Alajuela, city, northwestern Costa Rica. It lies in the Valle Central at an elevation of 3,141 feet (957 metres). Known in colonial days as Villahermosa, the town was active in support of independence from Spain in 1821; five years later it suffered from a plot to restore Spanish control over Costa

Panama Canal: The canal: …waters from Alajuela Lake (Lake Madden; formed by the Madden Dam), covers an area of 166 square miles (430 square km). The channel through the lake varies in depth from 46 to 85 feet (14 to 26 metres) and extends for about 23 miles (37 km) to Gamboa. Gaillard…

Alacaluf, South American Indian people, very few (about 10) in number, living on the eastern coast of Isla Wellington in southern Chile. Their culture closely resembles that of the extinct Chono (q.v.) to the north and the Yámana (q.v.) to the south. The Alacaluf environment is a wild and rugged

Ogun: …Ake, the residence of the alake (the traditional ruler of Egbaland), built in 1854 and noted for its collection of antiquities and relics; and the Centenary Hall, all in Abeokuta. There are teacher training colleges in the state and a university of agriculture at Abeokuta. Area 6,472 square miles (16,762…

Ganges River: Physiography: Its five headstreams—the Bhagirathi, the Alaknanda, the Mandakini, the Dhauliganga, and the Pindar—all rise in the mountainous region of northern Uttarakhand state. Of those, the two main headstreams are the Alaknanda (the longer of the two), which rises about 30 miles (50 km) north of the Himalayan peak of Nanda…

Lake Alakol, salt lake in Kazakhstan, 110 miles (180 km) east of Lake Balqash, near the border with the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. Lake Alakol has a drainage basin of about 26,500 square miles (68,700 square km). The lake covers an area of 1,025 square miles, reaches a depth of about

Lake Alakol, salt lake in Kazakhstan, 110 miles (180 km) east of Lake Balqash, near the border with the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. Lake Alakol has a drainage basin of about 26,500 square miles (68,700 square km). The lake covers an area of 1,025 square miles, reaches a depth of about

Lake Alakol, salt lake in Kazakhstan, 110 miles (180 km) east of Lake Balqash, near the border with the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. Lake Alakol has a drainage basin of about 26,500 square miles (68,700 square km). The lake covers an area of 1,025 square miles, reaches a depth of about

crow: moneduloides) and the ‘alalā, or Hawaiian crow (C. hawaiiensis)—use stick-type foraging tools to obtain food from small holes and crevices. Such sophisticated tool use is only practiced by a handful of animal species.

Alalakh, ancient Syrian city in the Orontes (Asi) valley, southern Turkey. Excavations (1936–49) by Sir Leonard Woolley uncovered numerous impressive buildings, including a massive structure known as the palace of Yarim-Lim, dating from c. 1780 bce, when Alalakh was the chief city of the district

Alalakh, ancient Syrian city in the Orontes (Asi) valley, southern Turkey. Excavations (1936–49) by Sir Leonard Woolley uncovered numerous impressive buildings, including a massive structure known as the palace of Yarim-Lim, dating from c. 1780 bce, when Alalakh was the chief city of the district

Teshub: …the pantheon after the gods Alalu, Anu, and Kumarbi had successively been deposed and banished to the netherworld. Another myth, the “Song of Ullikummi,” describes the struggle between Teshub and a stone monster that grew out of the sea. Teshub’s consort was Hebat (Queen of Heaven), and they had a…

World War II: Libya and Egypt, autumn 1941–summer 1942: …the southwest of the ridge ʿAlam al-Halfaʾ. Shortage of fuel on the German side and reinforced defense on the British, together with intensification of the British bombing, spelled the defeat of the offensive, and Rommel on September 2 decided to make a gradual withdrawal.

Prithviraj Kapoor: …first sound film, Ardeshir Irani’s Alam ara (1931; “The Light of the World”), he demonstrated his greatest asset—a powerful, booming voice. Throughout the 1930s Kapoor played lead roles in Hindi films produced by the New Theatres, a studio based in Calcutta (now Kolkata). The 1932 film Rajrani Meera, directed by…

India: The rise of regional states: The last Sayyid ruler, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿĀlam Shah (reigned 1445–51), peacefully surrendered Delhi to his nominal vassal, the Afghan Bahlūl Lodī (reigned 1451–89), and retired to the Badaun district, which he retained until his death in 1478. Before he moved to Delhi, Bahlūl Lodī had already carved out a…

Treaties of Banaras: …result of the Mughal emperor Shah ʿĀlam’s cession of Allahabad and Kora to the warlike Marathas as the price of their support. Warren Hastings, the British governor, ceded Allahabad and Kora to Shujāʿ and promised to support him against the menacing Afghan Rohillas in return for cash payments. This move,…

Lucas Alamán was a politician and historian, the leader of Mexican conservatives for nearly 30 years and the spokesman for a strong, centralized government that would support industrialization, educational expansion, and agricultural modernization. Living during a corrupt and brutal period of

Burlington: Nearby is the Alamance Battleground State Historic Site, where the Regulators, a group of dissident colonists, were defeated (May 16, 1771) by militia dispatched by the royal governor. Elon College (1889) is nearby. Inc. 1893. Pop. (2000) 44,917; Burlington Metro Area, 130,800; (2010) 49,963; Burlington Metro Area, 151,131.

Alemanni, a Germanic people first mentioned in connection with the Roman attack on them in ad 213. In the following decades, their pressure on the Roman provinces became severe; they occupied the Agri Decumates c. 260, and late in the 5th century they expanded into Alsace and northern Switzerland,

Alemanni, a Germanic people first mentioned in connection with the Roman attack on them in ad 213. In the following decades, their pressure on the Roman provinces became severe; they occupied the Agri Decumates c. 260, and late in the 5th century they expanded into Alsace and northern Switzerland,

Italian literature: Poetry: …poet Virgil’s Georgics, and by Luigi Alamanni, in six books on agriculture and rustic life called La coltivazione (1546).

pratyaya: …object as a cause (ālambana-pratyaya), since the object present in the preceding moment becomes the cause of the mental activity for functioning; and (4) the superior cause (adhipati-pratyaya), which refers to all causes, except those stated above, that are effective to produce a thing or not to hinder the…

Oceanic art and architecture: The Sepik River regions: …were figures carved by the Alamblak in the eastern Sepik Hills. The figures, known as yipwon, represent patron spirits of hunting and war. They are topped by a downcurved hook; directly beneath this is a human face, and below that is a vertical series of downcurved hooks. An oval element,…

alambre, a Mexican dish of chopped meats and vegetables, served with corn or flour tortillas. The most common meats used are beef, chicken, and pork, including bacon. Some regional variations, however, feature goat or chorizo. Other ingredients typically include onions, peppers, tomato, and cheese.

Alameda, city, Alameda county, California, U.S. It lies on a 6.5-mile- (11-km-) long by 1-mile- (1.6-km-) wide island in San Francisco Bay, across the Oakland Harbor Channel from Oakland, with which it is connected by bridges and underground tunnels. The site was originally a peninsula that was

Battles of El-Alamein, linked battles in World War II, fought from July 1–27 and October 23—November 11, 1942, pitting German and Italian against British, Australian, New Zealander, South African, and Indian forces in coastal central Egypt and resulting in a pivotalAllied victory. After the First

El-Alamein, coastal town in northwestern Egypt, about 60 miles (100 km) west of Alexandria, that was the site of two major battles between British and Axis forces in 1942 during World War II. El-Alamein is the seaward (northern) end of a 40-mile-wide bottleneck that is flanked on the south by the

Aurangzeb was the emperor of India from 1658 to 1707, the last of the great Mughal emperors. Under him, the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent, although his policies helped lead to its dissolution. Aurangzeb was the third son of the emperor Shah Jahān and Mumtaz Mahal (for whom the Taj Mahal

ʿĀlamgīr II was a Mughal emperor of India who disgraced his reign (1754–59) by his weakness and his disregard for his subjects’ welfare. A son of the emperor Jahāndār Shah (reigned 1712–13), ʿĀlamgīr was always the puppet of more powerful men and was placed on the throne by the imperial vizier

India: Extent: …the Himalayan foothills, where at Alamgirpur, north of Delhi, the easternmost Harappan (or perhaps, more properly, Late Harappan) settlement has been discovered and partly excavated. If the area covered by these sites is compared with that of the Early Harappan settlements, it will be seen that there is an expansion…

Santiago Calatrava: Calatrava’s Alamillo Bridge (1987–92), built for this purpose, instantly received international attention. The dramatic structure’s central feature is a 466-foot (142-metre) pylon that inclines asymmetrically away from the river, supporting a span with more than a dozen pairs of cables. The dramatic image, resembling a harp,…

solenodon, (family Solenodontidae), either species of large shrewlike mammal found only on the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola. Solenodons have a chunky body with short, stocky legs. Various skin glands give it a goatlike odour. The elongate head has very small eyes and tapers to a long, flexible

Alamo, 18th-century Franciscan mission in San Antonio, Texas, U.S., that was the site of a historic resistance effort by a small group of determined fighters for Texan independence (1836) from Mexico. The building was originally the chapel of the Mission San Antonio de Valero, which had been

rocket and missile system: Air-to-air: The AA-10 Alamo, a medium-range missile similar to the Amos, apparently had passive radar guidance designed to home onto carrier-wave emissions from U.S. aircraft firing the semiactive radar-homing Sparrow. The AA-11 Archer was a short-range missile used in combination with the Amos and Alamo.

Texas: Sports and recreation: … in El Paso, and the Alamo Bowl in San Antonio.

poplar: Common species: …Fremont, or Alamo, cottonwood (P. fremontii) is the tallest of the cottonwoods and is found throughout southwestern North America.

Battle of the Alamo, battle during the Texas Revolution that occurred from February 23 to March 6, 1836, in San Antonio, Texas. It ended in a decisive victory for Mexican forces over “Texian” volunteers, who were annihilated. It also became a symbol of fierce resistance for the people of Texas and

The Alamo, American epic film, released in 1960, that was John Wayne’s dream project about the Battle of the Alamo (1836). Frontier legend Davy Crockett (played by Wayne) and his men arrive in San Antonio, Texas, and volunteer to help defend the Alamo, a hopelessly outgunned mission-turned-fort

Alamogordo, city, seat (1899) of Otero county, southern New Mexico, U.S. It lies at the western base of the Sacramento Mountains and east of the Tularosa Basin. Founded by John A. and Charles B. Eddy in 1898 and named for its large cottonwood trees (Spanish: alamo “cottonwood,” gordo “fat”), it

Alamosa, city, seat (1913) of Alamosa county, southern Colorado, U.S. It lies along the Rio Grande in the San Luis Valley, on the western flank of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Founded as Garland City near the site of a small encampment outside the gates of Fort Garland (1858), a cavalry post

George Clooney: …he wed Lebanese English lawyer Amal Alamuddin. The couple had twins, Alexander and Ella, in 2017.

Alamut, novel written by Slovenian writer Vladimir Bartol, published in 1938. The novel and its famed maxim—"Nothing is an absolute reality, all is permitted," later recast by William Burroughs as "Nothing is true, everything is permitted" in his novel The Naked Lunch—inspired the popular video

Nizārī Ismāʿīliyyah: …captured the hill fortress of Alamūt near Kazvin, Iran. By the end of the 11th century, Ḥasan, as grand master or leader of the sect, commanded from this centre both a chain of strongholds all over Iran and Iraq and also a network of propagandists and agents in enemy camps…

Alan Freed did not coin the phrase rock and roll; however, by way of his radio show, he popularized it and redefined it. Once slang for sex, it came to mean a new form of music. This music had been around for several years, but Freed’s primary accomplishment was the delivery of it to new—primarily

Australian Alan (“Fluff”) Freeman was an announcer on Melbourne’s 3KZ when he visited the United Kingdom on vacation in 1957; he stayed on to become one of British radio’s most distinctive and durable broadcasters. Freeman was heard initially on Radio Luxembourg but joined the British Broadcasting

Alain de Lille was a theologian and poet so celebrated for his varied learning that he was known as “the universal doctor.” Alain studied and taught at Paris, lived for some time at Montpellier, and later joined the Cistercians in Cîteaux. As a theologian, he shared in the mystic reaction of the

art rock: Journey, Kansas, the Alan Parsons Project, Queen, Steely Dan, Styx, and Supertramp and the Canadian band Rush. “Arty” 1970s and ’80s British pop rock artists such as Roxy Music, Peter Gabriel, and

Arthur Hiller: Later films: …comedy Carpool (1996), Hiller helmed An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn (1997), a heavy-handed satire of Hollywood filmmaking that was written by Joe Eszterhas. Hiller had his name removed from the production, reportedly over objections to the final cut; some speculated his decision was meant to generate publicity, but,…

Alan Francis Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke was a British field marshal and chief of the Imperial General Staff during World War II. He was educated in France and at the Royal Military Academy (Woolwich) and served in the Royal Artillery during World War I. Between the World Wars, he distinguished

Alan Francis Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke was a British field marshal and chief of the Imperial General Staff during World War II. He was educated in France and at the Royal Military Academy (Woolwich) and served in the Royal Artillery during World War I. Between the World Wars, he distinguished

Sweden: Change in alliance policy: …that was gained was the Åland Convention, which forbade Russia to build fortifications or to have other military installations on Åland.

Åland Islands, archipelago constituting Åland (Ahvenanmaa) autonomous territory, southwestern Finland. The islands lie at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia, 25 miles (40 km) east of the Swedish coast, at the eastern edge of the Åland Sea. The archipelago has a land area of 599 square miles (1,551

Åland Islands, archipelago constituting Åland (Ahvenanmaa) autonomous territory, southwestern Finland. The islands lie at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia, 25 miles (40 km) east of the Swedish coast, at the eastern edge of the Åland Sea. The archipelago has a land area of 599 square miles (1,551

Russia: Peter’s youth and early reign: …led to protracted negotiations (Congress of Åland) that ultimately resulted in the Peace of Nystad (August 30 [September 10, New Style], 1721), under the terms of which Sweden acquiesced to Russian conquests on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. Thereafter Russia was the dominant power in the Baltic…

biblical literature: The two- and four-source hypotheses: …that of the German scholar Kurt Aland, Synopsis Quattuor Evangeliorum (1964; Synopsis of the Four Gospels, 1972), which includes the Gospel According to John and, as an appendix, the Gospel of Thomas, as well as ample quotations from noncanonical gospels and Jesus’ sayings preserved in the Church Fathers.

Halang language, language spoken chiefly in the central highlands of south-central Vietnam near Kon Tum. The number of speakers in Vietnam is estimated at some 10,000. Halang is a member of the North Bahnaric subbranch of the Mon-Khmer language family, which is a part of the Austroasiatic stock.

cogon grass, (Imperata cylindrica), species of perennial grass in the family Poaceae, native to temperate and tropical regions of the Old World. Cogon grass is a serious weed in cultivated areas of South Africa and Australia and is considered an invasive species in many areas outside its native

Alani, an ancient nomadic pastoral people who occupied the Steppe region northeast of the Black Sea. The Alani were first mentioned in Roman literature in the 1st century ce and were described later as a warlike people who specialized in horse breeding. They frequently raided the Parthian empire

alanine, either of two amino acids, one of which, L-alanine, or alpha-alanine (α-alanine), is a constituent of proteins. An especially rich source of L-alanine is silk fibroin, from which the amino acid was first isolated in 1879. Alanine is one of several so-called nonessential amino acids for

Alani, an ancient nomadic pastoral people who occupied the Steppe region northeast of the Black Sea. The Alani were first mentioned in Roman literature in the 1st century ce and were described later as a warlike people who specialized in horse breeding. They frequently raided the Parthian empire

Alain de Lille was a theologian and poet so celebrated for his varied learning that he was known as “the universal doctor.” Alain studied and taught at Paris, lived for some time at Montpellier, and later joined the Cistercians in Cîteaux. As a theologian, he shared in the mystic reaction of the

Madagascar: Drainage: Alaotra is the last surviving lake of the eastern slope. Lake Tsimanampetsotsa, near the coast south of Toliara (formerly Tuléar), is a large body of saline water that has no outlet.

al-Rashīd: …and thus formally establishing the ʿAlawī dynasty. From Fès he proceeded to conquer the north, plundered and razed the Dila monastery, and seized control of Morocco’s Atlantic seaboard from its ruling marabouts. Turning his attention southwest, he occupied Marrakech in 1669 and conquered the Sous region and the Anti-Atlas Mountains.

alapa, in the art musics of South Asia, improvised melody structures that reveal the musical characteristics of a raga. Variant forms of the word—alap in northern Indian music and alapana in Karnatak music (where the term ragam improvisation is also used)—are often found. Alapa ordinarily

alapa, in the art musics of South Asia, improvised melody structures that reveal the musical characteristics of a raga. Variant forms of the word—alap in northern Indian music and alapana in Karnatak music (where the term ragam improvisation is also used)—are often found. Alapa ordinarily

Alapayevsk, city, Sverdlovsk oblast (province), west-central Russia, on the Neyva River. It is one of the oldest centres of the iron and steel industry in the Urals (an ironworks was established there in 1704). It also has machine-tool, timbering, and metalworking industries. Pop. (2006 est.)

alapa, in the art musics of South Asia, improvised melody structures that reveal the musical characteristics of a raga. Variant forms of the word—alap in northern Indian music and alapana in Karnatak music (where the term ragam improvisation is also used)—are often found. Alapa ordinarily

Alapayevsk, city, Sverdlovsk oblast (province), west-central Russia, on the Neyva River. It is one of the oldest centres of the iron and steel industry in the Urals (an ironworks was established there in 1704). It also has machine-tool, timbering, and metalworking industries. Pop. (2006 est.)

Alappuzha, city, southern Kerala state, southwestern India. It lies on a narrow land spit between the Arabian Sea and Vembanad Lake, south of Kochi (Cochin), and is on the main road between Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum). Alappuzha’s port was opened to foreign trade by the British in the

poison: Plant growth regulator: Daminozide, also known as Alar, is a plant growth regulator used to improve the appearance and shelf life of apples. Because of its carcinogenicity in animals (Table 1), concerns have been raised that daminozide may produce tumours in children who consume apples. As a result, the use of daminozide…

Napata: …the first known Cushite prince, Alara (c. 790 bce), established themselves as the 25th dynasty of Egypt; they are remembered for being largely responsible for restoring to Egypt its ancient customs and beliefs. During this period Napata became a capital of a significant part of the ancient world, and Cushite…

Pedro Antonio de Alarcón y Ariza was a writer remembered for his novel El sombrero de tres picos (1874; The Three-Cornered Hat). Alarcón had achieved a considerable reputation as a journalist and poet when his play El hijo pródigo (“The Prodigal Son”) was hissed off the stage in 1857. The failure

Juan Ruiz de Alarcón was a Mexican-born Spanish dramatist of the colonial era who was the principal dramatist of early 17th-century Spain after Lope de Vega and Tirso de Molina. Born into a prosperous family in Mexico, Ruiz de Alarcón went to Spain in 1600 to study at the University of Salamanca,

Rosalía Arteaga: The president of the Congress, Fabián Alarcón, was chosen by that body to serve as interim president. This move, however, was challenged by Arteaga, who claimed that the Ecuadoran constitution granted her the right to assume the presidency. After street protests and provincial declarations of independence, Bucaram accepted his loss…

Battle of Alarcos, (July 18, 1195), celebrated Almohad victory in Muslim Spain over the forces of King Alfonso VIII of Castile. In 1190 the Almohad caliph Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb forced an armistice on the Christian kings of Castile and Leon, after repulsing their attacks on Muslim possessions in Spain.

Alaric was the chief of the Visigoths from 395 and leader of the army that sacked Rome in August 410, an event that symbolized the fall of the Western Roman Empire. A nobleman by birth, Alaric served for a time as commander of Gothic troops in the Roman army, but shortly after the death of the

Alaric II was the king of the Visigoths, who succeeded his father Euric on Dec. 28, 484. He was married to Theodegotha, daughter of Theodoric, the Ostrogothic king of Italy. His dominions comprised Aquitaine, Languedoc, Roussillon, and parts of western Spain. Alaric, like his father, was an Arian

France: Germans and Gallo-Romans: …population (Papian Code of Gundobad; Breviary of Alaric). By the 9th century this principle of legal personality, under which each person was judged according to the law applying to his status group, was replaced by a territorially based legal system. Multiple contacts in daily life produced an original civilization composed…

chemoreception: Pheromones: Alarm pheromones, produced by some animals and best known in insects, have quite different requirements. An alarm pheromone needs high volatility, since it is used to quickly warn other individuals and must rapidly decay from the immediate environment. With a persistent compound the insects would…

alarm signal, in zoology, a ritualized means of communicating a danger or threat among the members of an animal group. In many cases the signal is visual or vocal, but some animals—ants, bees, and certain fishes, for example—secrete chemical substances. Alarm communications frequently cross species

pheromone: …been shown to release a chemical from specialized epidermal cells that elicits a dispersal response from the school. Pheromones play a role in sexual attraction and copulatory behaviour, and they have been shown to influence the sexual development of many mammals as well as of insects such as termites and…

Armenian, member of a people with an ancient culture who originally lived in the region known as Armenia, which comprised what are now northeastern Turkey and the Republic of Armenia. Although some remain in Turkey, more than three million Armenians live in the republic; large numbers also live in

Thomas Lodge: His next work, An Alarum Against Usurers (1584), exposed the ways in which moneylenders lured young heirs into extravagance and debt. He then engaged in varied literary activity for a number of years.

circulatory system: Hearts: …heart may be suspended by alary muscles, contraction of which expands the heart and increases blood flow into it. The direction of flow is controlled by valves arranged in front of the in-current ostia.

Leopoldo Alas was a novelist, journalist, and the most influential literary critic in late 19th-century Spain. His biting and often-bellicose articles, sometimes called paliques (“chitchat”), and his advocacy of liberalism, anticlericalism, and literary naturalism not only made him Spain’s most

Leopoldo Alas was a novelist, journalist, and the most influential literary critic in late 19th-century Spain. His biting and often-bellicose articles, sometimes called paliques (“chitchat”), and his advocacy of liberalism, anticlericalism, and literary naturalism not only made him Spain’s most

Alaşehir, town, western Turkey. It lies in the Kuzu River valley, at the foot of the Boz Mountain. Founded about 150 bce by a king of Pergamum, it became an important town of the Byzantine Empire. It was not taken by the Ottomans until after all other cities of Asia Minor had surrendered to Ottoman

history of Central Asia: Kazakh unrest: …elite formed a party, the Alash Orda, as a vehicle through which they could express their aspirations for regional autonomy. Having found during the Russian Civil War that the anticommunist “Whites” were implacably opposed to their aspirations, the Kazakhs cast in their lot with the “Reds.” After the war the…

Alxa Plateau, southernmost portion of the Gobi (desert), occupying about 400,000 square miles (1,000,000 square km) in north-central China. Covering the western portions of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the northern part of Gansu province, it is bounded by the Huang He (Yellow River) and

elk: …elaphus xanthopygos) and the small Alashan wapiti (C. elaphus alashanicus) of Inner Mongolia. These primitive elk have smaller bodies and antlers, less striking coat patterns, and a deeper voice than the North American elk. However, all male elk, American and Asian, have a high-pitched bugling call used during the rut.…

Gansu: History: In 1956 the Alashan You (Alax You) Qi and Ejina (Ejin) Qi banners in northwestern Gansu were detached and incorporated into the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. In 1958 the affixed Ningxia province was separated from Gansu to become the Hui Autonomous Region of Ningxia. In 1969 the two…

Alaska, constituent state of the United States of America. It was admitted to the union as the 49th state on January 3, 1959. Alaska lies at the extreme northwest of the North American continent, and the Alaska Peninsula is the largest peninsula in the Western Hemisphere. Because the 180th meridian

University of Alaska, system of public land-, sea-, and space-grant universities in Alaska, U.S., with campuses (regional university centres) in Fairbanks (main campus), Anchorage, and Juneau (known as the University of Alaska Southeast). The university traces its origins to 1917, two years after

Alaska blackfish, (species Dallia pectoralis), Arctic freshwater fish, assigned by most authorities to the family Umbridae but by others to the separate family Dalliidae. The fish is about 20 cm (8 inches) long, with a dark, streamlined body, protruding lower jaw, and two large opposed fins near

Alaska: U.S. possession: …panhandle was decided by an Alaska Boundary Tribunal in 1903. The U.S. view that the border should lie along the crest of the Boundary Ranges was accepted, and boundary mapping was mostly completed by 1913. Between 1898 and 1900 a narrow-gauge railroad was built across White Pass to link Skagway…

false cypress: The Nootka cypress, yellow cypress, or Alaska cedar (C. nootkatensis), also called yellow cedar, canoe cedar, Sitka cypress, and Alaska cypress, is a valuable timber tree of northwestern North America. Its pale yellow hard wood is used for boats, furniture, and paneling. Some varieties are cultivated…

Alaska Current, surface oceanic current, a branch of the West Wind Drift that forms a counterclockwise gyre in the Gulf of Alaska. In contrast to typical sub-Arctic Pacific water, Alaska Current water is characterized by temperatures above 39° F (4° C) and surface salinities below 32.6 parts per

false cypress: The Nootka cypress, yellow cypress, or Alaska cedar (C. nootkatensis), also called yellow cedar, canoe cedar, Sitka cypress, and Alaska cypress, is a valuable timber tree of northwestern North America. Its pale yellow hard wood is used for boats, furniture, and paneling. Some varieties are cultivated…

dab: …and a yellow tail; the yellowfin sole, or Alaska dab (L. aspera), a brownish northern Pacific flatfish; and the longhead dab (L. proboscidea), a light-spotted, brownish northern Pacific fish with yellow on the edges of its body.