history of artificial intelligence (AI), a survey of important events and people in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) from the early work of British logician Alan Turing in the 1930s to advancements at the turn of the 21st century. AI is the ability of a digital computer or

artificial intelligence, situated approach, method of achieving artificial intelligence (AI). Traditional AI has by and large attempted to build disembodied intelligences whose only interaction with the world has been indirect (CYC, for example). Nouvelle AI, on the other hand, attempts to build

kyōgen: …an independent dramatic form, and ai-kyōgen came to refer specifically to Noh interludes.

construction: Emergence of design professionals: …both in London, and the American Institute of Architects (1857). Official government licensing of architects and engineers, a goal of these societies, was not realized until much later, beginning with the Illinois Architects Act of 1897. Concurrent with the rise of professionalism was the development of government regulation, which took…

aerospace industry: Character of the industry: …industry are represented through the Aerospace Industries Association of America (AIA), an aerospace-industry-funded organization whose membership consists of the major companies in the field. The AIA provides a forum for technical and policy issues concerning the industry and serves as a lobbying agent for the common interests of its members.…

Solar Dynamics Observatory: …and Magnetic Imager (HMI), the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA), and the Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE). HMI studies changes in the Sun’s magnetic field by capturing images of the Sun in polarized light every 50 seconds. AIA observes the solar corona in eight wavelengths of ultraviolet light every 10 seconds.…

Ugo Foscolo: …to Napoleon in his tragedy Aiace (first performed 1811; “Ajax”) again brought suspicion on him; in 1812 he moved to Florence, where he wrote another tragedy, Ricciarda, and most of his highly acclaimed unfinished poem, Le grazie (published in fragments 1803 and 1818, in full 1822; “The Graces”). In 1813…

All India Dravidian Progressive Federation, Regional political party of India, principally in Tamil Nadu state. It was formed in 1972 by veteran movie-actor-turned-politician Maruthur Gopala Ramachandran (popularly known as MGR), who broke away from the Dravidian Progressive Federation (Dravida

Aeacus: …Aegina, where a festival, the Aiakeia, was held in his honour.

Ajax: …and where a festival called Aianteia was celebrated in his honour.

Ajax, in Greek legend, son of Telamon, king of Salamis, described in the Iliad as being of great stature and colossal frame, second only to the Greek hero Achilles in strength and bravery. He engaged Hector (the chief Trojan warrior) in single combat and later, with the aid of the goddess Athena,

Ajax, in Greek legend, son of Oileus, king of Locris; he was said to be boastful, arrogant, and quarrelsome. For his crime of dragging King Priam’s daughter Cassandra from the statue of the goddess Athena and violating her, he barely escaped being stoned to death by his Greek allies. Odysseus knew

boxing: Amateur boxing: …matches are controlled by the Association Internationale de Boxe Amateur (AIBA), formed in 1946.

robot: Robot toys: … introduced a doglike robot named AIBO, with two dozen motors to activate its legs, head, and tail, two microphones, and a colour camera all coordinated by a powerful microprocessor. More lifelike than anything before, AIBOs chased coloured balls and learned to recognize their owners and to explore and adapt. Although…

Jean Aicard was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist, best known for his poems of the Provence region. As a young man Aicard studied law but abandoned it to devote himself to literature. His first book of poetry, Jeunes croyances (1867; “Beliefs of a Youth”), showed the influence of the Romantic

Jean Aicard was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist, best known for his poems of the Provence region. As a young man Aicard studied law but abandoned it to devote himself to literature. His first book of poetry, Jeunes croyances (1867; “Beliefs of a Youth”), showed the influence of the Romantic

Aichbühl, site of a Middle Neolithic settlement (end of the 3rd millennium bc) on the shores of Lake Feder (Federsee) in southeastern Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. Foundations of 25 rectangular buildings arranged in an irregular row along the shoreline were uncovered in the

industrial design: American hegemony and challenges from abroad: …founders was the typeface designer Otl Aicher, a corporate-branding specialist, noted author of graphic standards manuals for his clients, and designer whose clients included Lufthansa and Munich’s transportation authority. Aicher’s contributions to the development of postwar graphic design and corporate identity may have even surpassed those of the legendary Herbert…

Aichi, ken (prefecture), central Honshu, Japan, on the Pacific coast. Nagoya, at the head of Ise Bay, is the prefectural capital. More than half of Aichi’s area lies within the Nōbi Plain and two smaller plains to the east. The northwestern border with Gifu prefecture is formed by the Kiso River,

biodiversity loss: Solutions to biodiversity loss: …20 biodiversity goals, called the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, was unveiled at the CBD meeting held in Nagoya, Japan, in October 2010. The purpose of the list was to make issues of biodiversity mainstream in both economic markets and society at large and to increase biodiversity protection by 2020. Since 2010,…

Gregor Aichinger was a German composer of religious music during the stylistic transition from the late Renaissance to early Baroque. Aichinger took holy orders and became organist to the family of Jakob Fugger at Augsburg from 1584. He visited Italy in 1584–87 and again in 1598–1600. His music is

Ilse Aichinger was an Austrian poet and prose writer whose work, often surreal and presented in the form of parables, reflects her preoccupation with the Nazi persecution of the Jews during World War II. Aichinger’s education was interrupted by World War II when, because she was half Jewish, she

social welfare program, any of a variety of governmental programs designed to protect citizens from the economic risks and insecurities of life. The most common types of programs provide benefits to the elderly or retired, the sick or invalid, dependent survivors, mothers, the unemployed, the

buoy, floating object anchored at a definite location to guide or warn mariners, to mark positions of submerged objects, or to moor vessels in lieu of anchoring. Two international buoyage systems are used to mark channels and submerged dangers. In both systems, buoys of standardized colours and

aid, a tax levied in medieval Europe, paid by persons or communities to someone in authority. Aids could be demanded by the crown from its subjects, by a feudal lord from his vassals, or by the lord of a manor from the inhabitants of his domain. A feudal lord could ask his vassals for an aid

Dominique Pire: In 1949 he founded Aid to Displaced Persons, which sought to guarantee moral and material aid to refugees, regardless of their nationality or religion, and soon had branches throughout Europe. Between 1950 and 1954 Pire founded four “homes of welcome” in Belgium for aged refugees. Seven European “villages” were…

entitlement: some have been means-tested (Medicaid, Aid to Families with Dependent Children [AFDC], and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as food stamps), while others have been available to most or all people independent of means (social security and Medicare). Legally mandated employer-provided benefits have included

foreign aid, the international transfer of capital, goods, or services from a country or international organization for the benefit of the recipient country or its population. Aid can be economic, military, or emergency humanitarian (e.g., aid given following natural disasters). Foreign aid can

Giuseppe Verdi: The later middle years of Giuseppe Verdi: …libretto exactly to his needs, Aida. Verdi wrote a detailed scenario—much simpler than those of the previous two operas—employing Antonio Ghislanzoni, a competent poet, to turn it into verse, the metres of which were often dictated by the composer. Commissioned by the khedive of Egypt to celebrate the opening of…

Tim Rice: …well as a revival of Aida (2000). For the musical The Wizard of Oz (2011), which was based on the 1939 film, Rice reunited with Lloyd Webber to write several new songs; it was their first major collaboration in more than three decades. Rice’s later credits included the musical From…

Aidan was the king of the Scottish kingdom of Dalriada. He was the son of Gabran, king of Dalriada. Aidan was inaugurated as king at Iona by St. Columba. He refused to allow his kingdom to remain dependent on the Irish Dalriada; but, coming into collision with his southern neighbours, he led a

Saint Aidan ; feast day August 31) was an apostle of Northumbria, monastic founder, and the first bishop of Lindisfarne, or Holy Island, off the coast of Northumberland. Aidan was a monk at Iona, an island of the Inner Hebrides in Scotland, when King Oswald of Northumbria requested that he be made

France: Tax reform: …internal and external; and the aides, or excise taxes, levied on the sale of items as diverse as wine, tobacco, and iron. All the indirect taxes were extremely unpopular and had much to do with the state’s inability to rally the rural masses to its side in 1789. In the…

aide-de-camp, (French: “camp assistant”), an officer on the personal staff of a general, admiral, or other high-ranking commander who acts as his confidential secretary in routine matters. On Napoleon’s staff such officers were frequently of high military qualifications and acted both as his “eyes”

Hades, in ancient Greek religion, god of the underworld. Hades was a son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea, and brother of the deities Zeus, Poseidon, Demeter, Hera, and Hestia. After Cronus was overthrown by his sons, his kingdom was divided among them, and the underworld fell by lot to Hades. There

Zhu Wen: …on the throne as the Aidi emperor and was forced to abdicate to Zhu in 907. Zhu then proclaimed himself first emperor of the Hou Liang dynasty. Five years later he was murdered by his own eldest son, who succeeded him on the throne.

China: From Chengdi to Wang Mang: …reigns of Chengdi (33–7 bce), Aidi (7–1 bce), and Pingdi (1 bce–6 ce), the conduct of state affairs and the atmosphere of the court were subject to the weakness or youth of the emperors, the lack of an heir to succeed Chengdi, and the rivalries between four families of imperial…

Ama Ata Aidoo is a Ghanaian writer whose work, written in English, emphasized the paradoxical position of the modern African woman. Aidoo began to write seriously while an honours student at the University of Ghana (B.A., 1964). She won early recognition with a problem play, The Dilemma of a Ghost

Ama Ata Aidoo is a Ghanaian writer whose work, written in English, emphasized the paradoxical position of the modern African woman. Aidoo began to write seriously while an honours student at the University of Ghana (B.A., 1964). She won early recognition with a problem play, The Dilemma of a Ghost

epic: The heroic life: As long as the goddesses Aidos (a personification of the sense of shame) and Nemesis (a personification of divine retribution) stay with humankind, however, helping people observe their moira without committing excesses, one can still gain riches, merits, and glory by the sweat of one’s brow. Only if one knows…

Guillain-Barré syndrome: Pathophysiology: Demyelinating forms include acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), which is the most commonly occurring version of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Axonal forms include acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) and acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN). Miller Fisher syndrome is a rare and often rapidly developing variant of the syndrome…

AIDS, transmissible disease of the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is a lentivirus (literally meaning “slow virus”; a member of the retrovirus family) that slowly attacks and destroys the immune system, the body’s defense against infection, leaving an individual

Susan Sontag: …Sign of Saturn (1980), and AIDS and Its Metaphors (1989). She also wrote the historical novels The Volcano Lover: A Romance (1992) and In America (2000).

ACT UP, international organization founded in the United States in 1987 to bring attention to the AIDS epidemic. It was the first group officially created to do so. ACT UP has dozens of chapters in the United States and around the world whose purpose is to find a cure for AIDS, while at the same

aids for activities of daily living (AADLs), products, devices, and equipment used in everyday functional activities by the disabled or the elderly. A form of assistive technology, aids for activities of daily living (AADLs) include a wide range of devices. Potential categories of equipment may

AIDS: Social, legal, and cultural aspects: …than 48,000 panels of the AIDS Memorial Quilt, which has been displayed worldwide both to raise funds and to emphasize the human dimension of the tragedy. The United Nations designated December 1 as World AIDS Day.

human sexual activity: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: …to as AIDS-related complex (ARC) and include fever, rashes, weight loss, and wasting. Opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, neoplasms such as Kaposi sarcoma, and central nervous system dysfunction are also common complications. The patient eventually dies, unable to mount an immunologic defense against the constant onslaught of…

institutional economics, school of economics that flourished in the United States during the 1920s and ’30s. It viewed the evolution of economic institutions as part of the broader process of cultural development. American economist and social scientist Thorstein Veblen laid the foundation for

Do the Right Thing: Plot and characters: Cast

Chris Dodd: …most notably the insurance corporation American International Group, Inc. (AIG), to distribute bonuses. Facing a difficult reelection campaign, Dodd announced in January 2010 that he would not seek a sixth term in the Senate. He later served as chairman (2011–17) of the Motion Picture Association of America.

Edessa: …Edessa was the location of Aigai, the first capital of ancient Macedonia, was seriously challenged by the discovery in 1977 of royal tombs of Macedonian leaders at Verghina, southeast of Véroia, including one identified as that of Philip II. In Roman times Edessa was a stop on the Via Egnatia…

Aegean Sea, an arm of the Mediterranean Sea located between the Greek peninsula on the west and Asia Minor on the east. About 380 miles (612 km) long and 186 miles (299 km) wide, it has a total area of some 83,000 square miles (215,000 square km). The Aegean is connected through the straits of the

Windhoek, town, capital of Namibia, located roughly in the centre of the country. It lies at an elevation of 5,428 feet (1,654 metres) and is about 400 miles (650 km) north of the Orange River and 760 miles (1,225 km) north of Cape Town, South Africa. The town is surrounded by arid country, but a

Edessa: …Edessa was the location of Aigai, the first capital of ancient Macedonia, was seriously challenged by the discovery in 1977 of royal tombs of Macedonian leaders at Verghina, southeast of Véroia, including one identified as that of Philip II. In Roman times Edessa was a stop on the Via Egnatia…

Saronikós Gulf, gulf of the Aegean Sea between Ákra (cape) Soúnion of the Attica (Modern Greek: Attikí) peninsula and Ákra Skíllaion of the Argolís peninsula of the Greek Peloponnese (Pelopónnisos). A maximum of 50 miles (80 km) long northwest-southeast and about 30 miles wide, it is linked on the

Edmond Rostand: …that is still remembered is L’Aiglon (1900). This highly emotional patriotic tragedy in six acts centres on the Duke of Reichstadt, who never ruled but died of tuberculosis as a virtual prisoner in Austria. Rostand always took pains to write fine parts for his stars, and L’Aiglon afforded Sarah Bernhardt…

aigrette, tuft of long, white heron (usually egret) plumes used as a decorative headdress, or any other ornament resembling such a headdress. Such plumes were highly prized as ornaments in Middle Eastern ceremonial dress. Jeweled aigrettes, at first made in the form of a tuft of plumes, became an

submarine: Toward diesel-electric power: …completed in 1900–01 and the Aigrette, completed in 1905, the first diesel-driven submarine of any navy.

Aigues-Mortes, town, Gard département, Occitanie région, southeastern France, southwest of Nîmes, on the Canal du Rhône à Sète, with its own 3.5-mile (6-km) canal to the Gulf of Lion. Its name comes from aquae mortuae, the “dead waters” of the surrounding saline delta marshland. Built by Louis IX

Emmanuel-Armand de Richelieu, duke d’Aiguillon was a French statesman, whose career illustrates the difficulties of the central government of the ancien régime in dealing with the provincial Parlements and estates, the extent to which powerful ministers were at the mercy of court intrigue, and how

China: The anti-foreign movement and the second Opium War (Arrow War): …to sign a treaty at Aigun (Aihui), by which the territory on the northern bank of the Amur was ceded to Russia and the land between the Ussuri River and the sea was placed in joint possession by the two countries, pending further disposition. But Beijing refused to ratify the…

South Asian arts: Medieval temple architecture: South Indian style of Karnataka: …and two cave temples at Aihole are early 8th century. Among structural temples built during the rule of the Cālukyas of Bāẖāmi are examples in the North Indian style; but, because the Karnataka region was more receptive to southern influences, there are a large number of examples that are basically…

Yarqon River: …Judaea and Samaria, and the Wadi Ayyalon (Aijalon) in the southeast. In the valley of the latter, according to the Bible, the moon stood still during Joshua’s conquest of the Amorites (Joshua 10).

Aiken, city, seat of Aiken county, western South Carolina, U.S. Aiken lies 16 miles (26 km) northeast of Augusta, Georgia. It was chartered in 1835 and named for the railroad entrepreneur William Aiken. The city was originally a health resort. During the American Civil War the Confederate forces of

Aiken, county, western South Carolina, U.S. It lies in the state’s sandhill region between the North Fork Edisto River to the northeast and the Savannah River border with Georgia to the southwest. The county is also drained by the South Fork Edisto. Aiken and Redcliffe Plantation state parks are

Conrad Aiken was an American Pulitzer Prize-winning poet, short-story writer, novelist, and critic whose works, influenced by early psychoanalytic theory, are concerned largely with the human need for self-awareness and a sense of identity. Aiken himself faced considerable trauma in his childhood

Conrad Aiken was an American Pulitzer Prize-winning poet, short-story writer, novelist, and critic whose works, influenced by early psychoanalytic theory, are concerned largely with the human need for self-awareness and a sense of identity. Aiken himself faced considerable trauma in his childhood

Howard Aiken was a mathematician who invented the Harvard Mark I, the forerunner of the modern electronic digital computer. Aiken did engineering work while he attended the University of Wisconsin, Madison. After completing his doctorate at Harvard University in 1939, he remained there for a short

Howard Aiken was a mathematician who invented the Harvard Mark I, the forerunner of the modern electronic digital computer. Aiken did engineering work while he attended the University of Wisconsin, Madison. After completing his doctorate at Harvard University in 1939, he remained there for a short

Joan Aiken was a prolific British author of fantasy, adventure, horror, and suspense tales for both juvenile and adult readers. Perhaps best-known as the inventor of a genre called the “unhistorical romance,” Aiken wrote tales that combine humour and action with traditional mythic and fairy tale

Joan Aiken was a prolific British author of fantasy, adventure, horror, and suspense tales for both juvenile and adult readers. Perhaps best-known as the inventor of a genre called the “unhistorical romance,” Aiken wrote tales that combine humour and action with traditional mythic and fairy tale

Moms Mabley was an American comedian who was one of the most successful Black vaudeville performers. She modeled her stage persona largely on her grandmother, who had been an enslaved person. Wise, clever, and often ribald, Mabley dressed in frumpy clothes and used her deep voice and elastic face

aikido, martial art and self-defense system that resembles the fighting methods jujitsu and judo in its use of twisting and throwing techniques and in its aim of turning an attacker’s strength and momentum against himself. Pressure on vital nerve centres is also used. Aikido practitioners train to

aikido, martial art and self-defense system that resembles the fighting methods jujitsu and judo in its use of twisting and throwing techniques and in its aim of turning an attacker’s strength and momentum against himself. Pressure on vital nerve centres is also used. Aikido practitioners train to

Anna Laetitia Barbauld was a British writer, poet, and editor whose best writings are on political and social themes. Her poetry belongs essentially in the tradition of 18th-century meditative verse. The only daughter of John Aikin, she lived from the age of 15 to 30 in Warrington, Lancashire,

shape-note singing: History: Beginning with Jesse B. Aikin’s Christian Minstrel (1846), many tunebooks were printed in seven shapes, representing the seven syllables of the doremi system. Aikin’s seven-shape notation achieved wide use in the southern United States, where it was adopted in some denominational hymnals. After the American Civil War,…

Anna Laetitia Barbauld: The only daughter of John Aikin, she lived from the age of 15 to 30 in Warrington, Lancashire, where her father taught at a Nonconformist Protestant academy. There she was encouraged by her father’s friends and colleagues to pursue her education and literary talents. In 1774 she married Rochemont…

Troy Aikman is an American gridiron football quarterback who led the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL) to three Super Bowl victories (1993, 1994, and 1996). Aikman was raised in Cerritos, a suburb of Los Angeles, before moving with his family to the small town of Henryetta,

Troy Aikman is an American gridiron football quarterback who led the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL) to three Super Bowl victories (1993, 1994, and 1996). Aikman was raised in Cerritos, a suburb of Los Angeles, before moving with his family to the small town of Henryetta,

Etō Shimpei: …form a political club, the Aikoku Kōtō (“Public Party of Patriots”). Angered by the domination of the government by samurai (hereditary warriors) from Chōshū and Satsuma, the group denounced the arbitrary manner in which official decisions were being made and called for the establishment of a parliamentary system of government.

ailanthus, Any of the flowering plants that make up the genus Ailanthus, in the quassia family (Simaroubaceae), native to eastern and southern Asia and northern Australia and naturalized in subtropical and temperate regions elsewhere. Ailanthus leaves alternate along the stem and are composed of

ailanthus, Any of the flowering plants that make up the genus Ailanthus, in the quassia family (Simaroubaceae), native to eastern and southern Asia and northern Australia and naturalized in subtropical and temperate regions elsewhere. Ailanthus leaves alternate along the stem and are composed of

tree of heaven, (Ailanthus altissima), rapid-growing tree, in the family Simaroubaceae, native to China but widely naturalized elsewhere. It has been planted as a yard and street tree in urban centres, because of its resistance to pollution, freedom from insects and disease, and ability to grow in

saturniid moth: Major species: The caterpillar of the cynthia moth (Samia cynthia or walkeri), also known as the ailanthus silk moth, native to Asia and introduced into North America, feeds chiefly on leaves of the ailanthus tree and the castor oil plant. The olive green adult has a distinctive pattern of crescents on…

Cecil Taylor: In 2009 he released Ailanthus/Altissima: Bilateral Dimensions of 2 Root Songs with British drummer and longtime collaborator Tony Oxley. The National Endowment for the Arts named Taylor a Jazz Master in 1990.

Yunnan: Relief and drainage: …secondary ranges—the Wuliang and the Ailao in the south-central area and the Wumeng in the northeast.

At the 1920 Games in Antwerp, Belgium, 14-year-old Aileen Riggin became the youngest Olympic champion to win a gold medal. She earned that distinction in the first women’s Olympic springboard diving event, competing on the first U.S. women’s swimming and diving team. Riggin accomplished more than

aileron, movable part of an airplane wing that is controlled by the pilot and permits him to roll the aircraft around its longitudinal axis. Ailerons are thus used primarily to bank the aircraft for turning. Ailerons have taken different forms through the years but are usually part of the wing’s

Roger Ailes was an American television producer and political consultant who became the founding president of Fox News Channel (1996–16). Ailes, the son of a foreman at a Packard Electric plant, grew up in an Ohio factory town. He began a career in television the year that he graduated from Ohio

Roger Ailes was an American television producer and political consultant who became the founding president of Fox News Channel (1996–16). Ailes, the son of a foreman at a Packard Electric plant, grew up in an Ohio factory town. He began a career in television the year that he graduated from Ohio

military technology: Plate: …the extremities; square plates called ailettes, which protected the shoulder, made a brief appearance between about 1290 and 1325 before giving way to jointed plate defenses that covered the gap between breastplate and upper-arm defenses. Helmets with hinged visors appeared about 1300, and by mid-century armourers were constructing closed, visored…

Alvin Ailey, Jr. was an American dancer, choreographer, and director of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. Having moved with his family to Los Angeles in 1942, Ailey became involved with the Lester Horton Dance Theater there in 1949. Following Horton’s death in 1953, Ailey was director of the

Pierre d’Ailly was a French theologian, cardinal, and advocate of church reform whose chief aim was to heal the Great Schism of the Western church (1378–1417). He advocated the doctrine of conciliarism—the subordination of the pope to a general council—and in 1381 he suggested convoking such a

disease, any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism, generally associated with certain signs and symptoms and differing in nature from physical injury. A diseased organism commonly exhibits signs or symptoms indicative of its abnormal state. Thus, the normal

Saint Aelred of Rievaulx was a writer, historian, and outstanding Cistercian abbot who influenced monasticism in medieval England, Scotland, and France. His feast day is celebrated by the Cistercians on February 3. Of noble birth, Aelred was reared at the court of King David I of Scotland, whose

Ailsa Craig, granite islet, South Ayrshire council area, Scotland, at the mouth of the Firth of Clyde and 10 miles (16 km) off the coast of South Ayrshire, to which it belongs. It is nicknamed “Paddy’s Milestone” for its location halfway between Glasgow and Belfast (Northern Ireland). The name

red panda: …sole member of the family Ailuridae.

catbird: …three species of the genus Ailuroedus, of the bowerbird family (Ptilonorhynchidae), are also called catbirds. These green birds occur in Australia, New Guinea, and nearby islands. The male does not build a bower but holds territory in the forest by loud singing. For the related tooth-billed catbird, see bowerbird.

bear: Evolution and classification: Genus Ailuropoda (giant panda) 1 species of central China. Genus Helarctos (sun bear) 1 species of Southeast Asia. Genus

giant panda, (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), bear with striking black-and-white coloration inhabiting bamboo forests in the mountains of central China. Its coloration, combined with a bulky body and round face, gives it a captivating appearance that has endeared it to people worldwide. According to the