Alcibiades was a brilliant but unscrupulous Athenian politician and military commander who provoked the sharp political antagonisms at Athens that were the main causes of Athens’ defeat by Sparta in the Peloponnesian War (431–404 bce). Well-born and wealthy, Alcibiades was only a small boy when his

Plato: Varia: The Alcibiades depicts Socrates with the brilliant title character, whose meteoric career (before the date of composition but after the fictional date of the dialogue) contributed to the resentment against the older man. In the Clitophon, the title character objects that Socrates has awakened his wish…

Alcidae, bird family, order Charadriiformes, which includes the birds known as auk, auklet, dovekie, guillemot, murre, murrelet, and puffin

Alcidae, bird family, order Charadriiformes, which includes the birds known as auk, auklet, dovekie, guillemot, murre, murrelet, and puffin

Alcidamas was a prominent Sophist and rhetorician who taught in Athens. He was a pupil of Gorgias and a rival of Isocrates. His only extant work, Peri sōphiston (“Concerning Sophists”), stresses the superiority of extempore (though prepared) speeches over written ones. The oration attributed to him

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar is an American collegiate and professional basketball player who, as a 7-foot 2-inch- (2.18-metre-) tall centre, dominated the game throughout the 1970s and early ’80s. (Read Kareem Abdul-Jabbar’s Britannica essay on the New York Rens.) Alcindor played for Power Memorial Academy

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar is an American collegiate and professional basketball player who, as a 7-foot 2-inch- (2.18-metre-) tall centre, dominated the game throughout the 1970s and early ’80s. (Read Kareem Abdul-Jabbar’s Britannica essay on the New York Rens.) Alcindor played for Power Memorial Academy

Alcinous, in Greek mythology, king of the Phaeacians (on the legendary island of Scheria), son of Nausithoüs, and grandson of the god Poseidon. In the Odyssey (Books VI–XIII) he entertained Odysseus, who had been cast by a storm onto the shore of the island. Scheria was identified in very early

Leonor de Almeida de Portugal was a Portuguese poet whose work forms a bridge between the literary periods of Arcádia and Romanticism in Portugal; her style leans toward the Romantic, but she favoured such classical forms as the ode and epithet and made many allusions to mythology and the classics.

Alciphron was a rhetorician who wrote a collection of fictitious letters, a form of literature popular in his day. About 120 letters have survived. The background of them all is Athens in the 4th century bc, and the imaginary writers are farmers, fishermen, parasites (stock comic figures known for

George Berkeley: His American venture and ensuing years: Alciphron; or, The Minute Philosopher (1732) was written at Newport, and the setting of the dialogues reflects local scenes and scenery. It is a massive defense of theism and Christianity with attacks on deists and freethinkers and discussions of visual language and analogical knowledge and…

Aglauros: Aglauros had a daughter named Alcippe by the god of war, Ares. Alcippe was raped by Halirrhothius, a son of the god of the sea, Poseidon. Ares avenged the act and was tried before the gods on the Athens hill that later was named after him, the Areopagus. That place…

Leonor de Almeida de Portugal was a Portuguese poet whose work forms a bridge between the literary periods of Arcádia and Romanticism in Portugal; her style leans toward the Romantic, but she favoured such classical forms as the ode and epithet and made many allusions to mythology and the classics.

Alzira, city, Valencia provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, eastern Spain. It lies in the Ribera district, south of the city of Valencia. It originated as the Iberian settlement of Algezira Sucro (“Island of Sucro”), so named because of its insular

Alcithoë, in Greek legend, the daughter of Minyas of Orchomenus, in Boeotia. She and her sisters once refused to participate in Dionysiac festivities, remaining at home spinning and weaving. Late in the day Dionysiac music clanged about them, the house was filled with fire and smoke, and the

silicone breast implant: Safety issues and regulation: …implants and the development of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), a type of T-cell lymphoma. Five years later the World Health Organization officially designated this condition as breast implant-associated ALCL (BIA-ALCL). Reports suggest that the risk of BIA-ALCL is higher with implants that have a textured rather than smooth surface.

alclad, laminated metal produced in sheets composed of a Duralumin (q.v.) core and outer layers of

cruise missile: The air-launched cruise missile (ALCM) had a length of 6.3 m (20.7 feet); it attained a range of 2,500 km (1,500 miles). It was designed for deployment on the B-52 bomber. The Tomahawk sea-launched cruise missile (SLCM) and the Tomahawk ground-launched cruise missile (GLCM) had a…

Alcmaeon, in Greek legend, the son of the seer Amphiaraus and his wife Eriphyle. When Amphiaraus set out with the expedition of the Seven Against Thebes, which he knew would be fatal to him, he commanded his sons to avenge his death by slaying Eriphyle (who had been bribed by Polyneices with the

Megacles: The elder Megacles’ son Alcmaeon may have taken refuge at this time in Sicyon under Cleisthenes’ protection. That tyrant’s daughter Agariste was married to Alcmaeon’s son Megacles, who thus won out over other suitors from all parts of Greece. Though the Alcmaeonids were subsequently allowed to return to Athens,…

Alcmaeon was a Greek philosopher and physiologist of the academy at Croton (now Crotone, southern Italy). He was the first person recorded to have practiced dissection of human bodies for research purposes. He may also have been the first to attempt vivisection. Alcmaeon inferred that the brain was

Alcman was a Greek poet who wrote choral lyrics in a type of Doric related to the Laconian vernacular, used in the region that included Sparta. Alcman’s work was divided by the editors of Hellenistic Alexandria (3rd and 2nd centuries bc) into six books, or papyrus rolls, but the poems survived into

Alcmaeonid Family, a powerful Athenian family, claiming descent from the legendary Alcmaeon, that was important in 5th- and 6th-century-bc politics. During the archonship of one of its members, Megacles (632? bc), a certain Cylon failed in an attempt to make himself tyrant, and his followers were

Alcman was a Greek poet who wrote choral lyrics in a type of Doric related to the Laconian vernacular, used in the region that included Sparta. Alcman’s work was divided by the editors of Hellenistic Alexandria (3rd and 2nd centuries bc) into six books, or papyrus rolls, but the poems survived into

Alcmene, in Greek mythology, a mortal princess, the granddaughter of Perseus and Andromeda. She was the mother of Heracles by Zeus, who disguised himself as her husband Amphitryon and seduced

Alcmaeon was a Greek philosopher and physiologist of the academy at Croton (now Crotone, southern Italy). He was the first person recorded to have practiced dissection of human bodies for research purposes. He may also have been the first to attempt vivisection. Alcmaeon inferred that the brain was

Alcmaeon, in Greek legend, the son of the seer Amphiaraus and his wife Eriphyle. When Amphiaraus set out with the expedition of the Seven Against Thebes, which he knew would be fatal to him, he commanded his sons to avenge his death by slaying Eriphyle (who had been bribed by Polyneices with the

Alcoa, American corporation founded in 1888 that, during the 20th century, grew to become a leading producer of aluminum. Originally called the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, it was renamed the Aluminum Company of America and became known as Alcoa, which was eventually adopted as the company’s

Alcoa, city, Blount county, eastern Tennessee, U.S., about 15 miles (25 km) south of Knoxville and adjacent to Maryville. The city is a gateway to Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which lies to the southeast. It was founded in 1913 by the Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) on a tract of land

Alcoa, American corporation founded in 1888 that, during the 20th century, grew to become a leading producer of aluminum. Originally called the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, it was renamed the Aluminum Company of America and became known as Alcoa, which was eventually adopted as the company’s

Learned Hand: …of America (usually called the Alcoa case). After a trial lasting four years, Hand wrote for the court an opinion rejecting the “rule of reason” that the Supreme Court had applied in antitrust cases since 1911. He ruled that evidence of greed or lust for power was inessential; monopoly itself…

aluminum processing: Refining the ore: During World War II the Alcoa combination process was developed for processing lower-grade ores containing relatively high percentages of silica. Very briefly, this process reclaims the alumina that has combined with silica during the digestion process and has been filtered out with the red mud. The red mud is not…

Alcobaça, town, west-central Portugal. It lies at the confluence of the Alcoa and Baça rivers, just south-southwest of the city of Leiria. Alcobaça is notable for its Cistercian monastery (Mosteiro de Santa Maria), founded in 1152 by King Afonso I in thanksgiving for the reconquest of Santarém from

Alcock Convention, agreement regarding trade and diplomatic contact negotiated in 1869 between Great Britain and China. The implementation of the Alcock Convention would have put relations between the two countries on a more equitable basis than they had been in the past. Its rejection by the

John Alcock was an architect, bishop, and statesman who founded Jesus College, Cambridge, and who was regarded as one of the most eminent pre-Reformation English divines. Educated at Cambridge, Alcock was made dean of Westminster (1461), and thereafter his promotion was rapid in religious and

Sir John William Alcock was an aviator who, with fellow British aviator Arthur Brown, made the first nonstop transatlantic flight. (Read Orville Wright’s 1929 biography of his brother, Wilbur.) Alcock received his pilot’s certificate in 1912 and joined the Royal Naval Air Service as an instructor

Latin American architecture: Contemporary architecture, c. 1965–the present: In Caracas W.J. Alcock adapted R. Buckminster Fuller’s geodesic dome as the roof for his Poliedro Stadium (1972), creating the biggest span of any aluminum structure. Alcock’s residential work, such as his Lopez House (1974) and Ribereña House (1979), both in Caracas, shows a rigorous concrete frame…

Mariana Alcoforado was a Portuguese nun, long believed to have written Lettres portugaise (1669; “Portuguese Letters”), a collection of five love letters, though most modern authorities reject her authorship. Alcoforado entered the convent of Nôtre Dame de la Conception in 1656 and became

alcohol, any of a class of organic compounds characterized by one or more hydroxyl (―OH) groups attached to a carbon atom of an alkyl group (hydrocarbon chain). Alcohols may be considered as organic derivatives of water (H2O) in which one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an alkyl group,

alcoholism, excessive and repetitive drinking of alcoholic beverages to the extent that the drinker repeatedly is harmed or harms others. The harm may be physical or mental; it may also be social, legal, or economic. Because such use is usually considered to be compulsive and under markedly

alcohol consumption, the drinking of beverages containing ethyl alcohol. Alcoholic beverages are consumed largely for their physiological and psychological effects, but they are often consumed within specific social contexts and may even be a part of religious practices. Because of the effects that

alcohol consumption: Absorption through the stomach and intestines: …lower levels of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which breaks down alcohol prior to absorption.

ethanol, a member of a class of organic compounds that are given the general name alcohols; its molecular formula is C2H5OH. Ethanol is an important industrial chemical; it is used as a solvent, in the synthesis of other organic chemicals, and as an additive to automotive gasoline (forming a

hand sanitizer: Types of hand sanitizers: Alcohol-based products typically contain between 60 and 95 percent alcohol, usually in the form of ethanol, isopropanol, or n-propanol.1,6 At those concentrations, alcohol immediately denatures proteins, effectively neutralizing certain types of microorganisms.2,4,6

hand sanitizer: Types of hand sanitizers: 2,4,6 Alcohol-free products are generally based on disinfectants, such as benzalkonium chloride (BAC), or on antimicrobial agents, such as triclosan.1,6,7 The activity of disinfectants and antimicrobial agents is both immediate and persistent.1,3,8 Many hand sanitizers also contain emollients (e.g., glycerin) that soothe the

Thomas Graham: …salts and alcohol, the “alcoholates,” analogues of the hydrates. In his final paper he described palladium hydride, the first known instance of a solid compound formed from a metal and a gas.

alcoholic beverage, any fermented liquor, such as wine, beer, or distilled spirits, that contains ethyl alcohol, or ethanol (CH3CH2OH), as an intoxicating agent. A brief treatment of alcoholic beverages follows. For full treatment, see alcohol consumption. Alcoholic beverages are fermented from the

alcoholism: Chronic diseases: …including fatty liver disease and alcoholic hepatitis, as well as the risk of certain types of cancer, including head and neck cancer (e.g., oral cancer, pharyngeal cancer), esophageal cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer.

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), voluntary fellowship of alcoholic persons who seek to get sober and remain sober through self-help and the help of other recovered alcoholics. Although general conventions meet periodically and Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc., is headquartered in New York City,

alcoholism, excessive and repetitive drinking of alcoholic beverages to the extent that the drinker repeatedly is harmed or harms others. The harm may be physical or mental; it may also be social, legal, or economic. Because such use is usually considered to be compulsive and under markedly

Latin American art: Latin American themes: …by Rococo artists) self-portrait by José Luis Rodríguez de Alconedo from 1810. He depicted himself as a mestizo, with tousled hair and an open-necked shirt. His torso, in half-length, is turned in a different direction from his head, which looks spontaneously out at the viewer. This posture, in combination with…

Guillaume Apollinaire: But his poetic masterpiece was Alcools (1913; Eng. trans., 1964). In these poems he relived all his experiences and expressed them sometimes in alexandrines and regular stanzas, sometimes in short unrhymed lines, and always without punctuation.

Alcor, star with apparent magnitude of 4.01. Alcor makes a visual double with the brighter star Mizar in the middle of the handle of the Big Dipper (Ursa Major). The two are 1.2 light-years apart and may be gravitationally bound to each other. Alcor itself is orbited by a faint red companion star.

Alcorn State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning near Lorman, Mississippi, U.S. It is a land-grant university consisting of schools of Arts and Sciences, Business, Education and Psychology, Nursing, and Agriculture and Applied Sciences. The historically black

Alcorn State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning near Lorman, Mississippi, U.S. It is a land-grant university consisting of schools of Arts and Sciences, Business, Education and Psychology, Nursing, and Agriculture and Applied Sciences. The historically black

Alcorn State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning near Lorman, Mississippi, U.S. It is a land-grant university consisting of schools of Arts and Sciences, Business, Education and Psychology, Nursing, and Agriculture and Applied Sciences. The historically black

electronic game: From chess to Spacewar! to Pong: In 1972 Bushnell, Dabney, and Al Alcorn, another Ampex alumnus, founded the Atari Corporation. Bushnell asked Alcorn to design a simple game based on Ping-Pong, explaining by way of inspiration that Atari had received a contract to make it. While there was in fact no such contract, Alcorn was adept…

Argentina: The rise of radicalism: …way to the presidency for José Figueroa Alcorta, a Cordoban who turned immediately to the task of destroying Roca’s political machine. In 1910 Alcorta installed as his successor Roque Sáenz Peña, a brilliant politician who was fully prepared to construct a governing coalition on new foundations.

Bronson Alcott was an American philosopher, teacher, reformer, and member of the New England Transcendentalist group. The self-educated son of a poor farmer, Alcott traveled in the South as a peddler before establishing a series of schools for children. His educational theories owed something to

golf: The Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA): Jan Stephenson, Jo-Anne Carner, Amy Alcott, and Judy Rankin. The most notable player to emerge during the ’70s was Nancy Lopez, who, by winning nine tournaments (including a record five straight) during her first full season on the tour (1978), was a major force in increasing the popularity and…

Bronson Alcott was an American philosopher, teacher, reformer, and member of the New England Transcendentalist group. The self-educated son of a poor farmer, Alcott traveled in the South as a peddler before establishing a series of schools for children. His educational theories owed something to

Dylan Alcott is an athlete who successfully competed in several Paralympic Games in the early 21st century in both basketball and tennis. The Paralympics, which are comparable to the Olympic Games, are a major international sports competition for athletes with disabilities. Alcott won numerous

Dylan Alcott is an athlete who successfully competed in several Paralympic Games in the early 21st century in both basketball and tennis. The Paralympics, which are comparable to the Olympic Games, are a major international sports competition for athletes with disabilities. Alcott won numerous

Stanley Kubrick: Films of the 1970s of Stanley Kubrick: Perhaps not surprisingly, John Alcott won the award for best cinematography.

Louisa May Alcott was an American author known for her children’s books, especially the classic Little Women (1868–69). A daughter of the transcendentalist Bronson Alcott, Louisa spent most of her life in Boston and Concord, Massachusetts, where she grew up in the company of Ralph Waldo Emerson,

Portugal: Disputes with Castile: …invaded Portugal, and, by the Peace of Alcoutim (1371), Ferdinand was forced to renounce his claim and to promise to marry Henry’s daughter; however, he instead took a Portuguese wife, Leonor Teles, despite the fact that she was already married and against the wishes of the commoners of Lisbon. In…

alcove, recess opening off a room or other space enclosed by walls or hedges. In medieval architecture it was commonly used as a sleeping space off the main body of a drafty hall. The separation of the alcove from the main space was accomplished at first by means of curtains and later by timber

Alcoy, town, Alicante provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, southeastern Spain. It lies in rugged foothills at the confluence of the two headstreams of the Serpis River, north of Alicante city. The site was settled before Roman times, but the present

Alcoy, town, Alicante provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, southeastern Spain. It lies in rugged foothills at the confluence of the two headstreams of the Serpis River, north of Alicante city. The site was settled before Roman times, but the present

Manuel de Godoy was a Spanish royal favourite and twice prime minister, whose disastrous foreign policy contributed to a series of misfortunes and defeats that culminated in the abdication of King Charles IV and the occupation of Spain by the armies of Napoleon Bonaparte. Born into an old but poor

Alcuin was an Anglo-Latin poet, educator, and cleric who, as head of the Palatine school established by Charlemagne at Aachen, introduced the traditions of Anglo-Saxon humanism into western Europe. He was the foremost scholar of the revival of learning known as the Carolingian Renaissance. He also

Giuseppe Parini: A volume of Arcadian verse, Alcune poesie di Ripano Eupilino (1752), brought him into literary circles; the following year he joined the prestigious Milanese Accademia dei Trasformati (“Academy of the Transformed”).

cnidarian: Annotated classification: Order Alcyonacea Soft corals. Small to massive colonial forms. Lower parts of polyps fused into a fleshy mass; oral ends protrude. Internal skeleton of isolated calcareous spicules. Primarily tropical. Order Helioporacea (Coenothecalia) Blue coral. Massive lobed calcareous skeleton. Tropical; 1 Caribbean and 1 Indo-West Pacific species.…

cnidarian: Size range and diversity of structure: …of most hydroids, hydrocorals, and soft and hard corals, however, proliferate asexually into colonies, which can attain much greater size and longevity than their component polyps. Certain tropical sea anemones (class Anthozoa) may be a metre in diameter, and some temperate ones are nearly that tall. Anthozoans are long-lived, both…

Pleiades: …mythology the Seven Sisters (Alcyone, Maia, Electra, Merope, Taygete, Celaeno, and Sterope, names now assigned to individual stars), daughters of Atlas and Pleione, were changed into the stars. The heliacal (near dawn) rising of the Pleiades in spring of the Northern Hemisphere has marked

Gabriele D’Annunzio: …third book in this series, Alcyone (1904), a re-creation of the smells, tastes, sounds, and experiences of a Tuscan summer, is considered by many his greatest poetic work.

Pleiades: Taygete, Celaeno, Alcyone, Sterope, and Merope. They all had children by gods (except Merope, who married Sisyphus).

Alan Alda is an American actor, director, and screenwriter best known for his role in the long-running television series M*A*S*H (1972–83). Alda was the son of actor Robert Alda (1914–86). He attended Fordham University before acting in such Broadway plays as The Apple Tree and The Owl and the

death: Judaism: …that of the “bone called Luz” (or Judenknöchlein, as it was to be called by early German anatomists). In his Glossa magna in Pentateuchum (ad 210), Rabbi Oshaia had affirmed that there was a bone in the human body, just below the 18th vertebra, that never died. It could not…

turtle: Habitats: The Aldabra giant tortoise (Geochelone gigantea) of the Indian Ocean has received modest protection, and, as a result, it has attained a total population of more than 100,000 according to some estimates, with densities in some areas of 30 to 160 individuals per hectare (12 to…

Aldabra Islands, atoll, one of the world’s largest, in the Indian Ocean about 600 miles (1,000 km) southwest of the Seychelles group, and part of the Republic of Seychelles. The Aldabras, together with Farquhar and Desroches islands and the Chagos Archipelago, formed part of the British Indian

antiandrogen: Spironolactone, a diuretic, is also a weak inhibitor of the androgen receptor and a weak inhibitor of testosterone synthesis. Androgen-receptor antagonists such as flutamide and bicalutamide can be used in combination with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer.

Aldan River, river in eastern Siberia, Russia. It rises in the Stanovoy Range and flows northwestward in a huge curve to join the Lena River at Batamay. The Aldan River is 1,412 miles (2,273 km) long, the second largest tributary (after the Vilyuy) of the Lena, and drains more than 281,500 square

Arctic: Geology: …in north-central Siberia and the Aldan Shield is exposed in eastern Siberia.

Guatemala: Guatemala in the 21st century: …were part of Attorney General Thelma Aldana’s unprecedentedly aggressive investigation and prosecution of organized crime and government corruption. In July former army officer Byron Lima Oliva—who was imprisoned for the 1998 murder of Bishop Juan José Gerardi and who ran an organized criminal network that spanned the country’s prison system—…

Mark Aldanov was a Russian émigré writer best known for work bitterly critical of the Soviet system. In 1919 Aldanov emigrated to France, which he left for the United States in 1941, although six years later he returned to France. He wrote an essay on Lenin (1921); Deux révolutions (1921; “Two

Armando Palacio Valdés: …picture of seafaring life, and La aldea perdida (1903; “The Lost Village”), on the destruction of rural life by civilization. His occasionally excessive sentimentality is mitigated by sincerity and humour.

Kelly Clarkson: …Stay” (2010), a duet with Jason Aldean, she pursued an interest in country music that was previously made apparent on a 2007 version of “Because of You” that she recorded with Reba McEntire. After the holiday album Wrapped in Red (2013), Clarkson made Piece by Piece (2015), which was noted…

Aldebaran, reddish giant star in the constellation Taurus. Aldebaran is one of the 15 brightest stars, with an apparent visual magnitude of 0.85. Its diameter is 44 times that of the Sun. It is accompanied by a very faint (13th magnitude) red companion star. Aldebaran lies 65 light-years from

Benjamin Britten: …undertaking gave rise to the Aldeburgh Festival (founded 1947), which became one of the most important English music festivals and the centre of Britten’s musical activities.

Ignacio Aldecoa was a Spanish novelist whose work is noted for its local colour and careful composition. Aldecoa studied at the University of Madrid, became a newspaper writer, and from 1947 to 1956 was a broadcaster for the radio station Voice of the Falange. He published essays on politics,

aldehyde, any of a class of organic compounds in which a carbon atom shares a double bond with an oxygen atom, a single bond with a hydrogen atom, and a single bond with another atom or group of atoms (designated R in general chemical formulas and structure diagrams). The double bond between carbon

aldehyde condensation polymer, any of a number of industrially produced polymeric substances (substances composed of extremely large molecules) that are built up in condensation reactions involving an aldehyde. In almost all cases the particular aldehyde employed is formaldehyde, a highly reactive

alcohol consumption: Processing in the liver: …acted upon by another enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and converted to acetate, most of which enters the bloodstream and is ultimately oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. Considerable utilizable energy—200 calories per ounce of alcohol (about 7.1 calories per gram)—is made available to the body during these processes, and in this…

carbohydrate: Classification and nomenclature: …group that is either an aldehyde group or a keto group, they are frequently referred to as aldopentoses or ketopentoses or aldohexoses or ketohexoses. The aldehyde group can occur at position 1 of an aldopentose, and the keto group can occur at a further position (e.g., 2) within a ketohexose.…

alcohol consumption: Processing in the liver: …acted upon by another enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and converted to acetate, most of which enters the bloodstream and is ultimately oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. Considerable utilizable energy—200 calories per ounce of alcohol (about 7.1 calories per gram)—is made available to the body during these processes, and in this…

carbohydrate: Classification and nomenclature: …group that is either an aldehyde group or a keto group, they are frequently referred to as aldopentoses or ketopentoses or aldohexoses or ketohexoses. The aldehyde group can occur at position 1 of an aldopentose, and the keto group can occur at a further position (e.g., 2) within a ketohexose.…

Brazil: Royal governors, Jesuits, and slaves: …the Jesuits settled them in aldeias (“villages”) that were akin to the missions in Spanish America. Most other Portuguese colonists owned Indian slaves, however, and resented the Jesuits’ control over such a valuable labour supply. A conflict arose between the two groups and reverberated throughout the colony, and both parties…

Cynthia May Westover Alden was an American social worker and journalist whose energies in the latter half of her life focused on securing the welfare of blind infants and children. Cynthia Westover was reared largely by her father, a geologist, in western mining camps, and she could shoot a rifle

Isabella Macdonald Alden was an American children’s author whose books achieved great popularity for the wholesome interest and variety of their situations and characters and the clearly moral but not sombre lessons of their plots. Isabella Macdonald was educated at home and at Oneida Seminary,