conditions of excessive rain and humidity, insufficient sunshine, and temperatures below 21 °C (70 °F). Control requires timely treatment with copper-containing fungicides and constant removal of infected pods. Witches’ broom…

poplar: Common species: The black poplar, or black cottonwood (P. nigra), has oval fine-toothed leaves, is long-trunked, and grows to a height of 35 metres (115 feet). Columnar black poplars are widely used in ornamental landscape plantings, particularly among the villas of Italy and elsewhere in southern Europe. White…

Longshan culture, Neolithic culture of central China, named for the site in Shandong province where its remains were first discovered by C.T. Wu. Dating from about 2600 to 2000 bce, it is characterized by fine burnished ware in wheel-turned vessels of angular outline; abundant gray pottery;