Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, city, west-central Sakhalin oblast (region), far-eastern Siberia, Russia. It lies on the western coast of Sakhalin Island on the Tatar Strait. Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky was founded in 1881 as a centre for penal settlements. In 1890 the writer Anton Chekhov lived there

Novosibirsk, city, administrative centre of Novosibirsk oblast (region) and the chief city of western Siberia, in south-central Russia. It lies along the Ob River where the latter is crossed by the Trans-Siberian Railroad. It developed after the village of Krivoshchekovo on the left bank was chosen

Mikhail Vasilyevich Alekseyev was the commander in chief of the Russian Army for two months in World War I and a military and political leader of the White (anti-Bolshevik) forces in the Russian Civil War that followed the Russian Revolution of October 1917. The son of a private soldier, Alekseyev

Central Asian arts: Neolithic and Metal Age cultures: The settlement and cemetery of Alekseevskoe (present Tenlyk), some 400 miles (600 kilometres) south of Yekaterinburg (formerly Sverdlovsk), is especially important, because its earth houses were designed for permanent habitation. Their roofs rested on logs, and each dwelling had a central hearth used for heating purposes with side hearths intended…

Alexis I was the Russian Orthodox Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia (1945–70) whose allegiance to the Soviet government helped him strengthen the structure of the church within an officially atheistic country. Born to an aristocratic family, Simansky received a law degree from the University of

Aleksey II was the Russian Orthodox Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia from 1990 to 2008. Ridiger graduated from Leningrad Theological Academy in 1953 and was consecrated an archbishop in the Russian Orthodox Church in 1964. From 1968 to 1986 he was metropolitan of Tallinn and Estonia; in July 1986

Alexis was the only son of Nicholas II, the last tsar of Russia, and the tsarina Alexandra. He was the first male heir born to a reigning tsar since the 17th century. Alexis was a hemophiliac, and at that time there was no medical treatment that could alleviate his condition or lessen his

St. Alexis ; canonized 1448; feast day October 5) was the metropolitan of Moscow from 1354 to 1378 and the first representative of the Russian Orthodox Church to take a truly active role in governing Russia. Alexis became regent during the short reign of Ivan the Fair (1353–59),

Alexis I was the Russian Orthodox Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia (1945–70) whose allegiance to the Soviet government helped him strengthen the structure of the church within an officially atheistic country. Born to an aristocratic family, Simansky received a law degree from the University of

Aleksey II was the Russian Orthodox Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia from 1990 to 2008. Ridiger graduated from Leningrad Theological Academy in 1953 and was consecrated an archbishop in the Russian Orthodox Church in 1964. From 1968 to 1986 he was metropolitan of Tallinn and Estonia; in July 1986

Alexis was the tsar of Russia from 1645 to 1676. The son of Michael, the first Romanov monarch of Russia (reigned 1613–45), Alexis received a superficial education from his tutor Boris Ivanovich Morozov before acceding to the throne at the age of 16. Morozov, who was also Alexis’s brother-in-law,

Alexis was the only son of Nicholas II, the last tsar of Russia, and the tsarina Alexandra. He was the first male heir born to a reigning tsar since the 17th century. Alexis was a hemophiliac, and at that time there was no medical treatment that could alleviate his condition or lessen his

Alexis was the heir to the throne of Russia, who was accused of trying to overthrow his father, Peter I the Great. After his mother, Eudoxia, was forced to enter a convent (1698), Alexis was brought up by his aunts and, after 1702, was educated by the tutor Baron Heinrich von Huyssen. Although he

St. Alexis ; canonized 1448; feast day October 5) was the metropolitan of Moscow from 1354 to 1378 and the first representative of the Russian Orthodox Church to take a truly active role in governing Russia. Alexis became regent during the short reign of Ivan the Fair (1353–59),

St. Alexis ; canonized 1448; feast day October 5) was the metropolitan of Moscow from 1354 to 1378 and the first representative of the Russian Orthodox Church to take a truly active role in governing Russia. Alexis became regent during the short reign of Ivan the Fair (1353–59),

Konstantin Stanislavsky: …his family and called the Alekseyev Circle. Although initially an awkward performer, Stanislavsky obsessively worked on his shortcomings of voice, diction, and body movement. His thoroughness and his preoccupation with all aspects of a production came to distinguish him from other members of the Alekseyev Circle, and he gradually became…

Alexandre Alexeïeff was a Russian-born French filmmaker who invented the pinscreen method of animation with his collaborator (later his wife), the animator Claire Parker (1910–81). Alexeïeff spent his childhood near Istanbul and studied at a naval college in St. Petersburg. After the Russian

Konstantin Stanislavsky was a Russian actor, director, and producer, founder of the Moscow Art Theatre (opened 1898). He is best known for developing the system or theory of acting called the Stanislavsky system, or Stanislavsky method. (Read Lee Strasberg’s 1959 Britannica essay on Stanislavsky.)

Mikhail Vasilyevich Alekseyev was the commander in chief of the Russian Army for two months in World War I and a military and political leader of the White (anti-Bolshevik) forces in the Russian Civil War that followed the Russian Revolution of October 1917. The son of a private soldier, Alekseyev

Vasily Ivanovich Alekseyev was a Soviet weightlifter who was arguably the greatest super heavyweight lifter of all time. Between 1970 and 1978 he set 80 world records and won two Olympic gold medals. Alekseyev was the son of a lumberjack. At age 12 he was felling trees and lifting logs for

Catherine I was a peasant woman of Baltic (probably Lithuanian) birth who became the second wife of Peter I the Great and empress of Russia (1725–27). Orphaned at the age of three, Marta Skowronska was raised by a Lutheran pastor in Marienburg (modern Alūksne, Latvia). When the Russians seized

Svobodny, city and centre of Svobodny rayon (sector), Amur oblast (region), southeastern Russia. It is situated on the right bank of the Zeya River, which is a tributary of the Amur River, and on the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Svobodny was founded in 1912. It is now an important transportation

Aleksin, city, Tula oblast (province), western Russia, on the Oka River, 40 miles (65 km) northwest of Tula city. Aleksin, first documented in 1236, was at first a fortress, then a river port. The decline of river trade adversely affected the city, but since the October Revolution (1917) it has

Aleksey II was the Russian Orthodox Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia from 1990 to 2008. Ridiger graduated from Leningrad Theological Academy in 1953 and was consecrated an archbishop in the Russian Orthodox Church in 1964. From 1968 to 1986 he was metropolitan of Tallinn and Estonia; in July 1986

Nicaragua: Nicaragua from 1990 to 2006: …lost to the AL’s candidate, Arnoldo Alemán Lacayo, a former mayor of Managua and allegedly a sympathizer of former dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle. During Alemán’s tenure (1997–2002) Nicaragua’s economy enjoyed a modest recovery, fueled by foreign aid, debt forgiveness, and remittances from abroad, but his administration was also beset by…

Mateo Alemán was a Spanish novelist, a master stylist best known for his early, highly popular picaresque novel, Guzmán de Alfarache. Descended from Jews who had been forcibly converted to Catholicism, Alemán expressed many aspects of the experiences and feelings of the New Christians in

Miguel Alemán was the president of Mexico from 1946 to 1952. The son of a village shopkeeper, Alemán studied law and set up practice in Mexico City, specializing in labour cases. Appointed senator from Veracruz, he became governor of the state in 1936. In 1940 he resigned to manage the successful

Alemanni, a Germanic people first mentioned in connection with the Roman attack on them in ad 213. In the following decades, their pressure on the Roman provinces became severe; they occupied the Agri Decumates c. 260, and late in the 5th century they expanded into Alsace and northern Switzerland,

German language: Other major dialects: Alemannic dialects, which developed in the southwestern part of the Germanic speech area, differ considerably in sound system and grammar from standard High German. These dialects are spoken in Switzerland, western Austria, Swabia, and Liechtenstein and in the Alsace region of France. Yiddish, the language…

Rome: Capital of a united Italy: …defeated by the right-wing candidate, Gianni Alemanno, known for his past ties to the neofascist movement.

Jean Le Rond d’Alembert was a French mathematician, philosopher, and writer, who achieved fame as a mathematician and scientist before acquiring a considerable reputation as a contributor to and editor of the famous Encyclopédie. The illegitimate son of a famous hostess, Mme de Tencin, and one of

alembic, apparatus for distillation used chiefly by alchemists. It was rendered obsolete and superseded by more convenient forms of stills for both experimental and industrial purposes. It consisted essentially of three parts: a gourdlike vessel containing the material to be distilled, called the

Alentejo, region and historical province of south-central Portugal. It lies southeast of the Tagus (Tejo) River and is bounded on the east by the Spanish frontier and on the southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. It is an almost featureless tableland of less than 650 feet (200 m) in elevation in the

multiple sclerosis: Treatment of multiple sclerosis: Another monoclonal antibody, called Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada), which is used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia, also binds to the cell membrane of lymphocytes but works by stimulating antibody-mediated destruction of the cells. In clinical trials in patients with early-stage RRMS, this agent not only stopped progression of the disease but…

Chrysler Building: …New York City, designed by William Van Alen and often cited as the epitome of the Art Deco skyscraper. Its sunburst-patterned stainless steel spire remains one of the most striking features of the Manhattan skyline. Built between 1928 and 1930, the Chrysler Building was briefly the tallest in the world,…

José de Alencar was a journalist, novelist, and playwright whose novel O Guarani (1857; “The Guarani Indian”) initiated the vogue of the Brazilian Indianista novel (romantic tales of indigenous life incorporating vocabulary of Amerindian origin referring to flora, fauna, and tribal customs). O

José de Alencar was a journalist, novelist, and playwright whose novel O Guarani (1857; “The Guarani Indian”) initiated the vogue of the Brazilian Indianista novel (romantic tales of indigenous life incorporating vocabulary of Amerindian origin referring to flora, fauna, and tribal customs). O

Alençon, town, Orne département, Normandy région, northwestern France. Alençon lies at the juncture of the Sarthe and Briante rivers, in the centre of a plain ringed by wooded hills. It is known for its tulle and lace (especially point d’Alençon), introduced from Venice in the mid-17th century.

Alençon lace, needle lace produced in Alençon in northwestern France. The city of Alençon was already famous for its cutwork and reticella (see embroidered lace) when in 1665 Louis XIV’s minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert introduced Venetian lacemakers into the area to teach the local women the secrets

François, duc d’Anjou was the fourth and youngest son of Henry II of France and Catherine de Médicis; his three brothers—Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III—were kings of France. But for his early death at age 30, he too would have been king. Catherine de Médicis gave him Alençon in 1566, and he

St. Joan of Arc: Joan’s mission: …authorities in the presence of Jean, duc d’Alençon, a relative of Charles, who showed himself well-disposed toward her. She was then taken to Poitiers for three weeks, where she was further questioned by eminent theologians who were allied to the dauphin’s cause. These examinations, the record of which has not…

Giulio Aleni was a Jesuit priest who was the first Christian missionary in the province of Kiangsi, China. Aleni entered the Society of Jesus in 1600 and was sent to the Far East. He landed at Macau in 1610 and went to China three years later. During his more than 30 years in China, he adopted that

Alentejo, region and historical province of south-central Portugal. It lies southeast of the Tagus (Tejo) River and is bounded on the east by the Spanish frontier and on the southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. It is an almost featureless tableland of less than 650 feet (200 m) in elevation in the

tapestry: 17th and 18th centuries: …designed many of the popular alentours tapestries, in which the central subject, presented as a painting bordered by a frame simulating gilded wood, is eclipsed by the rich use of ornamental devices surrounding it. Boucher’s Loves of the Gods were also alentours and enjoyed a great success and popularity, especially…

ʿalenu, (Hebrew: “it is our duty”), the opening word of an extremely old Jewish prayer, which has been recited at the end of the three periods of daily prayer since the European Middle Ages. The first section of the ʿalenu is a prayer of thanks for having set Israel apart for the service of God;

Teatro Farnese: …was begun in 1618 by Giovanni Battista Aleotti for Ranuccio I Farnese, and it officially opened in 1628. At one end of the large, rectangular wooden structure was a stage area designed for deep-perspective scenery and spectacular effects. The stage area, divided in half by two half walls, had provision…

Aleph, Japanese new religious movement founded in 1987 as AUM Shinrikyo (“AUM Supreme Truth”) by Matsumoto Chizuo, known to his followers as Master Asahara Shoko. The organization came to public attention when it was learned that several of its top leaders had perpetrated the Tokyo subway attack of

Jorge Luis Borges: Life: …volume of English translations titled The Aleph, and Other Stories, 1933–1969 (1970). During this time, he and another writer, Adolfo Bioy Casares, jointly wrote detective stories under the pseudonym H. Bustos Domecq (combining ancestral names of the two writers’ families), which were published in 1942 as Seis problemas para Don…

aleph-null (ℵ0), in mathematics, the cardinality of the infinite set of natural numbers {1, 2, 3, …}. The cardinality, or cardinal number, of a set is the number of elements of a set. For example, the number 3 is the cardinality of the set {1, 2, 3} as well as of any set that can be put into a

history of logic: The continuum problem and the axiom of constructibility: …natural numbers, called ℵ1 (aleph-one), is equal to the cardinality of the set of all real numbers. The continuum hypothesis states that ℵ1 is the second infinite cardinal—in other words, there does not exist any cardinality strictly between ℵo and ℵ1. Despite its prominence, the problem of the continuum…

lancet fish, either of two species of widely distributed, deepwater marine fish of the genus Alepisaurus (family Alepisauridae). Lancet fish are elongated and slender, with a long, very tall dorsal fin and a large mouth that is equipped with formidable fanglike teeth. The fish grow to a large size,

lancet fish: The shortnose lancet fish (A. brevirostris) inhabits the Atlantic and south Pacific oceans.

lancet fish: The longnose lancet fish (A. ferox) is found in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The shortnose lancet fish (A. brevirostris) inhabits the Atlantic and south Pacific oceans.

slickhead, any of several deep-sea fishes, family Alepocephalidae (order Salmoniformes), found in almost all oceans at depths up to 5,500 m (17,800 feet) or more. Slickheads are dark, soft, and herringlike; species vary greatly in structure, and a few possess light-producing organs. Some common

protacanthopterygian: Annotated classification: Superfamily Alepocephaloidei About 130 species; 3 to 700 cm (about 1 inch to about 23 feet); marine, deep-sea; worldwide. Adipose fin lacking; swim bladder lacking; teeth small; intestine with pyloric caecae. Light organs present in some species (on raised papillae). Tail supported by 3 vertebral centra.…

Odysseus Elytis was a Greek poet and winner of the 1979 Nobel Prize for Literature. Born the scion of a prosperous family from Lesbos, he abandoned the family name as a young man in order to dissociate his writing from the family soap business. Elytis studied law at Athens University. Intrigued by

Aleppo, principal city of northern Syria. It is situated in the northwestern part of the country, about 30 miles (50 km) south of the Turkish border. Aleppo is located at the crossroads of great commercial routes and lies some 60 miles (100 km) from both the Mediterranean Sea (west) and the

cutaneous leishmaniasis, infectious skin disease that is caused by any of multiple different trypanosome parasites in the genus Leishmania. The disease is the most commonly occurring form of leishmaniasis and is prevalent especially in the Americas, Asia, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East.

biblical literature: Masoretic texts: …production of the model so-called Aleppo Codex, now in Jerusalem. Written by Solomon ben Buya’a, it was corrected, punctuated, and furnished with a Masoretic apparatus by Aaron ben Moses ben Asher about 930. Originally containing the entire Hebrew Bible in about 380 folios, of which 294 are extant, the Aleppo…

Aleppo earthquake of 1138, earthquake, among the deadliest ever recorded, that struck the Syrian city of Aleppo (Ḥalab) on Oct. 11, 1138. The city suffered extensive damage, and it is estimated that 230,000 people were killed. Aleppo is located in northern Syria. The region, which sits on the

gallic acid: …the genus Caesalpinia) and in Aleppo and Chinese galls (swellings of plant tissue), from which it is obtained commercially by the action of acids or alkalies. An Aleppo gall has a spherical shape, is hard and brittle, and is about the size of a hickory nut; it is produced on…

oak: Major species and uses: …on the twigs of the Aleppo oak (Q. infectoria) are a source of Aleppo tannin, used in ink manufacture; commercial cork is obtained from the bark of the cork oak (Q. suber), and the tannin-rich kermes oak (Q. coccifera) is the host of the kermes insect, once harvested for a…

Battle of Aleppo, decisive defeat on November 11, 1400, at Aleppo, in what is now Syria, of the Mameluke forces of Sultan Faraj at the hands of a great army led by the Turkic conqueror Timur. Following his devastating invasion of India, Timur turned his army to the west. His attack on the Syrian

Zangid dynasty: The most noteworthy is the Great Mosque in Aleppo, whose renovation was completed in 1190. The building, a perfect continuation of the Zangid artistic tradition, demonstrates simplicity in decorative architecture. It is built around a large, open, marble-floored court, with a polychrome mihrab (prayer niche facing Mecca). Large areas of…

arartree, (Tetraclinis articulata), only species of the genus Tetraclinis of the cypress family (Cupressaceae), found in hot, dry areas of southeastern Spain, Malta, and northern Africa. A pyramidal tree 12 to 15 metres (about 40 to 50 feet) tall, the arartree has fragrant, brown or reddish-brown

alerce, (species Fitzroya cupressoides), coniferous tree that is the only species of the genus Fitzroya, of the cypress family (Cupressaceae), native to southern Chile and southern Argentina. In the wild it grows to become one of the oldest and largest trees in the world. The alerce is thought to

Albert was an antipope in 1101. He was cardinal bishop of Silva Candida when elected early in 1101 as successor to the antipope Theodoric of Santa Ruffina, who had been set up against the legitimate pope, Paschal II, by an imperial faction supporting the Holy Roman emperor Henry IV in his struggle

Ellesmere Island: …Eureka, Grise Ford (Aujuittuq), and Alert, a weather station and military outpost that is the northernmost community in North America. Petroleum deposits have been discovered on the island. During the summer of 2008, large portions of the Ayles, Markham, Ward-Hunt, and Serson ice shelves calved into icebergs.

Alès, town, Gard département, Occitanie région, southeastern France. It lies along a bend of the Gardon d’Alès River, at the foot of the Cévennes mountains, north-northwest of Nîmes. The town’s name meant “industry” in the language of its 10th-century-bce Phoenician founders. Alestium was its Roman

Huguenot: …Huguenots were defeated, and the Peace of Alès was signed on June 28, 1629, whereby the Huguenots were allowed to retain their freedom of conscience but lost all their military advantages. No longer a political entity, the Huguenots became loyal subjects of the king. Their remaining rights under the Edict…

leśyā: …of the emotions, and the aleśī are those liberated beings (siddhas) who no longer experience any feelings, neither pain nor pleasure, not even humour. The three bad emotions (ill will, envy, and untruthfulness) give the leśyā a bitter taste, harsh or dull colour, a smell that can be likened to…

Alesia, ancient town situated on Mont Auxois, above the present-day village of Alise-Sainte-Reine in the département of Côte d’Or, France. Alesia is famous as the site of the siege and capture of Vercingetorix by Julius Caesar in 52 bce that ended Gallic resistance to Caesar. The Gallic town was

Battle of Alesia, (52 bce), Roman military blockade of Alesia, a city in eastern Gaul, during the Gallic Wars. Roman forces under the command of Julius Caesar besieged Alesia, within which sheltered the Gallic general Vercingetorix and his massive host. Caesar directed his troops to erect a series

Battle of Alesia, (52 bce), Roman military blockade of Alesia, a city in eastern Gaul, during the Gallic Wars. Roman forces under the command of Julius Caesar besieged Alesia, within which sheltered the Gallic general Vercingetorix and his massive host. Caesar directed his troops to erect a series

Arturo Alessandri Palma was a Chilean president (1920–25, 1932–38) who early defended workers’ groups, especially the nitrate miners of the north, but later, as a member of the Liberal Party, became more conservative. The son of an Italian immigrant, Alessandri was graduated in law from the

Chile: The presidency of Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez: Ibáñez was succeeded (1958–64) by the son of Arturo Alessandri Palma, Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez, who won the support of the Conservative and Liberal parties. To satisfy popular demands without altering profoundly the structures of the country, he launched a public works program…

Alessandria, city, Piedmont regione, northwestern Italy. The city lies at the confluence of the Bormida and Tanaro rivers, southeast of Turin (Torino). It was founded in 1168 by the towns of the Lombard League as an Alpine valley stronghold against the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I (Frederick

Alexandrist, any of the Italian philosophers of the Renaissance who, in the controversy about personal immortality, followed the explanation of Aristotle’s De anima (On the Soul) given by Alexander of Aphrodisias, who held that it denied individual immortality. Thomas Aquinas and his followers had

Alexandrist, any of the Italian philosophers of the Renaissance who, in the controversy about personal immortality, followed the explanation of Aristotle’s De anima (On the Soul) given by Alexander of Aphrodisias, who held that it denied individual immortality. Thomas Aquinas and his followers had

Alessandro was the first duke of Florence (1532–37). Alessandro was born to unmarried parents. His paternity is ascribed either to Lorenzo de’ Medici (1492–1519), duke of Urbino, or, with more likelihood, to Giulio de’ Medici, nephew of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Giulio became a cardinal and in 1519

Giovanni Pacini: He attracted particular notice with Alessandro nelle Indie (1824; “Alexander in the Indies”), an opera seria (“serious opera”) based on Andrea Leone Tottola’s updating of a text by 18th-century librettist Pietro Metastasio, and L’ultimo giorno di Pompei (1825; “The Last Day of Pompei”), also an opera seria.

Friedrich von Flotow: …brief version of the opera Alessandro Stradella, which later, in its complete form, enjoyed great success. In 1839 he collaborated with Albert Grisar and Auguste Pilati on Le Naufrage de la Méduse (“The Wreck of the Medusa”). Between 1840 and 1878 he produced 19 light operas. Martha, composed to a…

Alès, town, Gard département, Occitanie région, southeastern France. It lies along a bend of the Gardon d’Alès River, at the foot of the Cévennes mountains, north-northwest of Nîmes. The town’s name meant “industry” in the language of its 10th-century-bce Phoenician founders. Alestium was its Roman

Ålesund, municipality and port, western Norway, north of the mouth of Stor Fjord. The municipality is set on several islands—including Nørvøya, Aspøya, Heissa (Hessa), and Oksnøya—which are connected by bridges. According to legend, the settlement dates from the 9th century when Rollo (Rolf) the

Ålesund: Ålesund University College was established there in 1994 through the amalgamation of three smaller institutions. Pop. (2015 est.) mun., 46,316.

patristic literature: The Apologists: …century ad (compare his devastating Alēthēs logos, or True Word, written c. 178), were only two among many “cultured despisers.” But, second, orthodoxy had to take issue with distorting tendencies within, whether these took the form of gnosticism or of other heresies, such as the so-called semi-gnostic Marcion’s rejection of…

modal logic, formal systems incorporating modalities such as necessity, possibility, impossibility, contingency, strict implication, and certain other closely related concepts. The most straightforward way of constructing a modal logic is to add to some standard nonmodal logical system a new

modality, in logic, the classification of logical propositions according to their asserting or denying the possibility, impossibility, contingency, or necessity of their content. Modal logic, which studies the logical features of such concepts, originated with Aristotle, was extensively studied by

Aletsch Glacier, the Alps’ largest and longest glacier, lying in the Bernese Alps of south-central Switzerland. Covering an area of 66 square miles (171 square km), it is divided into the Great Aletsch (main) and the Middle and Upper Aletsch (branches). The main glacier is 15 miles (24 km) long and

tung tree: montana), Japan wood oil tree (A. cordata), and lumbang tree (A. trisperma), are decorative and are planted as shade trees or as sources of tung oil in the subtropical and tropical areas of many countries, including the American Deep South, where they grow rapidly under favourable…

tung tree, (Aleurites fordii), small Asian tree of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), commercially valuable for tung oil (q.v.), which is extracted from its nutlike seeds. In the Orient tung oil was traditionally used for lighting, but it also has important modern industrial uses. The tung tree

tung tree: …tung and its relatives, the candlenut tree (Aleurites moluccana), mu tree (A. montana), Japan wood oil tree (A. cordata), and lumbang tree (A. trisperma), are decorative and are planted as shade trees or as sources of tung oil in the subtropical and tropical areas of many countries, including the American…

tung tree: …the candlenut tree (Aleurites moluccana), mu tree (A. montana), Japan wood oil tree (A. cordata), and lumbang tree (A. trisperma), are decorative and are planted as shade trees or as sources of tung oil in the subtropical and tropical areas of many countries, including the American Deep South, where they…

tung tree: cordata), and lumbang tree (A. trisperma), are decorative and are planted as shade trees or as sources of tung oil in the subtropical and tropical areas of many countries, including the American Deep South, where they grow rapidly under favourable soil conditions.

whitefly: The citrus blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi) is well established in Mexico and the West Indies. A sooty fungus that grows on the honeydew excreted by the citrus blackfly reduces the host plant’s ability to photosynthesize.

Aleut, an Indigenous person of the Aleutian Islands and western portion of the Alaska Peninsula of northwestern North America. The name Aleut derives from Russian; depending upon dialect, the people refer to themselves as Unangan or Unangas (the plural of Unangax̂) and Sugpiat (the plural of

Arctic: Contemporary developments: The Aleut International Association, a sister group, formed in 1998. These organizations are particularly active in promoting the preservation of Indigenous cultures and languages and in attempting to protect the northern environment from global warming and resource exploitation. They are two of the six Indigenous associations…

Aleut language, one of two branches of the Eskimo-Aleut languages (Eskaleut languages). Two mutually intelligible dialects survive: Eastern Unangam Tunuu (Eastern Aleut) and Atkan Unangam Tunuu (Atkan Aleut). A third dialect, Attu Unangam Tunuu (Attu Aleut), now extinct in Alaska, survives on

Eskimo-Aleut languages, family of languages spoken in Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat), Canada, the United States (in Alaska), and Russia (in eastern Siberia), by the Inuit and Unangan (Aleut) peoples. Unangan is a self-name; Aleut is the name the Russians used for these people. The term Eskimo was

Aleutian Basin, submarine depression forming the floor of the southwestern section of the Bering Sea in the Pacific Ocean. On the west it rises to meet Siberia and the Kamchatka Peninsula; on the northeast, the continental shelf of North America off southwestern Alaska; and on the south, the