Osama bin Laden was the founder of the militant Islamist organization al-Qaeda and mastermind of numerous terrorist attacks against the United States and other Western powers, including the 2000 suicide bombing of the U.S. warship Cole in the Yemeni port of Aden and the September 11, 2001, attacks

Toʾ Janggut was a Malay leader of a peasant rebellion in Malaya in 1915, directed against British colonial rule. Muhammad Hasan, known as Toʾ Janggut because of his long white beard, was a peasant farmer and an itinerant rice trader in the southernmost district of Kelantan, a state that came under

2002 Bali Bombings: …his brothers (Ali Imron and Amrozi bin Nurhasyim) to help assemble and transport the bombs used in the attacks. Both he and bin Nurhasyim were sentenced to death; Imron expressed remorse and was sentenced to life in prison. Two other men, Azahari Husin and Dulmatin, were suspected of building and…

computer: UNIVAC: …Northrop Corporation to build the Binary Automatic Computer, or BINAC, which, when completed in 1949, became the first American stored-program computer.) The partners delivered the first UNIVAC to the U.S. Bureau of the Census in March 1951, although their company, their patents, and their talents had been acquired by Remington…

Uganda: Tyranny under Amin: …was replaced in June by Godfrey Binaisa, but Binaisa’s term of office was also short-lived. Supporters of Obote plotted Binaisa’s overthrow, and Obote returned to Uganda in May 1980.

September 11 attacks: The plot: …one of the key planners, Ramzi Binalshibh, became more radical while living in Hamburg. Some combination of perceived or real discrimination, alienation, and homesickness seems to have turned them all in a more militant direction. Increasingly cutting themselves off from the outside world, they gradually radicalized each other, and eventually…

computer: UNIVAC: …Northrop Corporation to build the Binary Automatic Computer, or BINAC, which, when completed in 1949, became the first American stored-program computer.) The partners delivered the first UNIVAC to the U.S. Bureau of the Census in March 1951, although their company, their patents, and their talents had been acquired by Remington…

integrated circuit: Analog versus digital circuits: …states is known as a binary circuit. Circuit design with binary quantities, “on” and “off” representing 1 and 0 (i.e., true and false), uses the logic of Boolean algebra. (Arithmetic is also performed in the binary number system employing Boolean algebra.) These basic elements are combined in the design of…

binary code, code used in digital computers, based on a binary number system in which there are only two possible states, off and on, usually symbolized by 0 and 1. Whereas in a decimal system, which employs 10 digits, each digit position represents a power of 10 (100, 1,000, etc.), in a binary

crystal: Ionic bonds: …alkaline earth chalcogenides form ionic binary crystals such as barium oxide (BaO), calcium sulfide (CaS), barium selenide (BaSe), or strontium oxide (SrO). They have the same structure as sodium chloride, with each atom having six neighbours. Oxygen can be combined with various cations to form a large number of ionically…

geothermal energy: Electric power generation: …around the flash steam and binary cycle designs, use a mixture of steam and heated water (“wet steam”) extracted from the ground to start the electrical generation process. Given that the excess water vapor at the end of each process is condensed and returned to the ground, where it is…

bit, in communication and information theory, a unit of information equivalent to the result of a choice between only two possible alternatives, as between 1 and 0 in the binary number system generally used in digital computers. The term is shortened from the words “binary digit.” It is also

binary fission, asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies. In the process of binary fission, an organism duplicates its genetic material, or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and then divides into two parts (cytokinesis), with each new organism receiving one copy of DNA.

binary form, in music, the structural pattern of many songs and instrumental pieces, primarily from the 17th to the 19th century, characterized by two complementary, related sections of more or less equal duration that may be represented schematically as ab. In 18th-century compositions, including

Kuiper belt: Families, binaries, and satellites: …gravitationally bound together are called binary KBOs. Of the known cold classical KBOs, 15 to 20 percent are in binary systems. The Pluto-Charon system is binary but is unusual in the compactness of the system. The production of binary KBOs requires a large initial population of KBOs, many times larger…

Kuiper belt: Families, binaries, and satellites: …gravitationally bound together are called binary KBOs. Of the known cold classical KBOs, 15 to 20 percent are in binary systems. The Pluto-Charon system is binary but is unusual in the compactness of the system. The production of binary KBOs requires a large initial population of KBOs, many times larger…

binary number system, in mathematics, positional numeral system employing 2 as the base and so requiring only two different symbols for its digits, 0 and 1, instead of the usual 10 different symbols needed in the decimal system. The numbers from 0 to 10 are thus in binary 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101,

language: Language and conceptualization: …brain has a preference for binary oppositions, or polarities. If this is so, it will help explain the numerous pairs of related antonyms that are found: good, bad; hot, cold; high, low; right, wrong; dark, light; and so on. For finer discriminations, these terms can be put into more narrowly…

Arecibo Observatory: …Arecibo to discover the first binary pulsar. They showed that it was losing energy through gravitational radiation at the rate predicted by physicist Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity, and they won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1993 for their discovery.

formal logic: Classification of dyadic relations: Consider the closed wff (∀x)(∀y)(ϕxy ⊃ ϕyx), which means that, whenever the relation ϕ holds between one object and a second, it also holds between that second object and the first. This expression is not valid, since it is true for some relations…

telecommunication: Analog-to-digital conversion: …and distortion-free telecommunication is the binary signal. The simplest possible signal of any kind that can be employed to transmit messages, the binary signal consists of only two possible values. These values are represented by the binary digits, or bits, 1 and 0. Unless the noise and distortion picked up…

binary star, pair of stars in orbit around their common centre of gravity. A high proportion, perhaps one-half, of all stars in the Milky Way Galaxy are binaries or members of more complex multiple systems. Although binary stars are sometimes called double stars, the latter refers to any two stars

information theory: Discrete, noisy communication and the problem of error: …for the effectiveness of a binary symmetric channel at conveying information can be established by taking its raw throughput of bits and subtracting the number of bits necessary to transmit error corrections. The limit on the efficiency of a binary symmetric channel with noise can now be given as a…

binary number system, in mathematics, positional numeral system employing 2 as the base and so requiring only two different symbols for its digits, 0 and 1, instead of the usual 10 different symbols needed in the decimal system. The numbers from 0 to 10 are thus in binary 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101,

phase: Binary systems: Consider the binary system (Figure 2) that describes the freezing and melting of the minerals titanite (CaSiTiO5) and anorthite feldspar (CaAl2Si2O8). The melt can range in composition from pure CaSiTiO5 to pure CaAl2Si2O8, but the solids show no compositional substitution. All

computer programming language: Data structures: A bintree (binary tree) for example, either is empty or contains a root component with data and left and right bintree “children.” Such bintrees implement tables of information efficiently. Subroutines to operate on them are naturally recursive; the following routine prints out all the elements of…

chemical weapon: Properties of chemical weapons: …chemical arms may be so-called binary weapons in which the ingredients are mixed in flight while the weapon is being delivered. Binary weapons are safer and easier to store and handle than more-traditional chemical arms.

visual field defect: …fields are called bitemporal or binasal hemianopia, respectively.

Pearl Jam: Vitalogy through Pearl Jam: …good reviews, Yield (1998) and Binaural (2000) were not commercial successes. Pearl Jam, however, remained a popular concert draw, and the band’s 2000 European tour was chronicled on 25 live and unedited CDs. The politically charged Riot Act (2002) was a solid rock album, but its intensity does not approach…

sound: Beats: …of a mistuned octave, and binaural beats involve beating between tones presented separately to the two ears, so that they do not mix physically.

sound: Binaural perception: The paths from the ears to the brain are separate; that is, each ear converts the sound reaching it into electrical impulses, so that sounds from the two ears mix in the brain not as physical vibrations but as electrical signals. This separation…

sound: Binaural perception: The paths from the ears to the brain are separate; that is, each ear converts the sound reaching it into electrical impulses, so that sounds from the two ears mix in the brain not as physical vibrations but as electrical signals. This separation…

Western architecture: The early Byzantine period (330–726): …like the even more impressive Binbirdirek (Thousand and One Columns) cistern, new columns of unusually tall and slender proportions and new capitals of cubic form were designed specially. These cisterns assured an adequate supply of water even when the aqueducts that fed the city were cut by an attacking enemy.…

Binche, town, Walloon Region, Belgium. It lies 9 miles (15 km) southeast of Mons. Situated on a hill, Binche remains encircled by fortifications built in the 12th century and flanked by 27 towers. Its town hall was constructed in the second half of the 14th century and restored in the 16th century

Binchois was a Flemish composer of church music and of secular chansons that were among the finest of their genre, being notable for their elegance of line and grave sweetness of expression. The upper voice in Binchois’s mostly three-part songs is considered to be particularly lyrical. Gilles’s

Binchois was a Flemish composer of church music and of secular chansons that were among the finest of their genre, being notable for their elegance of line and grave sweetness of expression. The upper voice in Binchois’s mostly three-part songs is considered to be particularly lyrical. Gilles’s

Binchois was a Flemish composer of church music and of secular chansons that were among the finest of their genre, being notable for their elegance of line and grave sweetness of expression. The upper voice in Binchois’s mostly three-part songs is considered to be particularly lyrical. Gilles’s

Binchois was a Flemish composer of church music and of secular chansons that were among the finest of their genre, being notable for their elegance of line and grave sweetness of expression. The upper voice in Binchois’s mostly three-part songs is considered to be particularly lyrical. Gilles’s

Maeve Binchy was an Irish journalist and author of best-selling novels and short stories about small-town Irish life. Noted as a superb storyteller, Binchy examined her characters and their relationships with wit and great understanding. Educated at University College, Dublin (B.A., 1960), Binchy

binder, machine for cutting grain and binding it into bundles, once widely used to cut small grain such as wheat. The first patent was issued on a self-tie binder in 1850. The horse-drawn twine binder, first marketed in 1880, remained the chief method of harvesting small grain during the early

Captain Marvel: Shazam! and the litigious origins of Captain Marvel: The whimsical storytelling of writer Otto Binder was complemented by Beck’s clean dynamic penciling, and Captain Marvel would remain one of the best-selling titles of the Golden Age of comics (1938–c. 1950). Not content to play catch-up, DC filed suit against Fawcett for copyright infringement. The legal battle over Captain…

Western architecture: Scandinavia and Greece: …in 1839–48 from designs by Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll. It was built to house the collection of sculpture that the celebrated Danish Neoclassical sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen presented to his native country in 1837. The opportunity was taken of providing a major cultural monument to strengthen national consciousness at a time of…

Mirzapur-Vindhyachal: …stairs, along the river; in Vindhyachal is an old temple of Kali, visited by pilgrims.

bindi, a mark or sticker worn by Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist women and occasionally men on the forehead between the eyebrows. The custom of wearing a bindi in South Asian countries dates back centuries, and the bindi’s significance has changed over time, so that there is not one static interpretation

bookbinding, the joining together of a number of leaves or folios (most frequently of paper, parchment, or vellum) within covers to form a codex or book, as opposed to a roll or scroll. Bookbinding began when the codex started to replace the roll. The earliest elaborately decorated bookbindings

binding energy, amount of energy required to separate a particle from a system of particles or to disperse all the particles of the system. Binding energy is especially applicable to subatomic particles in atomic nuclei, to electrons bound to nuclei in atoms, and to atoms and ions bound together in

drug: Receptors: …effects involve two distinct processes: binding, which is the formation of the drug-receptor complex, and receptor activation, which moderates the effect. The term affinity describes the tendency of a drug to bind to a receptor; efficacy (sometimes called intrinsic activity) describes the ability of the drug-receptor complex to produce a…

New Fire Ceremony, in Aztec religion, ritual celebrated every 52 years when the 260-day ritual and 365-day civil calendars returned to the same positions relative to each other. In preparation, all sacred and domestic fires were allowed to burn out. At the climax of the ceremony, priests ignited a

crystal: Molecular binding: The Dutch physicist Johannes D. van der Waals first proposed the force that binds molecular solids. Any two atoms or molecules have a force of attraction (F) that varies according to the inverse seventh power of the distance R between the centres of…

Khosrow II: Expansion of the empire: …revolt led by Bostām and Bindōē (brothers-in-law of Hormizd), which culminated in the king’s assassination, Bahrām Chūbīn renounced the allegiance of his army to the monarchy and forced the new king Khosrow to flee to Mesopotamia. Khosrow’s pursuers were held off by the military tactics of his uncle Bindōē, until…

Abhinav Bindra is an Indian rifle shooter and winner of the men’s 10-metre air rifle competition at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China. He is India’s first-ever individual Olympic gold medalist. Bindra took up rifle shooting in his mid-teens and quickly advanced in the sport. He qualified for

Bindusara was the second Mauryan emperor, who ascended the throne about 297 bce. Greek sources refer to him as Amitrochates, Greek for the Sanskrit amitraghata (“destroyer of foes”). The name perhaps reflects his successful campaign in the Deccan. Chandragupta—Bindusara’s father and founder of the

Bindusara was the second Mauryan emperor, who ascended the throne about 297 bce. Greek sources refer to him as Amitrochates, Greek for the Sanskrit amitraghata (“destroyer of foes”). The name perhaps reflects his successful campaign in the Deccan. Chandragupta—Bindusara’s father and founder of the

bindweed, plants of the closely related genera Convolvulus and Calystegia (morning glory family; Convolvulaceae), mostly twining, often weedy, and producing handsome white, pink, or blue funnel-shaped flowers. Bellbine, or hedge bindweed (Calystegia sepium), native to Eurasia and North America,

human intelligence: The IQ test: Binet’s early test was taken to Stanford University by Lewis Terman, whose version came to be called the Stanford-Binet test. This test has been revised frequently and continues to be used in countries all over the world.

Alfred Binet was a French psychologist who played a dominant role in the development of experimental psychology in France and who made fundamental contributions to the measurement of intelligence. Fascinated by the work of the neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot on hypnosis at the Salpêtrière Hospital,

Lewis R. Binford was an American archaeologist. Binford taught principally at the University of New Mexico (1968–91) and later at Southern Methodist University (1991–2003). In the mid-1960s, he initiated what came to be known as the “New Archaeology,” which champions the use of quantitative methods

Lewis R. Binford was an American archaeologist. Binford taught principally at the University of New Mexico (1968–91) and later at Southern Methodist University (1991–2003). In the mid-1960s, he initiated what came to be known as the “New Archaeology,” which champions the use of quantitative methods

Bing, search engine launched in 2009 by the American software company Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft’s previous search engine, Live Search, from the time of its release in 2006 consistently trailed well behind those of Google Inc., the industry giant, and the Internet portal site of Yahoo! Inc.

natural childbirth: …those of Fernand Lamaze, Elisabeth Bing, Robert Bradley, and Charles Leboyer. Although there are differences among their methods, all share the basic belief that if the prospective mother learns and practices techniques of physical and psychological conditioning, her discomfort during delivery will be lessened. Preparation also includes full instruction and…

pottery: The European continent: The firm of Bing & Grøndahl was established in 1853 and has done excellent and imaginative work.

Bingxin was a Chinese writer of gentle, melancholy poems, stories, and essays that enjoyed great popularity. Bingxin studied the Chinese classics and began writing traditional Chinese stories as a child, but her conversion to Christianity and her attendance at an American school in Beijing soon

Detroit Pistons: …Jimmy Walker, Dave DeBusschere, and Dave Bing, the Pistons posted losing records in each of their first 13 seasons in Detroit (though they did occasionally qualify for the postseason, owing to the small size of the NBA at the time). Detroit chose future Hall of Fame centre Bob Lanier with…

Ilse Bing was a German-born photographer known for her early mastery of the lightweight 35-mm Leica camera and for her intricately composed street photographs and self-portraits. Bing attended the University of Frankfurt beginning in 1920, where she studied math and physics. She changed her course

art market: Orientalism: …dealers in Asian art was Siegfried Bing, whose shop was later known as La Maison Art Nouveau. Bing played a vital role in the promotion of the new style, as did his English counterpart, Arthur Liberty, who founded the luxury goods shop Liberty of London. In the United States the…

Sir Rudolf Bing was a British operatic impresario who oversaw the Metropolitan Opera in New York City for 22 years (1950–72) as general manager. The son of an Austrian industrialist, Bing grew up in a musical household and studied at the University of Vienna. He first worked in theatrical agencies

Republic of the Congo: Settlement patterns: …west of Mossaka, while the Binga Pygmies and the Sanga are scattered through the northern basin. Precolonial trade between north and south stimulated both cooperation and competition, while French favouritism toward the peoples of the southwest and postindependence politics intensified ethnic and regional rivalries. Massive internal migration and urbanization since…

Mozambique: Relief: Mount Binga, the country’s highest elevation at 7,992 feet (2,436 metres), is part of the Chimoio highlands. The 7,936-foot (2,419-metre) peak at Mount Namúli dominates the Mozambican highland, which constitutes much of the northern interior.

Mozambique: Relief: Mount Binga, the country’s highest elevation at 7,992 feet (2,436 metres), is part of the Chimoio highlands. The 7,936-foot (2,419-metre) peak at Mount Namúli dominates the Mozambican highland, which constitutes much of the northern interior.

alcohol consumption: United States: …drinking on college campuses—especially so-called binge drinking—remained a considerable problem. As people aged, abstention generally increased. In part, this may have been an artifact of birth cohort and of a wish of former alcoholics to recover from their disorder. Nonetheless, in the 21st century, as many as 10 percent of…

anorexia nervosa: Classification: …of two types of illness: binge-eating/purging type or restricting type. The binge-eating/purging type is characterized by regular engagement in binge eating (eating of a significantly large amount of food during a given period of time) or purging (self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas) during the current episode…

mental disorder: Eating disorders: Examples of such include binge eating disorder (episodes of binge eating with the absence of compensatory weight-loss behaviors) and purging disorder (episodes of self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives that follow a normal or below normal amount of food consumption). Patients with anorexia nervosa engage in excessive control over…

Bingen, city, Rhineland-Palatinate Land (state), southwestern Germany. Bingen is a port at the confluence of the Rhine and Nahe rivers, near the whirlpool known as Binger Loch. It originated as the Roman fortress of Bingium and later became an imperial free city, joining the Hanseatic League in

Bingen, city, Rhineland-Palatinate Land (state), southwestern Germany. Bingen is a port at the confluence of the Rhine and Nahe rivers, near the whirlpool known as Binger Loch. It originated as the Roman fortress of Bingium and later became an imperial free city, joining the Hanseatic League in

Sigismund: …the princes to form the Union of Bingen, ostensibly to conduct the war against the Hussites but also to protect themselves against the king’s inroads.

Sunzi: …the Chinese classic Bingfa (The Art of War), the earliest known treatise on war and military science.

Amelia Bingham was an American actress who not only achieved great popularity as a performer but also became perhaps the country’s first successful actress-producer. Amelia Swilley left Ohio Wesleyan University in 1890 when she was encouraged by Lloyd Bingham, manager of a traveling professional

Caleb Bingham was an American educator, textbook author, and bookseller during the four decades following the American Revolution. Bingham was educated at local schools before entering Dartmouth College in Hanover, N.H. He graduated in 1782 and took the position of master at Moor’s Indian Charity

George Caleb Bingham was an American frontier painter noted for his landscapes, his portraits, and especially his representations of Midwestern river life. In 1819 Bingham’s family moved to Franklin, Missouri, on the Lewis and Clark trail. After the death of his father, the family relocated to

George Charles Bingham, 3rd earl of Lucan was a British soldier who commanded the cavalry division, including the famous Light Brigade, at the Battle of Balaklava (q.v.) in the Crimean War. The eldest son of the 2nd Earl of Lucan, Lord Bingham was educated at Westminster and was commissioned an

Hiram Bingham was an American archaeologist and politician who in 1911 initiated the scientific study of Machu Picchu, an ancient Inca site in a remote part of the Peruvian Andes. Bingham may have been preceded by the German adventurer Augusto Berns, who, some scholars believe, visited the site in

T Bone Burnett: …circuit, as songwriters Burnett and Ryan Bingham collected an Academy Award, a Golden Globe (2010), and a Grammy (2011). Burnett earned additional Grammys for his production work on the Crazy Heart sound track and for having cowritten a song performed by Taylor Swift on the sound track of the movie…

Binghamton, city, seat (1806) of Broome county, south-central New York, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the Chenango and Susquehanna rivers, near the Pennsylvania border, 75 miles (121 km) south of Syracuse. With Johnson City and Endicott, it forms the Triple Cities. Settled in 1787 at the site

Bingen, city, Rhineland-Palatinate Land (state), southwestern Germany. Bingen is a port at the confluence of the Rhine and Nahe rivers, near the whirlpool known as Binger Loch. It originated as the Roman fortress of Bingium and later became an imperial free city, joining the Hanseatic League in

bingo, game of chance using cards on which there is a grid of numbers, a row of which constitute a win when they have been chosen at random. Bingo is one of the most popular forms of low-priced gambling in the world. To play bingo, which is a form of lottery, each player purchases one or more cards

Louise Erdrich: …Queen (1986), Tracks (1988), and The Bingo Palace (1994), about the Indian families living on or near a North Dakota Ojibwa reservation and the whites they encounter. Tales of Burning Love (1996) and The Antelope Wife (1998) detail tumultuous relationships between men and women and their aftermath. Erdrich returned to…

Bingöl, city in eastern Turkey. It lies along the Göniksuyu River, a tributary of the Murat River. The city takes its name (bin, “thousand,” and göl, “lakes”) from numerous small lakes that dot the Bingöl Mountains to the northeast. Once part of the Assyrian empire, the region was added to the

Bingxin was a Chinese writer of gentle, melancholy poems, stories, and essays that enjoyed great popularity. Bingxin studied the Chinese classics and began writing traditional Chinese stories as a child, but her conversion to Christianity and her attendance at an American school in Beijing soon

Cam Ranh Bay: The Binh Ba Bay, or outer bay, with Binh Ba Island lying off the tip of Point Cam Linh, offers some protection to ships at anchor, but the 1-mile- (1.6-kilometre-) wide strait that opens into the inner bay of Cam Linh provides year-round protection from monsoons…

Southeast Asian arts: Art of the southern capital: 11th–15th century: …Cham capital was established at Binh Dinh in 1069, the kings maintained a gradually diminishing splendour. After the Khmer attack of 1145 they could claim little in the way of royal glory.

Le Loi was a Vietnamese general and emperor who won back independence for Vietnam from China in 1428, founded the Later Le dynasty, and became the most honoured Vietnamese hero of the medieval period. A wealthy upper-class landowner, Le Loi despised the Vietnamese aristocrats who collaborated with

Edo, people of southern Nigeria who speak a language of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. The Edo numbered about 3.8 million at the turn of the 21st century. Their territory is west of the Niger River and extends from hilly country in the north to swamps in the Niger Delta.

Benue-Congo languages: Edoid: …which the principal one is Edo (1,000,000 speakers); and northwestern Edoid, seven languages.

mental disorder: Development of physical and pharmacological treatments: …Italian psychiatrists Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini in 1938. Electroconvulsive treatment was more successful in alleviating states of severe depression than in treating symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychosurgery, or surgery performed to treat mental illness, was introduced by Portuguese neurologist António Egas Moniz in the 1930s. The

Tashkent, capital of Uzbekistan and the largest city in Central Asia. Tashkent lies in the northeastern part of the country. It is situated at an elevation of 1,475 to 1,575 feet (450 to 480 metres) in the Chirchiq River valley west of the Chatkal Mountains and is intersected by a series of canals

Kazys Binkis was a poet who led the “Four Winds” literary movement, which introduced Futurism into Lithuania. From 1920 to 1923 Binkis studied literature and philosophy in Berlin, where he became acquainted with the newest trends in western European literature. The poems he wrote during his

compass: …compasses are usually mounted in binnacles, cylindrical pedestals with provision for illuminating the compass face from below. Each binnacle contains specially placed magnets and pieces of steel that cancel the magnetic effects of the metal of the ship. Much the same kind of device is used aboard aircraft, except that,…

Alster River: …lake’s southern portion is called Binnenalster (“Inner Alster”) and the northern, Aussenalster (“Outer Alster”).

The Hague: These buildings now form the Binnenhof (“Inner Courtyard”) in the old quarter of the city. Among the great halls around this courtyard are the Ridderzaal (Knight’s Hall; c. 1280) and the Armistice or Truce Hall, designed by Daniel Marot in 1697. An artificial lake, the Hofvijver, just to the north…

Easton: The company Binney & Smith Inc. established a factory in Easton at the beginning of the 20th century to make slate pencils but quickly began manufacturing crayons; its world-famous Crayola crayons are still made there. Other factories in the locality produce pipe couplings, plastic and paper food…