Drew Barrymore: … (2002), the environmentally themed drama Big Miracle (2012), and the romantic comedies 50 First Dates (2004), Fever Pitch (2005), Music and Lyrics (2007), He’s Just Not That Into You (2009), and Going the Distance (2010).

Martin Lawrence: …as an elderly woman in Big Momma’s House (2000) and its sequels, Big Momma’s House 2 (2006) and Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son (2011). Among his numerous other films are Open Season (2006), Wild Hogs (2007), and College Road Trip (2008). He reunited with Smith for Bad

Martin Lawrence: …House (2000) and its sequels, Big Momma’s House 2 (2006) and Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son (2011). Among his numerous other films are Open Season (2006), Wild Hogs (2007), and College Road Trip (2008). He reunited with Smith for Bad Boys II (2003) and Bad Boys for Life

Martin Lawrence: …Momma’s House 2 (2006) and Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son (2011). Among his numerous other films are Open Season (2006), Wild Hogs (2007), and College Road Trip (2008). He reunited with Smith for Bad Boys II (2003) and Bad Boys for Life (2020).

Martin Lawrence: …Momma’s House 2 (2006) and Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son (2011). Among his numerous other films are Open Season (2006), Wild Hogs (2007), and College Road Trip (2008). He reunited with Smith for Bad Boys II (2003) and Bad Boys for Life (2020).

Lost Generation: …Night (1934) and Dos Passos’s The Big Money (1936).

snowboarding: Backcountry and big mountain: …a resort’s boundaries, backcountry and big mountain snowboarding takes the fluid flow of freeriding to more remote wilderness locations. While riders often use resorts to access out-of-bounds terrain, there are no artificial features or elements in backcountry snowboarding. Riders access wilderness terrains in various ways, from hiking, snowshoeing, and splitboarding…

Ali Wong: Career: …in American Dad!, Ali in Big Mouth, and Becca Lee in Human Resources.

Joyce Carol Oates: …into young adult fiction included Big Mouth & Ugly Girl (2002) and Two or Three Things I Forgot to Tell You (2012).

Tony Shalhoub: …the moody chef Primo in Big Night (1996).

Kate Elder was a plainswoman and frontier prostitute of the old American West, companion and possible wife of Doc Holliday (q.v.). Nothing is known of her background before she turned up in a Fort Griffin, Texas, saloon in the fall of 1877, working as a barroom prostitute. There she met Holliday,

James Ellroy: …Black Dahlia (1987; film 2006), The Big Nowhere (1988), L.A. Confidential (1990; film 1997), and White Jazz (1992). Perfidia (2014) was the first volume in his second L.A. Quartet. The novel, which chronologically precedes the events of the earlier series, features many of the same characters and evokes a similarly…

Oscar Robertson is an American basketball player who starred in both the collegiate and professional ranks and was considered one of the top players in the history of the game. As a player with the Cincinnati (Ohio) Royals of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1961–62, he averaged double

Chen Kaige: …next year by Dayuebing (The Big Parade), which depicts young soldiers training for a military parade in Beijing. Haizi wang (1987; King of the Children) is the story of a young teacher sent to a squalid rural school “to learn from the peasants.” Chen’s fourth film, Bienzou bienchang (1991;…

The Big Parade, American silent film, released in 1925, that was the first movie to depict the experiences of the ordinary enlisted man during World War I and that was one of the first major antiwar films. The Big Parade, directed by King Vidor, centres on James Apperson (played by John Gilbert), a

Martin Puryear: …the centerpiece of which was Big Phrygian (2010–14), a massive rendition of the cap associated with liberty. He collaborated with New York’s Madison Square Park Conservancy on a monumental sculpture, Big Bling (2016), to temporarily reside in that park. Puryear was selected to represent the United States at the 58th…

Florida Keys: Big Pine Key, largest of the lower keys, is a refuge for the tiny key deer and has unusual displays of cacti.

Paul and Lloyd Waner: …size but to their batting: Big Poison, who batted and threw left-handed, hit more long balls (doubles and triples); Little Poison, who batted left-handed and threw right-handed, was known for the number of singles he hit.

quaking grass: …are cultivated as ornamentals, including big quaking grass, or rattlesnake grass (Briza maxima), perennial quaking grass (B. media), and little quaking grass, or shivery grass (B. minor).

Ferris State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Big Rapids, Mich., U.S. An “applied polytechnic university,” Ferris State consists of the colleges of allied health sciences, arts and sciences, business, education and human services, optometry, pharmacy, and

Man o’ War, (foaled 1917), American racehorse (Thoroughbred) often considered the greatest of the 20th century. In a brief career of only two seasons (1919–20), he won 20 of 21 races, established seven track records for speed over various distances, and raced at odds as short as 1–100. In 1920 he

Secretariat, (foaled 1970), American racehorse (Thoroughbred) who is widely considered the greatest horse of the second half of the 20th century. A record-breaking money winner, in 1973 he became the ninth winner of the U.S. Triple Crown (the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes, and the Belmont

jellyfish: and Chrysaora and the big red jellyfish, Tiburonia granrojo (subfamily Tiburoniinae), one of only three species of jellyfish that lack tentacles.

Cincinnati Reds: …teams known as the “Big Red Machine,” which had left behind Crosley Field, with its distinctive left field terrace, for a new home, Riverfront Stadium. Boasting a regular lineup that featured three future Hall of Famers (catcher Johnny Bench, second baseman Joe Morgan, and first baseman Tony Pérez) as…

Samuel Fuller: Last films: The Big Red One (1980) was an autobiographical account of Fuller’s old unit—the 16th Regiment of the 1st Infantry Division, the insignia for which was a big red 1. The film was discursive but powerful. It was heavily cut on its initial release, but a…

Kenny Chesney: The Big Revival (2014) debuted atop the country albums chart and yielded three hit singles. Chesney was more reflective on Cosmic Hallelujah (2016), and in 2017 he released Live in No Shoes Nation, his eighth album to reach the number-one spot on the Billboard 200…

Big Rock Candy Mountain, complex of carbonate hills, about 5,500 feet (1,675 metres) tall, on the edge of one segment of Fishlake National Forest, near Marysvale, south-central Utah, U.S. The striped dun- and rose-coloured hills were fancifully named by workers on the Denver and Rio Grande

Big Rock Candy Mountain: …Harry McClintock, later composed a song by that title. The song—which features a hobo’s vision of the good life (“There’s a lake of stew and whiskey, too/ And you can paddle all around it in a big canoe”)—became popular throughout the United States in the late 1920s, and the area…

Wallace Stegner: His fifth novel, The Big Rock Candy Mountain (1943), the story of an American family moving from place to place in the West, seeking their fortune, was his first critical and popular success. Among his later novels are The Preacher and the Slave (1950; later titled Joe Hill:…

Big Sandy River, river formed by the confluence of Levisa and Tug forks at Louisa, Lawrence county, eastern Kentucky, U.S. The river, made navigable by a series of locks and dams, flows generally north for 27 miles (43 km) along the Kentucky–West Virginia border to the Ohio River near Catlettsburg,

Big Science, style of scientific research developed during and after World War II that defined the organization and character of much research in physics and astronomy and later in the biological sciences. Big Science is characterized by large-scale instruments and facilities, supported by funding

Laurie Anderson: …Share My Money With (1981), Big Science (1982), and Mister Heartbreak (1984) before producing a massive four-part multimedia extravaganza, United States I–IV. It combined music, photography, film, drawings, and animation with text and consisted of 78 segments organized into four sections: Transportation, Politics, Money, and Love. First performed at the…

African American literature: Novelists: …achievement in autobiography was Hughes’s The Big Sea (1940), which contains the most insightful and unsentimental first-person account of the Harlem Renaissance ever published. Yet the most notable narratives produced by the Harlem Renaissance came from Toomer (himself an accomplished poet), Fisher, Wallace Henry Thurman, Hurston, and Nella Larsen. Toomer’s…

Maurice Gee: His first novel, The Big Season (1962), about the goings-on in a community obsessed with rugby, and his short-story collection A Glorious Morning, Comrade (1975), are set in this milieu. The novel In My Father’s Den (1972; film 2004) explores New Zealand social mores by way of the…

Adam McKay: …the 2007–08 financial crisis into The Big Short (2015), a fast-paced film that used comedy to describe the causes of the crisis and those who profited from it. The movie won critical praise as well as a wide audience. McKay shared an Academy Award for best adapted screenplay and was…

Holly Hunter: …her performance in Michael Showalter’s The Big Sick (2017). Hunter then returned to television for the HBO series Here and Now (2018), a drama about a multiracial family, and in 2019 she had a recurring role in another HBO show, Succession, about a family that owns a global media empire.…

Big Sioux River, river rising in Grant county, north of Watertown, S.D., U.S. It flows south and southeast past Sioux Falls, where its 20-foot (6-metre) drop is utilized by a hydroelectric power station, and enters the Missouri River near Sioux City, Iowa, after a course of 420 miles (676 km).

cricket: County and university cricket: and Middlesex constituted the Big Six that dominated county cricket. After World War I the northern counties, led by Yorkshire and Lancashire, largely professional teams, were the leaders. Surrey, with seven successive championships, dominated in the 1950s and Yorkshire in the 1960s, followed by Kent and Middlesex in the…

Christy Mathewson was an American professional baseball player, regarded as one of the greatest pitchers in the history of the game. Mathewson was one of the first “college men” to enter the major leagues, having played football and baseball at Bucknell University in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. After

skate: In contrast, both the big skate (Beiringraja binoculata) of the eastern North Pacific Ocean and the common skate (Dipturus batis) of the western North Atlantic Ocean may reach 2.5 metres (8.2 feet) long as adults. The skate’s tail lacks the stinging spines found in electric rays. They are innocuous…

Kate Atkinson: …Took My Dog (2010), and Big Sky (2019).

David E. Kelley: …becomes a murder suspect, and Big Sky (2020– ), about a kidnapping in Montana; he cowrote both series. He reteamed with Kidman on Nine Perfect Strangers (2021), a miniseries that was also adapted from a Moriarty novel; it centres on a group of people who seek help from a mysterious…

Howard Hawks: Films of the 1950s of Howard Hawks: The Big Sky (1952) starred Kirk Douglas as a fur trapper working his way along the Missouri River, while Monkey Business (1952), a goofy yarn about a scientist who discovers a rejuvenation serum, was a collaboration between Hawks, Grant, rising star Marilyn Monroe, and scenarists…

The Big Sleep, American film noir, released in 1946, that was based on Raymond Chandler’s classic 1939 novel of the same name. It was directed by Howard Hawks, cowritten by author William Faulkner, and starred the popular team of Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall. Although its plot is often cited

The Big Sleep, classic hardboiled crime novel by Raymond Chandler, published in 1939. It was the first of seven novels to feature the famed detective Philip Marlowe. The story was filmed twice, in 1946 and 1978. The Big Sleep represents some major departures in the nature of the detective genre,

The Big Sleep: …filmed twice, in 1946 and 1978.

lake: Sulfates, nitrates, and phosphates: Big Soda Lake, Nevada, is extremely rich in this substance.

Big Spring, city, seat (1882) of Howard county, western Texas, U.S., at the foot of the Caprock Escarpment, 111 miles (179 km) west-southwest of Abilene. It was named for the “big spring” in nearby Sulphur Draw, a frontier watering place and an area that was disputed between Comanche and Shawnee

Big Star, American band that during its brief existence in the early 1970s helped define power pop, a style in which bright melodies and boyish vocal harmonies are propelled by urgent rhythms. The original members were Alex Chilton (b. Dec. 28, 1950, Memphis, Tenn., U.S.—d. March 17, 2010, New

Don Siegel: Early work: He next made The Big Steal (1949), a lighthearted crime yarn that reunited Robert Mitchum and Jane Greer, the stars of Jacques Tourneur’s noir classic Out of the Past (1947). Although not up to that level, The Big Steal showed Siegel’s facility with hard-boiled action, the genre in…

Big Stick policy, in American history, policy popularized and named by Theodore Roosevelt that asserted U.S. domination when such dominance was considered the moral imperative. Roosevelt’s first noted public use of the phrase occurred when he advocated before the U.S. Congress increasing naval

Big Stone Lake, source of the Minnesota River in the U.S., on the Minnesota–South Dakota border, 300 miles (480 km) west-northwest of Minneapolis. Once part of the southern outlet of the extinct glacial Lake Agassiz, its name comes from red granite outcrops in the vicinity. Its waters are impounded

Marx Brothers: … (1939), Go West (1940), and The Big Store (1941)—lacked the quality of their earlier work and were much less successful, and in 1941 the brothers announced their retirement as a team. For the next few years, Groucho performed frequently on radio, Harpo appeared on the stage, Chico led his own…

Lucille Ball: She won major roles in The Big Street (1942) with Henry Fonda, Du Barry Was a Lady (1943), Without Love (1945), Ziegfeld Follies (1946), and Sorrowful Jones (1949) and Fancy Pants (1950), both with Bob Hope. All of her comedies were box office successes, but they failed

Big Sur, scenic region in western California, U.S., that comprises a 100-mile- (160-km-) long ruggedly beautiful stretch of seacoast along the Pacific Ocean. It extends southward from Carmel, just south of Monterey (whence the name El Sur Grande: “The Big South”), to the Hearst Castle at San

Jack Kerouac: Later work: In 1961 he wrote Big Sur in 10 days while living in the cabin of Lawrence Ferlinghetti, a fellow Beat poet, in California’s Big Sur region. Two years later Kerouac’s account of his brother’s death was published as the spiritual Visions of Gerard. Another important autobiographical book, Vanity of…

Big Ten Conference, one of the oldest college athletic conferences in the United States, formed in 1896 by the Universities of Chicago, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin and Purdue and Northwestern universities. The University of Iowa and Indiana University were added in 1899 and Ohio

automotive industry: Rise of the Big Three: At the end of World War I, Ford was the colossus, dominating the automotive scene with the Model T not only in the United States but also through branch plants throughout the world. British Ford was the largest single producer in the United…

children’s literature: War and beyond: , Big Tiger and Christian, 1952). A long, richly coloured narrative of a journey made by two boys, Chinese and European, through the Gobi Desert, it should stand as one of the finest adventure stories of the postwar years.

turf toe, sprain involving the big toe (hallux) metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint of the foot. The term turf toe was coined in 1976 after it was found that the frequency of injuries to the MTP joint of the big toe was increased in gridiron football players who wore relatively flexible soccer-style

circus: History: …the circus tent, or “big top,” which was first used about 1825 on the itinerating show of the American J. Purdy Brown. His reasons for exhibiting shows under canvas tents (which were at first very small, housing one ring and a few hundred seats) are unknown, but it was…

Benicio Del Toro: …Duke the Dog-Faced Boy in Big Top Pee-wee (1988). He played a henchman of the villain in the James Bond movie Licence to Kill (1989) and earned favourable reviews for his portrayal of a Mexican drug lord in the fact-based TV miniseries Drug Wars: The Camarena Story (1990). Del Toro…

Raoul Walsh: Films of the 1930s: One of 1930’s biggest hits, The Big Trail was a western epic with young John Wayne in his first starring role as the head of a wagon train on the Oregon Trail and was filmed in an early widescreen process. Women of All Nations (1931) was yet another go-round with…

Walter Johnson was an American professional baseball player who had perhaps the greatest fastball in the history of the game. A right-handed thrower with a sidearm delivery who batted right as well, Johnson pitched for the Washington Senators of the American League (AL) from 1907 through 1927.

Red River Indian War: Encouraged by chiefs Big Tree and Satanta, Indians carried out an attack in 1874 that killed 60 Texans and launched the war. In the fall of 1874, about 3,000 federal infantry and cavalry, under the overall command of General William Tecumseh Sherman, converged on the Indians concentrated in…

giant sequoia, (Sequoiadendron giganteum), coniferous evergreen tree of the cypress family (Cupressaceae), the largest of all trees in bulk and the most massive non-clonal organism by volume. The giant sequoia is the only species of the genus Sequoiadendron and is distinct from the coast redwoods

rhododendron: Physical description: and the critically endangered big tree rhododendron (R. protistum variety giganteum) from Asia, some in excess of 12 metres (40 feet) high. Leaves are thick and leathery and are evergreen in all but the azalea species, some of which are deciduous. Flowers may be scented or not and are…

John Cassavetes: 1980s: …was the little-seen mainstream comedy Big Trouble (1985), in which Alan Arkin starred as an insurance salesman who becomes involved in a scheme to fake the death of another man (Falk). It provided an unfortunate and premature end to Cassavetes’s adventurous filmmaking career. He died of cirrhosis of the liver…

John Carpenter: …of the big-budget action film Big Trouble in Little China (1986), Carpenter returned to writing and directing low-budget horror movies, including Prince of Darkness (1987) and They Live (1988). He also helmed the comic Memoirs of an Invisible Man (1992), In the Mouth of Madness (1994), Village of the Damned

Bill Parcells is an American professional gridiron football coach and executive who coached the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL) to Super Bowl victories in 1987 and 1991. Parcells spent most of his childhood in New Jersey, where he acquired the nickname “Bill” from teachers who

Lewis Allen: …as Perry Mason, The Rifleman, The Big Valley, The Fugitive, Mission Impossible, and Bonanza; for the latter he helmed 42 episodes. Allen retired from directing in the mid-1970s.

Katherine Heigl: …New Year’s Eve (2011) and The Big Wedding (2013). She voiced a squirrel in the computer-animated comedy The Nut Job (2014) and its sequel (2017).

Chris Burden: …first sculpture of that period, The Big Wheel (1979), demonstrates his aptitude for engineering while it also makes reference to Dada artist Marcel Duchamp and the tradition of the ready-made. The work is composed of a motorcycle and a very large cast-iron flywheel, which spins when the motorcycle engine is…

African American literature: Chicago writers: …of miscegenation; and Ward, whose Big White Fog (produced 1938) was the most widely viewed African American drama of the period.

Chinese architecture: The Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) dynasties: …(190-foot-) high Dayan Ta, or Great Wild Goose Pagoda, of the Ci’en Temple in Chang’an, on which the successive stories are marked by corbeled cornices, and timber features are simulated in stone by flat columns, or pilasters, struts, and capitals.

tank: World War I: …A second model, called “Big Willie,” quickly followed. Designed to cross wide trenches, it was accepted by the British Army, which ordered 100 tanks of this type (called Mark I) in February 1916.

Big Wood River, watercourse, south-central Idaho, U.S., that rises in the south slopes of the Sawtooth Range in the Sawtooth National Forest and flows south past Sun Valley, Ketchum, and Hailey, then west to join the Snake River near Gooding after a course of about 129 miles (208 km). Magic

Steve Martin: …films included It’s Complicated (2009), The Big Year (2011), Home (2015), and Billy Lynn’s Long Halftime Walk (2016). Martin teamed with comedian Martin Short (a longtime friend and occasional collaborator) and Selena Gomez as an unlikely crime-solving trio in the TV series Only Murders in the Building (2021– ), which…

Joni Mitchell: Clouds, Blue, Big Yellow Taxi, and Woodstock: …especially in 1970 with “Big Yellow Taxi” and “Woodstock” (this song about the famous festival spawned three hit cover versions by other artists), Mitchell’s impact was as a long-term “album artist.” With its carefully precise yet improvisational feel, her music is at times difficult to listen to. She does…

wind instrument: In jazz: …the principal era of the big bands, the best known being those led by Duke Ellington and Count Basie. During the 1930s and ’40s, the wind sections of such groups grew from 6 (three reeds, two trumpets, and a trombone) to a standard of 13 (five reeds, four trumpets, and…

big-bang model, widely held theory of the evolution of the universe. Its essential feature is the emergence of the universe from a state of extremely high temperature and density—the so-called big bang that occurred 13.8 billion years ago. Although this type of universe was proposed by Russian

seahorse: The largest species, the big-bellied seahorse (H. abdominalis), which inhabits the waters off South Australia and New Zealand, can grow up to 35 cm (13.8 inches) in length.

long-eared bat, any of 19 species of small, usually colony-dwelling vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae). Long-eared bats are found in both the Old World and the New World (Plecotus) and in Australia (Nyctophilus). They are approximately 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 inches) long, not including the 3.5–5.5-cm

bat-eared fox, (species Otocyon megalotis), large-eared fox, belonging to the dog family (Canidae), found in open, arid areas of eastern and southern Africa. It has 48 teeth, 6 more than any other canid. The bat-eared fox is like the red fox in appearance but has unusually large ears. It is

opossum: Opossums of Latin America: The big-eared opossum (D. aurita) is similar to the common opossum and occurs from eastern and southern Brazil to northern Argentina. Other close relatives include three species of white-eared opossums: D. albiventris in eastern Brazil and south through eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina; D.…

opossum: Opossums of Latin America: The big-eared opossum (D. aurita) is similar to the common opossum and occurs from eastern and southern Brazil to northern Argentina. Other close relatives include three species of white-eared opossums: D. albiventris in eastern Brazil and south through eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina; D.…

bigeye, any of about 18 species of marine fishes comprising the family Priacanthidae (order Perciformes). Some members of the family are also known as catalufas. Most bigeyes are bright red in colour, but many species can change from a pale hue to a deep, mottled shade. Most have large round eyes.

fishing: Big-game fishing: Made possible by the motorized boat, saltwater big-game fishing was pioneered in 1898 by Charles Frederick Holder, who took a 183-pound (83-kg) bluefin tuna off Santa Catalina Island, California. Fish usually caught by big-game anglers include tuna, marlin, swordfish, and

Big-Game Hunting Tradition, any of several ancient North American cultures that hunted large herd animals such as mammoth and bison. The archetypal cultures of the Big-Game Hunting Tradition are the Clovis and Folsom complexes, the remains of which have been found throughout North America and date,

tunnels and underground excavations: Shaft sinking and drilling: …methods in a technique called big-hole drilling, used for constructing small shafts in the diameter range of three to six feet. Big-hole drilling was developed for deep emplacement in underground testing of nuclear devices, with more than 150 such big holes drilled in the 1960s up to 5,000 feet deep…

magnolia: Major species: …feet) tall with leathery leaves; big-leaf magnolia (M. macrophylla), 15 metres (50 feet) tall with purple-based blooms; umbrella tree (M. tripetala), 12 metres (40 feet) tall with leaves 60 cm (2 feet) long that are sometimes used as rain shields; cucumber tree (M. acuminata), a 30-metre (100-foot) tree with cucumber-shaped…

primitive culture: Horticultural societies: …thrives, the leader is called Big Man or Centre Man.

maple: …(30 feet) tall, include the big-toothed maple (A. grandidentatum); some believe it to be a subspecies of sugar maple, a Rocky Mountain tree, often multistemmed, displaying pink to red fall foliage. Coliseum maple (A. cappadocicum) and Miyabe maple (A. miyabei) provide golden-yellow fall colour. The three-flowered maple (A. triflorum) and…

Ida Lupino: Directing: …she directed and starred in The Bigamist (1953), an occasionally maudlin but not unaffecting melodrama with O’Brien as a businessman who marries two women (Lupino and Joan Fontaine).

bigamy, the unlawful contracting of a marriage by or with a person who is already married to another. In earlier times bigamy was dealt with by ecclesiastical courts. After the Reformation, the English Parliament enacted statutes defining and punishing the offense, and similar steps were taken

Douglas fir: Major species: The bigcone Douglas fir (P. macrocarpa), a smaller species important only for erosion control, bears cones 10 to 15 cm (about 4 to 6 inches) long.

Erastus Brigham Bigelow was an American industrialist, noted as the developer of the power carpet loom and as a founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). From age 10, Bigelow was obliged to work and to forgo a formal education. At the age of 23 he invented his first loom for lace

John Bigelow was an American author, journalist, and diplomat who was the discoverer and first editor of Benjamin Franklin’s long-lost Autobiography. As U.S. consul in Paris during the American Civil War, he also prevented the delivery of warships constructed in France for the Confederacy. Called

Kathryn Bigelow is an American film director and screenwriter, noted for action films that often featured protagonists struggling with inner conflict. She was the first woman to win an Academy Award for best director, for The Hurt Locker (2008). (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film

Kathryn Bigelow is an American film director and screenwriter, noted for action films that often featured protagonists struggling with inner conflict. She was the first woman to win an Academy Award for best director, for The Hurt Locker (2008). (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film